U.S. Department of Justice AttarAe:,c \\'erlc Predtiet // Mtt; CeA1:ttiA Ma1:ertal Prn1:eeted UAder Fed. R. Crhtt. P. 6(e) Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election Volume I of II Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III Submitted Pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 600.8(c) Washington, D.C. March 2019 U.S. Department of Justice Attot't1A¥ WAPlc P t1F1ti 11P.t // M tt• Cot1 ttit1 MMe1ial Prol;eet;ed Under Fed. R. Griffl. P. Me'l U.S. Department of Justice A UrvnP.rr u,Fl..lf ll1:F1 Fltt@J // :p, 41P r CFll'lfAiA ) 4n*p1:inl PrAfiP.PlfiP.rl TJncle:v J:p_@I +l . D.vin p (e,) TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOLUME I INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME I...................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TO VOLUME 1................................................ .,............................................ 4 I. THE SPECIAL COUNSEL'S INVESTIGATION .. .............. .. .... ............................... . .... .. ..... ... ..... ,..........11 II. RUSSIAN "ACTIVE MEASURES" SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN................................................................... 14 A. Structure of the Internet Research Agency.................................................................15 B. Funding and Oversight from Concord and Prigozhin.................................................16 C. The IRA Targets U.S. Elections..................................................................................19 1. The IRA Ramps Up U.S. Operations As Early As 2014 .......................,..............19 2. U.S. Operations Through IRA-Controlled Social Media Accounts......................22 3. U.S. Operations Through Facebook.....................................................................24 4. U.S. Operations Through Twitter 26 a. Individualized Accounts..................................................................................26 b. IRA Botnet Activities......................................................................................28 5. U.S. Operations Involving Political Rallies..........................................................29 6. Targeting and Recruitment of U.S. Persons..........................................................31 7. Interactions and Contacts with the Trump Campaign...........................................33 a. Trump Campaign Promotion ofIRA Political Materials..................................33 b. Contact with Trump Campaign Officials in Connection to Rallies.................35 Ill. RUSSIAN HACKING AND DUMPING OPERATIONS..................................................................................... 36 A. GRU Hacking Directed at the Clinton Campaign.......................... ........ 36 1. GRU Units Target the Clinton Campaign................................ 36 2. Intrusions into the DCCC and DNC Networks ........................ 38 a. Initial Access....................................................................................................38 b. Implantation ofMalware on DCCC and DNC Networks.................................38 c. Theft of Documents from DNC and DCCC Networks .... 40 B. Dissemination of the Hacked Materials......................................................................41 I. DCLeaks ................... .......... 41 2. Guccifer 2.0............... .... 42 3. Use of WikiLeaks .................................................. .... 44 a. WikiLea ks' s Expressed Opposition Toward the Clinton Campaign..............44 b. WikiLeaks's First Contact with Guccifer 2.0 and DCLeaks............................45 U.S. Department of Justice A# Al'M P.zt ll 701•lc Pl'A l'l11P.f // 4A• I f'AMfAiM II 4AtnFiAI Pl'AtnntnA T l l'IAf'.I' PP.14 R. r ..iffl n Me.'l c. The GRU' s Transfer of Stolen Materials to WikiLeaks..................................45 d·. WikiLeaks Statements Dissembling About the Source of Stolen Materials........................................................................................................48 C. Additional GRU Cyber Operations.............................................................................49 l. Summer and Fall 2016 Operations Targeting Democrat-Linked Victims.............49 2. Intrusions Targeting the Administration of U.S. Elections...................................50 D. Trump Campaign and the Dissemination of Hacked Materials..................................51 l.......................................................................................................................51 a. Background......................................................................................................51 b. Contacts with the Campaign about WikiLeaks................................................52 C.Harm to Ongoing .................... 54 Matter d. WikiLeaks' s October 7, 2016 Release of Stolen Podesta Emails...................58 e. Donald Trump Jr. Interaction with WikiLeaks.................................................59 2. Other Potential Campaign Interest in Russian Hacked Materials........................61 a. Henry Oknyansky (a/k/a Henry Greenberg)....................................................61 b. Campaign Efforts to Obtain Deleted Clinton Emails 62 IV. RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT LINKS To AND CONTACTS WITH THE TRUMP CAMPAIGN .... 66 A. Campaign Period (September 2015 - November 8, 2016).........................................66 1. Trump Tower Moscow Project..............................................................................67 a. Trump Tower Moscow Venture with the Crocus Group (2013-2014).............67 b. Communications with LC. Expert Investment Company and Giorgi Rtskhiladze (Summer and Fall 2015)............................................................69 c. Letter of Intent and Contacts to Russian Government (October 2015- January 2016)................................................................................................70 i. Trump Signs the Letter of Intent on behalf of the Trump Organization.....70 ii. Post-LOI Contacts with Individuals in Russia.........................................72 d. Discussions about Russia Travel by Michael Cohen or Candidate Trump (December 2015-June 2016).........................................................................76 i. Sater' s Overtures to Cohen to Travel to Russia........................................76 ii. Candidate Trump's Opportunities to Travel to Russia..............................78 2. George Papadopoulos...........................................................................................80 a. Origins of Campaign Work .......... c. March 31 Foreign Policy Team Meeting b. Initial Russia-Related Contacts.... 11 .... 81 85 82 11 U.S. Department of Justice AHAl'flfW WAl'lf Pl'AAmit // MRv f'.AAfRiA MMel'ifll P1•Ateetefl lJAEler FeEI R Criffl P Me) d. George Papadopoulos Learns That Russia Has "Dirt" in the Form of Clinton Emails...............................................................................................86 e. Russia-Related Communications With The Campaign....................................89 f. Trump Campaign Knowledge of "Dirt"...........................................................93 g. Additional George Papadopoulos Contact.......................................................94 3. Carter Page ........ 95 a. Background . ........................................................................ 96 b. Origins of and Early Campaign Work............................................................. 97 c. Carter Page's July 2016 Trip To Moscow......................................................... 98 d. Later Campaign Work and Removal from the Campaign..............................102 4. Dimitri Simes and the Center for the National Interest...................................... 103 a. CNI and Dimitri Simes Connect with the Trump Campaign.........................103 b. National Interest Hosts a Foreign Policy Speech at the Mayflower Hotel ............ 105 c. Jeff Sessions's Post-Speech Interactions with CNI........................................107 d. Jared Kushner's Continuing Contacts with Simes......................................... 108 5. June 9, 2016 Meeting at Trump Tower.....................................,..........................110 a. Setting Up the June 9 Meeting....................................................................... 110 i. Outreach to Donald Trump Jr.................................................................. 110 ii. Awareness of the Meeting Within the Campaign....................................114 b. The Events of June 9, 2016............................................................................ 116 i. Arrangements for the Meeting................................................................ 116 ii. Conduct of the Meeting.......................................................................... 117 c. Post-June 9 Events......................................................................................... 120 6. Events at the Republican National Convention.................................................. 123 a. Ambassador Kislyak's Encounters with Senator Sessions and J.D. Gordon the Week of the RNC .............................. 123 b. Change to Republican Party Platform........... 124 7. Post-Convention Contacts with Kislyak..............................................................127 a. Ambassador Kislyak Invites J.D. Gordon to Breakfast at the Ambassador's Residence............................................................................. 127 b. Senator Sessions's September 2016 Meeting with Ambassador Kislyak.......127 8. Paul Manafort...................................................................................................... 129 a. Paul Manafort's Ties to Russia and Ukraine.................................................. 131 lll U.S. Department of Justice AMAFAe'I>' '>IAFk Pt'Adttet /,' 4Azr DoRtAiR 4AtP1i:iAI PvntP1t>.tt>A T JmlPr r;:.,,i:1 R C'.vi1'l'I P ,:,{p) i. Oleg Deripaska Consulting Work ........... ............ 131 ii. Political Consulting Work ............ 132 iii. Konstantin Kilimnik ...................... .. 132 b. Contacts during Paul Manafort's Time with the Trump Campaign................134 i. Paul Manafort Joins the Campaign.........................................................134 ii. Paul Manafort's Campaign-Period Contacts...........................................135 iii. Paul Manafort's Two Campaign-Period Meetings with Konstantin Kilimnik in the United States................................................................138 c. Post-Resignation Activities............................................................................141 B. Post-Election and Transition-Period Contacts ....................... ........... 144 1. Immediate Post-Election Activity . 144 a. Outreach from the Russian Government............................... . 145 b. High-Level Encouragement of Contacts through Alternative Channels........146 2. Kirill Dmitriev's Transition-Era Outreach to the Incoming Administration.......147 a. Background....................................................................................................147 b. Kirill Dmitriev's Post-Election Contacts With the Incoming Administration.............................................................................................149 c. Erik Prince and Kirill Dmitriev Meet in the Seychelles................................151 1. George Nader and Erik Prince Arrange Seychelles Meeting with Dmitriev.................................................................................................151 11. The Seychelles Meetings........................................................................153 i. Erik Prince's Meeting with Steve Bannon after the Seychelles Trip.....155 d. Kirill Dmitriev's Post-Election Contact with Rick Gerson Regarding U.S.-Russia Relations..................................................................................156 3. Ambassador Kislyak's Meeting with Jared Kushner and Michael Flynn in Trump Tower Following the Election.................................................................159 4. Jared Kushner's Meeting with Sergey Gorkov....................................................161 5. Petr Aven's Outreach Efforts to the Transition Team..........................................163 6. Carter Page Contact with Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich.............166 7. Contacts With and Through Michael T. Flynn....................................................167 a. United Nations Vote on Israeli Settlements....................................................167 b. U.S. Sanctions Against Russia.......................................................................168 V. PROSECUTION AND DECLINATION DECISIONS....................................................................................... 174 A. Russian "Active Measures" Social Media Campaign...............................................174 I U.S. Department of Justice AttAfl'le, .. WArl< Pt1AtJuet // Uwc Drn'lfflil'I MRfElfifll PrAteetet4 HAAer J:.:ea R . Criffl P 6(e) B. Russian Hacking and Dumping Operations..............................................................175 1. Section 1030 Computer-Intrusion Conspiracy....................................................175 a. Background....................................................................................................175 b. Charging Decision As to Harm to Ongoing Matter..........................176 2. Potential Section 1030 Violation By...................................................................179 C. Russian Government Outreach and Contacts.............................................................180 1. Potential Coordination: Conspiracy and Collusion.............................................180 2. Potential Coordination: Foreign Agent Statutes (FARA and 18 U.S.C. § 951). 181 a. Governing Law...............................................................................................181 b. Application......................................................................................................... 182 3. Campaign Finance ..... 183 a. Overview Of Governing Law............. ....... 184 b. Application to June 9 Trump Tower Meeting....... ................. 185 i. Thing-of-Value Element ....................... ...................... 186 ii. Willfulness ........................... 187 iii. Difficulties in Valuing Promised Information........................................188 c. Application to WikiLeaks •.........................................................................188 ....................................................................... 189 1. 11. Willfulness.............................................................................................190 iii. Constitutional Considerations................................................................190 ....................................................................190 4. False Statements and Obstruction of the Investigation.......................................191 a. Overview Of Governing Law........................................................................191 b. Application to Certain Individuals.................................................................192 i. George Papadopoulos..............................................................................192 11. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 194 111. Michael Flynn ............. 194 1v. Michael Cohen 195 ............ .................................................. 196 V. vi. Jeff Sessions ............. ............................................. 197 vii. Others Interviewed During the Investigation .................... 198 U.S. Department of Justice AttAPt PN \VA1•k PFAA11et // M1P,' PAAtAil'I 4Atc.l'iAI P,Ateetefi l h1fier Fed R Gri1fl P 6 e) U.S. Department of Justice Ath•'IFl'IP."'' '.lloFk PFAfiuet // MA¥ D.ol'ltAil'I Mnte1•i0:l PFflteeted lJ!'lder Fed. R. Criffl.. P. 6(e) INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME I This report is submitted to the Attorney General pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 600.8(c), which states that, "[a]t the conclusion of the Special Counsel' s work, he ... shall provide the Attorney General a confidential report explaining the prosecution or declination decisions [the Special Counsel] reached." The Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election in sweeping and systematic fashion. Evidence of Russian government operations began to surface in mid-2016. In June, the Democratic National Committee and its cyber response team publicly announced that Russian hackers had compromised its computer network. Releases of hacked materials- hacks that public reporting soon attributed to the Russian government-began that same month. Additional releases followed in July through the organization WikiLeaks, with further releases in October and November. In late July 2016, soon after WikiLeaks's first release of stolen documents, a foreign government contacted the FBI about a May 2016 encounter with Trump Campaign foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos. Papadopoulos had suggested to a representative of that foreign government that the Trump Campaign had received indications from the Russian government that it could assist the Campaign through the anonymous release of information damaging to Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. That information prompted the FBI on July 31, 2016, to open an investigation into whether individuals associated with the Trump Campaign were coordinating with the Russian government in its interference activities. That fall, two federal agencies jointly announced that the Russian government "directed recent compromises of e-mails from US persons and institutions, including US political organizations," and, "[t]hese thefts and disclosures are intended to interfere with the US election process." After the election, in late December 2016, the United States imposed sanctions on Russia for having interfered in the election. By early 2017, several congressional committees were examining Russia's interference in the election. Within the Executive Branch, these investigatory efforts ultimately led to the May 2017 appointment of Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. The order appointing the Special Counsel authorized him to investigate "the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election," including any links or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the Trump Campaign. As set forth in detail in this report, the Special Counsel's investigation established that Russia interfere in the 2016 presidential election principally through two operations. First, a Russian entity carried out a social media campaign that favored presidential candidate Donald J. Trump and disparaged presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. Second, a Russian intelligence service conducted computer-intrusion operations against entities, employees, and volunteers working on the Clinton Campaign and then released stolen documents. The investigation also identified numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump Campaign. Although the investigation established that the Russian government perceived it would benefit from a Trump presidency and worked to secure that outcome, and that the Campaign expected it would benefit U.S. Department of Justice A tt A1 1'1e¥ 1 WAl'lf Pl'mluet // M A·•· DAl'lfAil'I Mnfel'ilil Prniaeetee 01'1eerFed R Cl'iffl. P. 6(e) electorally from information stolen and released through Russian efforts, the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities. * * * Below we describe the evidentiary considerations underpinning statements about the results of our investigation and the Special Counsel's charging decisions, and we then provide an overview of the two volumes of our report. The report describes actions and events that the Special Counsel's Office found to be supp01ted by the evidence collected in our investigation. In some instances, the report points out the absence of evidence or conflicts in the evidence about a particular fact or event. In other instances, when substantial, credible evidence enabled the Office to reach a conclusion with confidence, the report states that the investigation established that certain actions or events occurred. A statement that the investigation did not establish particular facts does not mean there was no evidence of those facts. In evaluating whether evidence about collective action of multiple individuals constituted a crime, we applied the framework of conspiracy law, not the concept of "collusion. " In so doing, the Office recognized that the word "collud[e]" was used in communications with the Acting Attorney General confirming certain aspects of the investigation's scope and that the term has frequently been invoked in public reporting about the investigation. But collusion is not a specific offense or theory of liability found in the United States Code, nor is it a term of art in federal criminal law. For those reasons, the Office's focus in analyzing questions of joint criminal liability was on conspiracy as defined in federal law. In connection with that analysis, we addressed the factual question whether members of the Trump Campaign " coordinat[ed]"-a term that appears in the appointment order-with Russian election interference activities. Like collusion, "coordination " does not have a settled definition in federal criminal law. We understood coordination to require an agreement-tacit or express- between the Trump Campaign and the Russian government on election interference. That requires more than the two parties taking actions that were informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests. We applied the term coordination in that sense when stating in the report that the investigationdid not establish that the Trump Campaign coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities. * * * The report on our investigation consists of two volumes: Volume I describes the factual results of the Special Counsel' s investigation of Russia ' s interference in the 2016 presidential election and its interactions with the Trump Campaign. Section I describes the scope of the investigation. Sections II and III describe the principal ways Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election. Section IV describes links between the Russian · 2 U.S. Department of Justice AftiAt'l'le..• WA1•k Pl'f'l8t1et // M w.· DAl'lfAil'I Mnfcel'iA:I Pn,teetee l l fle el' Pea R Cl'iffi p Me) government and individuals associated with the Trump Campaign. Section V sets forth the Special Counsel's charging decisions. Volume II addresses the President' s actions towards the FBI's investigation into Russia' s interference in the 2016 presidential election and related matters, and his actions towards the Special Counsel' s investigation. Volume II separately states its framework and the considerations that guided that investigation. U.S. Department of Justice AUAt>RfW 'JiAFk Pt1Atfoet // 4n1, RAfl*AiR Mntetiinl Pre,teeted lJAde, Fed. R Criffl P Me) 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TO VOLUME I RUSSIAN SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN The Internet Research Agency (IRA) carried out the earliest Russian interference operations identified by the investigation- a social media campaign designed to provoke and amplify political and social discord in the United States. The IRA was based in St. Petersburg, Russia, and received funding from Russian oligarch Yevgeniy Prigozhin and companies he controlled. Prigozhin is widelv reported to have ties to Russian President Vladimir Putin ► II Li§ & -- a i _i_ &i _i_L1l,t:if!f!+: Q-L.01l . 1o ees to 0 Q rates 0 gG _g Dl uu uurn, 1i MihlD 1Pt9d·l EJl @i 1 The IRA later used social media accounts and interest groups to sow discord in the U.S. political system through what it termed "information warfare." The campaign evolved from a generalized program designed in 2014 and 2015 to undermine the U.S. electoral system, to a targeted operation that by early 2016 favored candidate Trump and disparaged candidate Clinton. The IRA's operation also included the purchase of political advertisements on social media in the names of U.S. persons and entities, as well as the staging of political rallies inside the United States. To organize those rallies, IRA employees posed as U.S. grassroots entities and persons and made contact with Trump supporters and Trump Campaign officials in the United States. The investigation did not identify evidence that any U.S. persons conspired or coordinated with the IRA. Section II of this report details the Office's investigation of the Russian social media campaign. RUSSIAN HACKING OPERATIONS At the same time that the IRA operation bega n to focu·s on supporting candidate Trump in early 2016, the Russian government employed a second form of interference: cyber intrusions (hacking) and releases of hacked materials damaging to the Clinton Campaign. The Russian intelligence service known as the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Army (GRU) carried out these operations. In March 2016, the GRU began hacking the email accounts of Clinton Campaign volunteers and employees, including campaign chairman John Podesta. In April 2016, the GRU hacked into the computer networks of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The GRU stole hundreds of thousands of documents from the compromised email accounts and networks. Around the time that the DNC announced in mid-June 2016 the Russian government's role in hacking its network , the GRU began disseminating stolen materials through the fictitious online personas " DCLeaks" and "Guccifer 2.0." The GRU later released additional materials through the organization WikiLeaks. U.S. Department of Justice 1 $hl"R@Y lJ'Arlr Pi:P1rlm1t ,'/ }..4w.1 Dr.RtRiR 4Rtm•iRI Pl"Ateete.A Hnfler FeA R Cl'il'l'I P l,(e) The presidential campaign of Donald J. Trump ("Trump Campaign" or "Campaign") showed interest in WikiLeaks' s releases of documents and welcomed their otential to damage candidate Clinton. Beginning in June 2016, • 1 • • forecast to senior Campaign officials that WikiLeaks would release information damaging to candidate Clinton. WikiLeaks' s first release came in July 2016. Around the same time, candidate Trump announced that he hoped Russia would recover emails described as missing from a private server l i ?. 1 l? 7-,'i'te_ ,. w,;,as Secretary of State (he later said that he was speaking sarcasticall, ,. WikiLeaks began releasing Podesta 's stolen emails on October 7, 2016, less than one hour after a U.S . media outlet released video considered damaging to candidate Trump. Section lII of this Report details the Office's investigation into the Russian hacking operations, as well as other efforts by Trump Campaign supporters to obtain Clinton-related emails. RUSSIAN CONTACTS WITH THE CAMPAIGN The social media campaign and the GRU hacking operations coincided with a series of contacts between Trump Campaign officials and individuals with ties to the Russian government. The Office investigated whether those contacts reflected or resulted in the Campaign conspiring or coordinating with Russia in its election-interference activities. Although the investigation established that the Russian government perceived it would benefit from a Trump presidency and worked to secure that outcome, and that the Campaign expected it would benefit electorally from information stolen and released through Russian efforts, the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities. The Russian contacts consisted of business connections, offers of assistance to the Campaign, invitations for candidate Trump and Putin to meet in person, invitations for Campaign officials and representatives of the Russian government to meet, and policy positions seeking improved U.S.-Russian relations. Section IV of this Report details the contacts between Russia and the Trump Campaign during the campaign and transition periods, the most salient of which are summarized below in chronological order. 2015. Some of the earliest contacts were made in connection with a Trump Organization real-estate project in Russia known as Trump Tower Moscow. Candidate Trump signed a Letter oflntent for Trump Tower Moscow by November 2015, and in January 2016 Trump Organization executive Michael Cohen emailed and spoke about the project with the office of Russian government press secretary Dmitry Peskov. The Trump Organization pursued the project through at least June 2016, including by considering travel to Russia by Cohen and candidate Trump. Spring 2016. Campaign foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos made early contact with Joseph Mifsud, a London-based professor who had connections to Russia and traveled to Moscow in April 2016. Immediately upon his return to London from that trip, Mifsud told Papadopoulos that the Russian government had "dirt" on Hillary Clinton in the form of thousands U.S. Department of Justice AHAFAP.'•' \llm·lc PFAcl11,aJ //} 4w • f'AA*11i.,. 411*@Pi11I PFA*P.P.*@.cl H11AP.F FP.t'l R DFit'l'I P R(e) of emails. One week later, in the first week of May 2016, Papadopoulos suggested to a representative of a foreign government that the Trump Campaign had received indications from the Russian government that it could assist the Campaign through the anonymous release of information damaging to candidate Clinton. Throughout that period of time and for several months thereafter, Papadopoulos worked with Mifsud and two Russian nationals to arrange a meeting between the Campaign and the Russian government. No meeting took place. Summer 2016. Russian outreach to the Trump Campaign continued into the summer of 2016, as candidate Trump was becoming the presumptive Republican nominee for President. On June 9, 2016, for example, a Russian lawyer met with senior Trump Campaign officials Donald Trump Jr., Jared Kushner, and campaign chairman Paul Manafort to deliver what the email proposing the meeting had described as "official documents and information that would incriminate Hillary." The materials were offered to Trump Jr. as "part of Russia and its government's support for Mr. Trump." The written communications setting up the meeting showed that the Campaign anticipated receiving information from Russia that could assist candidate Trump's electoral prospects, but the Russian lawyer' s presentation did not provide such information. Days after the June 9 meeting, on June 14, 2016, a cybersecurity firm and the DNC announced that Russian government hackers had infiltrated the DNC and obtained access to opposition research on candidate Trump, among other documents. In July 2016 , Campaign foreign policy advisor Carter Page traveled in his personal capacity to Moscow and gave the keynote address at the New Economic School. Page had lived and worked in Russia between 2003 and 2007. After returning to the United States, Page became acquainted with at least two Russian intelligence officers, one of whom was later charged in 2015 with conspiracy to act as an unregistered agent of Russia. Page's July 2016 trip to Moscow and his advocacy for pro-Russian foreign policy drew media attention. The Campaign then distanced itself from Page and, by late September 2016, removed him from the Campaign. July 2016 was also the month WikiLeaks first released emails stolen by the GRU from the DNC. On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks posted thousands of internal DNC documents revealing information about the Clinton Campaign. Within days, there was public reporting that U.S. intelligence agencies had "high confidence" that the Russian government was.behind the theft of emails and documents from the DNC. And within a week of the release, a foreign government informed the FBI about its May 2016 interaction with Papadopoulos and his statement that the Russian government could assist the Trump Campaign. On July 31, 2016, based on the foreign government rep01ting, the FBI opened an investigation into potential coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the Trump Campaign. Separately, on August 2, 2016, Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort met in New York City with his long-time business associate Konstantin Kilimnik, who the FBI assesses to have ties to Russian intelligence. Kilimnik requested the meeting to deliver in person a peace plan for Ukraine that Manafort acknowledged to the Special Counsel's Office was a "backdoor" way for Russia to control part of eastern Ukraine; both men believed the plan would require candidate Trump ' s assent to succeed (were he to be elected President). They also discussed the status of the U.S. Department of Justice Afff'lffle' 'Jloflc PfAdttet ,',' M A••· DAAfAiR MAfet'iAI Pt"AfBBfBA T JRl'le t' Fes R Gfifl'I p Me) Trump Campaign and Manafort's strategy for winning Democratic votes in Midwestern states. Months before that meeting, Manafort had caused internal polling data to be shared with Kilimnik, and the sharing continued for some period of time after their August meeting. Fall 2016. On October 7, 2016, the media released video of candidate Trump speaking in graphic terms about women years earlier, which was considered damaging to his candidacy. Less than an hour later, WikiLeaks made its second release: thousands of John Podesta 's emails that had been stolen by the GRU in late March 2016. The FBI and other U.S. government institutions were at the time continuing their investigation of suspected Russian government efforts to interfere in the presidential election. That same day, October 7, the Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence issued a joint public statement "that the Russian Government directed the recent compromises of e- mails from US persons and institutions, including from US political organizations." Those "thefts" and the "disclosures" of the hacked materials through online platforms such as WikiLeaks, the statement continued, "are intended to interfere with the US election process." Post-2016 Election. Immediately after the November 8 election, Russian government officials and prominent Russian businessmen began trying to make inroads into the new administration. The most senior levels of the Russian government encouraged these efforts. The Russian Embassy made contact hours after the election to congratulate the President-Elect and to arrange a call with President Putin. Several Russian businessmen picked up the effort from there. Kirill Dmitriev, the chief executive officer of Russia's sovereign wealth fund, was among the Russians who tried to make contact with the incoming administration. In early December, a business associate steered Dmitriev to Erik Prince, a supporter of the Trump Campaign and an associate of senior Trump advisor Steve Bannon. Dmitriev and Prince later met face-to-face in January 2017 in the Seychelles and discussed U.S.-Russia relations. During the same period, another business associate introduced Dmitriev to a friend of Jared Kushner who had not served on the Campaign or the Transition Team. Dmitriev and Kushner's friend collaborated on a short written reconciliation plan for the United States and Russia, which Dmitriev implied had been cleared through Putin. The friend gave that proposal to Kushner before the inauguration, and Kushner later gave copies to Bannon and incoming Secretary of State Rex Tillerson. On December 29, 2016, then-President Obama imposed sanctions on Russia for having interfered in the election. Incoming National Security Advisor Michael Flynn called Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak and asked Russia not to escalate the situation in response to the sanctions. The following day, Putin announced that Russia would not take retaliatory measures in response to the sanctions at that time. Hours later, President-Elect Trump tweeted, "Great move on delay (by V. Putin)." The next day, on December 31, 2016, Kislyak called Flynn and told him the request had been rece iv ed at the highest levels and Russia had chosen not to retaliate as a result of Flynn's request. *** On January 6, 2017, members of the intelligence community briefed President-Elect Trump on a joint assessment-drafted and coordinated among the Central Inte lligence Agency, FBI, and U.S. Department of Justice AtfAt'flf:V 1.llAPk Prm:lue:t // 4w, C'AfltRifl 4nte:1•inl PFAt@.e:te:rl T JRrle:r Fe:t=I R r..i,'l'I :p (e'l National Security Agency-that concluded with high confidence that Russia had intervened in the election through a variety of means to assist Trump's candidacy and harm Clinton' s. A declassified version of the assessment was publicly released that same day. Between mid-January 2017 and early February 2017, three congressional committees-the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI), the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI), and the Senate Judiciary Committee (SJC)-announced that they would conduct inquiries, or had already been conducting inquiries, into Russian interference in the election. Then-FBI Director James Corney later confirmed to Congress the existence of the FBI's investigation into Russian interference that had begun before the election. On March 20, 2017, in open-session testimony before HPSCI, Corney stated: I have been authorized by the Department of Justice to confirm that the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election, and that includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia' s efforts As with any counterintelligence investigation, this will also include an assessment of whether any crimes were committed. The investigation continued under then-Director Corney for the next seven weeks until May 9, 2017, when President Trump fired Corney as FBI Director-an action which is analyzed in Volume II of the rep01t. On May 17, 2017, Acting Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed the Special Counsel and authorized him to conduct the investigation that Corney had confirmed in his congressional testimony, as well as matters arising directly from the investigation, and any other matters within the scope of 28 C.F.R. § 600.4(a), which generally covers efforts to interfere with or obstruct the investigation. President Trump reacted negatively to the Special Counsel's appointment. He told advisors that it was the end of his presidency, sought to have Attorney General Jefferson (Jeff) Sessions unrecuse from the Russia investigation and to have the Special Counsel removed, and engaged in efforts to curtail the Special Counsel's investigation and prevent the disclosure of evidence to it, including through public and private contacts with potential witnesses. Those and related actions are described and analyzed in Volume II of the report. *** THE SPECIAL COUNSEL'S CHARGING DECISIONS In reaching the charging decisions described in Volume I of the report, the Office determined whether the conduct it found amounted to a violation of federal criminal law chargeable under the Principles of Federal Prosecution. See Justice Manual § 9-27.000 et seq. (2018). The standard set forth in the Justice Manual is whether the conduct constitutes a crime; if so, whether admissible evidence would probably be sufficient to obtain and sustain a conviction; U.S. Department of Justice AUA.,l'IP.¥ lJJA.,k p.,och1e:t // 4A11 DoAI-AiA 4A*Pl'iA1 µ .,Ati>.e:te:rl TlAAP,., Fe:rl R DFifl'I P Me'\ and whether prosecution would serve a substantial federal interest that could not be adequately served by prosecution elsewhere or through non-criminal alternatives. See Justice Manual § 9- 27.220. Section V of the report provides detailed explanations of the Office's charging decisions, which contain three main components. First, the Office determined that Russia's two principal interference operations in the 2016 U.S. presidential election-the social media campaign and the hacking-and-dumping operations violated U.S. criminal law. Many of the individuals and entities involved in the social media campaign have been charged with participating in a conspiracy to defraud the United States by undermining through deceptive acts the work of federal agencies charged with regulating foreign influence in U.S. elections, as well as related counts of identity theft. See United States v. Internet Research Agency, et al., No. 18-cr-32 (D.D.C.). Separately, Russian intelligence officers who carried out the hacking into Democratic Party computers and the personal email accounts of individuals affiliated with the Clinton Campaign conspired to violate, among other federal laws, the federal computer-intrusion statute, and they have been so charged. See United StatesNetvksho, v. et al., No. 18-cr-215 (D.D.C.). ■t u L :U:..!Wau_ s_c:_,a_, u.:iif! P. S e cond , while the investigation identified numerous links between individuals with ties to the Russian government and individuals associated with the Trump Campaign, the evidence was not sufficient to support criminal charges. Among other things, the evidence was not sufficient to charge any Campaign official as an unregistered agent of the Russian government or other Russian principal. And our evidence about the June 9, 2016 meeting and WikiLeaks' s releases of hacked materials was not sufficient to charge a criminal campaign-finance violation. Further, the evidence was not sufficient to charge that any member of the Trump Campaign conspired with representatives of the Russian government to interfere in the 2016 election. Third, the investigation established that several individuals affiliated with the Trump Campaign lied to the Office, and to Congress, about their interactions with Russian-affiliated individuals and related matters. Those lies materially impaired the investigation of Russian election interference. The Office charged some of those lies as violations of the federal false statements statute. Former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn pleaded guilty to lying about his interactions with Russian Ambassador Kislyak during the transition period. George Papadopoulos, a foreign policy advisor during the campaign period, pleaded guilty to lying to investigators about, inter alia, the nature and timing of his interactions with Joseph Mifsud, the professor who told Papadopoulos that the Russians had dirt on candidate Clinto_n in the form of thousands of emails. Former Trump Organization attorney Michael Cohen e.:aded fiuiltv to making false statements to Congress about the Trump Moscow oroiect. ■t u s a- •'-'-'- And in February 2019, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia found that U.S. Department of Justice Attnl'Ae.,, \llol'lc Pl'AA110t // Tl.4A¥ Pol'ltflifl Mt1tel'it1l PFoteeteA Tll'IAer ¥BA R G,i1'l'I P Me) Manafort lied to the Office and the grand jury concerning his interactions and communications with Konstantin Kilimnik about Trump Campaign polling data and a peace plan for Ukraine. *** The Office investigated several other events that have been publicly repot1ed to involve potential Russia-related contacts. For example, the investigation established that interactions between Russian Ambassador Kislyak and Trump Campaign officials both at the candidate's April 2016 foreign policy speech in Washington, D.C., and during the week of the Republican National Convention were brief, public, and non-substantive. And the investigation did not establish that one Campaign official's efforts to dilute a portion of the Republican Party platform on providing assistance to Ukraine were undertaken at the behest of candidate Trump or Russia. The investigation also did not establish that a meeting between Kislyak and Sessions in September 2016 at Sessions's Senate office included any more than a passing mention of the presidential campaign. The investigation did not always yield admissible information or testimony, or a complete picture of the activities undertaken by subjects of the investigation. Some individuals invoked their Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination and were not, in the Office' s judgment, appropriate candidates for grants of immunity. The Office limited its pursuit of other witnesses and information-such as information known to attorneys or individuals claiming to be members of the media-in light of internal Depa11ment of Justice policies. See, e.g., Justice Manual§§ 9-13.400, 13.410. Some of the information obtained via court process, moreover, was presumptively covered by legal privilege and was screened from investigators by a filter (or "taint") team. Even when individuals testified or agreed to be interviewed, they sometimes provided information that was false or incomplete, leading to some of the false- statements charges described above. And the Office faced practical limits on its ability to access relevant evidence as well-numerous witnesses and subjects lived abroad, and documents were held outside the United States. Further, the Office learned that some of the individuals we interviewed or whose conduct we investigated-including some associated with the Trump Campaign---deleted relevant communications or communicated during the relevant period using applications that feature encryption or that do not provide for long-term retention of data or communications records. In such cases, the Office was not able to corroborate witness statements through comparison to contemporaneous communications or fully question witnesses about statements that appeared inconsistent with other known facts. Accordingly, while this report embodies factual and legal determinations that the Office believes to be accurate and complete to the greatest extent possible, given these identified gaps, the Office cannot rule out the possibility that the unavailable information would shed additional light on (or cast in a new light) the events described in the report. U.S. Department of Justice Atlflfflev \Vflt1lc Pt1fldt1et ,',' 4,,., 1 C'm:itAiR 4AtnfiA1 Jlt-tFtt@.nt @.A l JnAf\r Ff\A R Crifl'l P e) I. THE SPECIAL C OUNSEL'S INVESTIGATION On May 17, 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rod J. Rosenstein- then serving as Acting Attorney General for the Russia investigation following the recusal of former Attorney General Jeff Sessions on March 2, 2016-appointed the Special Counsel "to investigate Russian interference with the 2016 presidential election and related matters." Office of the Deputy Att'y Gen., Order No. 3915-2017, Appointment of Special Counsel to Investigate Russian Interference with the 2016 Presidential Election and Related Matters, May 17, 2017) ("Appointment Order"). Relying on "the authority vested" in the Acting Attorney General, " including 28 U.S.C. §§ 509, 510, and 515," the Acting Attorney General ordered the appointment of a Special Counsel " in order to discharge [the Acting Attorney General' s] responsibility to provide supervision and management of the Department of Justice, and to ensure a full and thorough investigation of the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election." Appointment Order (introduction). "The Special Counsel," the Order stated, "is authorized to conduct the investigation confirmed by then-FBI Director James B. Corney in testimony before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence on March 20, 2017," including: ' (i) any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump; and (ii) any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation; and (iii) any other matters within the scope of 28 C.F.R. § 600.4(a). Appointment Order ,r (b). Section 600.4 affords the Special Counsel "the authority to investigate and prosecute federal crimes committed in the course of, and with intent to interfere with, the Special Counsel 's investigation, such as perjury, obstruction of justice, destruction of evidence, and intimidation of witnesses." 28 C.F.R. § 600.4(a). The authority to investigate "any matters that arose . . . directly from the investigation," Appointment Order ,r (b) (ii), covers similar crimes that may have occurred during the course of the FBI's confirmed investigation before the Special Counsel's appointment. "If the Special Counsel belie ves it is necessary and appropriate," the Order further provided, "the Special Counsel is authorized to prosecute federal crimes arising from the investigation of these matters." Id.,r (c ). Finally, the Acting Attorney General made applicable "Sections 600.4 through 600.10 of Title 28 of the Code of Federal Regulations. " Id. ,r ( d). The Acting Attorney General further clarified the scope of the Special Co unsel ' s investigatory authority in two subsequent memoranda. A memorandum dated August 2, 2017, explained that the Appointment Order had been " worded categorically in order to permit its public release without confirming specific investigations involving specific individuals." It then confirmed that the Special Counsel had been authorized since his appointment to investigate allegations that three Trump campaign officials- Carter Page, Paul Manafort, and George Papadopoulos- " committed a crime or crimes by colluding with Russian government officials with respect to the Russian government's efforts to interfere with the 2016 presidential election." The memorandum also confirmed the Special Counsel's authority to investigate certain other matters, including two additional sets of allegations involving Manafort (crimes arising from payments he received from the Ukrainian government and crimes arising from his receipt of loans U.S. Department of Justice AFFAf'RP.•,r VlAPk llf'AA11PJ // MR,.. PARFRiR 4RfP.t'iRI :Pt10fP.P.fP.A l JnAet' µ e fl. R Gt1i . :P. Me) from a bank whose CEO was then seeking a position in the Trump Administration); allegations that Papadopoulos committed a crime or crimes by acting as an unregistered agent of the Israeli government; and four sets of allegations involving Michael Flynn, the former National Security Advisor to President Trump. On October 20, 2017, the Acting Attorney General confirmed in a memorandum the Special Counsel's investigative authority as to several individuals and entities. First, " as part of a full and thorough investigation of the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election," the Special Counsel was authorized to investigate "the pertinent activities of Michael Cohen, Richard Gates, , Roger Stone, and I "Confirmation of the authorization to investigate such individuals," t'!"'he_m_e_m-or_a_n dum stresse d, "does not suggest that the Special Counsel has made a determination that any of them " has committed a crime." Second, with respect to Michael Cohen, the memorandum recognized the Special Counsel ' s authority to investigate " leads relate[d] to Cohen' s establishment and use of Essential Consultants LLC to, inter alia, receive funds from Russian-backed entities." Third, the memorandum memorialized the Special Counsel's authority to investigate individuals and entities who were possibly engaged in "jointly undertaken activity" with existing subjects of the investigation, including Paul Manafort. Finally, the memorandum described an FBI investigation opened before the Special Counsel's appointment into "allegations that [then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions] made false statements to the United States Senate[,]" and confirmed the Special Counsel's authority to investigate that matter. The Special Counsel structured the investigation in view of his power and authorit y "to exercise all investigative and prosecutorial functions of any United States Attorney." 28 C.F.R: § 600.6. Like a U.S. Attorney's Office, the Special Counsel's Office considered a range of classified and unclassified information available to the FBI in the course of the Office's Russia investigation, and the Office structured that work around evidence for possible use in prosecutions of federal crimes (assuming that one or more crimes were identified that warranted prosecution). There was substantial evidence immediately available to the Special Counsel at the inception of the investigation in May 2017 because the FBI had, by that time, already investigated Russian election interference for nearly 10 months. The Special Counsel's Office exercised its judgment regarding what to investigate and did not, for instance, investigate every public report of a contact between the Trump Campaign and Russian-affiliated individuals and entities . The Office has concluded its investigation into links and coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the Trump Campaign. Certain proceedings associated with the Office's work remain ongoing. After consultation with the Office of the Deputy Attorney General, the Office has transferred responsibility for those remaining issues to other components of the Department of Justice and FBI. Appendix D lists those transfers. Two district courts confirmed the breadth of the Special Counsel's authority to investigate Russia election interference and links and/or coordination with the Trump Campaign. See United States v. Manafort, 312 F. Supp. 3d 60, 79-83 (D.D.C. 2018); United States v. Manafort, 321 F. Supp. 3d 640, 650-655 (E.D. Va. 2018). In the course of conducting that investigation, the Office periodically identified evidence of potential criminal activity that was outside the scope of the Special Counsel's authority established by the Acting Attorney General. After consultation with U.S. Department of Justice A ttRFf'le', 1 \¥RFI< PFRdttet // 4.,,, DA• *"i• 4..toPiAI P FotPP .tP.FI I lnFIPP f:pfi R <='.Fin'I P {; e) the Office of the Deputy Attorney General, the Office referred that evidence to appropriate law enforcement authorities, principally other components of the Department of Justice and to the FBI. Appendix D summarizes those referrals. *** To carry out the investigation and prosecution of the matters assigned to him, the Special Counsel assembled a team that at its high point included 19 attorneys-five of whom joined the Office from private practice and 14 on detail or assigned from other Department of Justice components. These attorneys were assisted by a filter team of Department lawyers and FBI personnel who screened materials obtained via court process for privileged information before turning those materials over to investigators; a support staff of three paralegals on detail from the Department's Antitrust Division; and an administrative staff of nine responsible for budget, finance, purchasing, human resources, records, facilities, security, information technology, and administrative support. The Special Counsel attorneys and support staff were co-located with and worked alongside approximately 40 FBI agents, intelligence analysts, forensic accountants, a paralegal, and professional staff assigned by the FBI to assist the Special Counsel's investigation. Those "assigned" FBI employees remained under FBI supervision at all times; the matters on which they assisted were supervised by the Special Counsel.1 During its investigation the Office issued more than 2,800 subpoenas under the auspices of a grand jury sitting in the District of Columbia; executed nearly 500 search-and-seizure warrants; obtained more than 230 orders for communications records under 18 U.S.C. § 2703(d); obtained almost 50 orders authorizing use of pen registers; made 13 requests to foreign governments pursuant to Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties; and interviewed approximately 500 witnesses, including almost 80 before a grand jury. *** From its inception, the Office recognized that its investigation could identify foreign intelligence and counterintelligence information relevant to the FBI's broader national security mission. FBI personnel who assisted the Office established procedures to identify and convey such information to the FBI. The FBI's Counterintelligence Division met with the Office regularly for that purpose for most of the Office' s tenure. For more than the past year, the FBI also embedded personnel at the Office who did not work on the Special Counsel 's investigation, but whose purpose was to review the results of the investigation and to send-in writing- summaries of foreign intelligence and counterintelligence information to FBIHQ and FBI Field Offices. Those communications and other correspondence between the Office and the FBI contain information derived from the investigation, not all of which is contained in this Volume. This Volume is a summary. It contains, in the Office's judgment, that information necessary to account for the Special Counsel's prosecution and declination decisions and to describe the investigation's main factual results. 1 FBI personnel assigned to the Special Counsel's Office were required to adhere to all applicable federal law and all Department and FBI regulations, guidelines, and policies. An FBI attorney worked on FBI-related matters for the Office, such as FBI compliance with all FBI policies and procedures, including the FBI's Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (DIOG). That FBI attorney worked under FBI legal supervision, not the Special Counsel's supervision. U.S. Department of Justice A tt ...1•AP" mAl'I• Pl'nFl111oit // M0:v GflH1'0:i1i Mll:f:erittl Prnteeteel Utteler Fe el. R. Crim. P. 6(e) II. RUSSIAN "ACTIVE MEASURES" SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN The first form of Russian election influence came principally from the Internet Research Agency, LLC (IRA), a Russian organization funded by Yevgeniy Viktorovich Prigozhin and companies he controlled, including Concord Management and Consulting LLC and Concord Catering (collectively " Concord"). 2 The IRA conducted social media operations targeted at large U.S. audiences with the goal of sowing discord in the U.S. political system.3 These operations constituted "active measures" (aKTMBHbie Meporrprumu1), a term that typically refers to operations conducted by Russian security services aimed at influencing the course of international affairs.4 The IRA and its employees began operations targeting the United States as early as 2014. Using fictitious U.S. personas, IRA employees operated social media accounts and group pages designed to attract U.S. audiences. These groups and accounts, which addressed divisive U.S. political and social issues, falsely claimed to be controlled by U.S. activists. Over time, these social media accounts became a means to reach large U.S. audiences. IRA employees travelled to the United States in mid-2014 on an intelligence-gathering mission to obtain information and photographs for use in their social media posts. IRA employees posted derogatory information about a number of candidates in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. By early to mid-2016, IRA operations included supporting the Trump Campaign and disparaging candidate Hillary Clinton. The IRA made various expenditures to carry out those activities, including buying political advertisements on social media in the names of U.S. persons and entities. Some IRA employees, posing as U.S. persons and without revealing their Russian association, communicated electronically with individuals associated with the Trump Campaign and with other political activists to seek to coordinate political activities, including the staging of political rallies.5 The investigation did not identify evidence that any U.S. persons knowingly or intentionally coordinated with the IRA's interference operation. By the end of the 2016 U.S. election, the IRA had the ability to reach millions of U.S. persons through their social media accounts. Multiple IRA-controlled Facebook groups and 2 The Office is aware of reports that other Russian entities engaged in similar active measw-es operations targeting the United States. Some evidence collected by the Office corroborates those rep01ts, and the Office has shared that evidence with other offices in the Department of Justice and FBI. 3 Harm to Ongoing Matter see also SM-2230634, serial 44 (analysis). The FBI case number cited here, and other FBI case numbers identified in the report, should be treated as law enforcement sensitive given the context. The reportcontains additional law enforcement sensitive information. 4As discussed in Part V below, the active measures investigation has resulted in criminal charges against 13 individual Russian nationals and three Russian entities, principally for conspiracy to defraud the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. See Volume I, Section V.A, infra; Indictment, United States v. Internet Research Agency, et al., 1:18-cr-32 (D.D.C. Feb. 16, 2018), Doc. I (" Int ernet ResearchAgency Indictment"). U.S. Department of Justice At1aAt'Ae•,· \l,le,plc Pt1<'Jdttet// 4A'" D,:,RtAiR ll 4A*rn•iA1 Jl1rn *ra .fl.*P.F•i HRAP.r J.P.A R CriA :P Me:) 1 Instagram accounts had hundreds of thousands of U.S. participants. IRA-controlled Twitter accounts separately had tens of thousands of followers, including multiple U.S. political figures who retweeted IRA-created content. In November 2017, a Facebook representative testified that Facebook had identified 470 IRA-controlled Facebook accounts that collectively made 80,000 posts between January 2015 and August 2017. Facebook estimated the IRA reached as many as 126 million persons through its Facebook accounts.6 In January 2018, Twitter announced that it had identified 3,814 IRA-controlled Twitter accounts and notified approximately 1.4 million people Twitter believed may have been in contact with an iRA-controlled account. 7 A. Structure of the Internet Research Agency Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter orgamzanon a Harm to Ongoing Matte E2::J Harm to Ongoing Matter C :anization also led to a more detailed organizational structure. 6 Social Media Influence in the 2016 US. Election, Hearing Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 115th Cong. 13 (11/1/17) (testimony of Colin Stretch, General Counsel ofFacebook) ("We estimate that roughly 29 million people were served content in their News Feeds directly from the IRA's 80,000 posts over the two years. Posts from these Pages were also shared, liked, and followed by people on Facebook, and, as a result, three times more people may have been exposed to a story that originated from the Russian operation. Our best estimate is that approximately 126 million people may have been served content from a Page associated with the IRA at some point during the two-year period."). The Facebook representative also testified that Facebook had identified 170 Instagram accounts that posted approximately 120,000 pieces of content during that time. Facebook did not offer an estimate of the audience reached via Instagram. 7 Twitter, Update on Twitter's Review of the 2016 US Election (Jan. 31, 2018). - 8 See SM-2230634, serial 92. 9 Harm to Ongoing Matter 10 Harm to Ongoing Matter 11 See SM-2230634, serial 86 Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice A tt .. - ,.. • w,..,1, :P.,nFlm.>t // Me'>' GAt1teit1 MMeriel Prnteeted UHder Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e) 0 Ou, aaea 0A auaiement: its enera1 oirecto E auC ·im 0 mrecto B 1:M ,,i vl•lit•Ald••1 aHarm to Ongoing Matte gc "t 0 lL 13 ID t. oeg, A 0 d" amg ano, Harm to Ongoing Matter D /J t. ,(ranons are an: c o+ C o •o g ooerauo 0 D..-01&. l,Mii,IT•lit•Miit·•OuimJ ■ Harm to Ongoing Matte B. Funding and Oversight from Concord and Prigozhin Until at least February 2018, Yevgeniy Viktorovich Prigozhin and two Concord companies funded the IRA. Prigozhin is a wealthy Russian businessman who served as the head of Conco rd. - 13 Harm to Ongoing Matter 14 See, e.g., SM-2230634, serials 9, 113 & 180 Harm to Ongoing Matter 15 Harm to Ongoing Matter · Harm to Ongoing · Matter ,, I• , • 131 & 204. 17 Harm to Ongoing Matter 18 Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice AUeFflE'I 1il/'.erk Pmat1et // 114A71 Pn1qfAi1 ·fotnriAl PFAfP.P.fP.A HnAf'!t' FP-f'I R Dl'iffl p f, e) Harm to Ongoing Matter onea o -Harm to Ongoing Matte Numerous media sources have reported on Prigozhin's ties to Putin, and the two have appeared together in public photographs.22 Harm to Ongoing Matter 1t1Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter 11Harm to Ongoing Matter 11Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter 19 U.S. Treasury Deprutment, "Treasury Sanctions Individuals and Entities in Connection with Russia' s Occupation of Crimea and the Conflict in Ukraine" (Dec. 20, 2016). Harm to Ongoing Matter 22 See, e.g., Neil MacFarquhar, Yevgeny Prigozhin, Russian Oligarch Indicted by US., Is Known as "Putin's Cook", New York Times (Feb. 16, 2018). 24 Harm to Ongoing Matter 25 see also SM- U.S. Department of Justice AUAf'fl8'< Wflfl{ PFASt-Iet // 4R"d r;Al'lfcRiA MRfcP.f'iRl Pt"Ateetefl l 1qfler Fee R Gfiffl p Me) Harm to Ongoing Matter aHarm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matte Harm to Ongoing Matter E::: Harm to Ongoing Matter 26 Harm to Ongoing Matter 27 Harm to Ongoing Matter 28 The term " tro11" refers to internet users- in this context, paid operatives-who post inflammatory or otherwise disruptive content on social media or other websites. U.S. Department of Justice AttAt'AP,.., Vlnt'lf PfAAIICf // 4,w PnAtRifl MAtefiAI Pt'nteetefl lJAACf J:.:ea R Ct'iffi P 6(e) go 01vea o 1Dt. ooeranc '«,• • • • • Harm to Ongoing Matte Harm to Ongoing Matte nmtff Dear Be 1i Miie• GI•) ·Mhi·•1 E1itw Harm to Ongoing Matter C. The IRA Targets U.S. Elections 1. The IRA Ramps Up U.S. Operations As Early As 2014 D"' ooerauo 0110 =ma ana ouc OJ: C ougn o 0 B go 01 Dt oeg" 0 0 o uaa" ooeratic L ' f enera1 ae artmem, Knc i:1L0 "OeBOI aeo, 1 Mi,,IQ• U·MM•if'IE1Uw subdivided the Translator Department into different Dt responsibilities, ranging from operations on different social media platforms to analytics to 29 Investigative Technique See SM-2230634 , serials 131 & 204. 30 See SM-2230634, serial 156. Internet Research Agency Indictment ,r 12(b); see also 5/26/16 Facebook Messages, ID 31 1479936895656747 (United Muslims of America) & Harm to Ongoing Matter ,,,, atso 061.L o .. i::: 89. Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice A ttAPRP.u lJTA.,lc µ.,Afl1112.t // 4,w GAt11'Ril'I MRte,iRI Prsteeted Under Fee. R. Criffl P. 6 e) graphics and IT. Harm to Ongoing Matter ■Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matte 0634. serial 20 34 See SM-223O634, serial 204 Harm to Ongoing Matter 20 U.S. Department of Justice ,A,ttAPAP.V \1lnt1k P,•ntfoet // JI, 4w· DAAtRit J1,,,4RfP.PiRI PFofeetnfl I JAABP Fefi R Gt1iffl P Me) Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter e:= 137 IRA employees also traveled to the United States on intelligence-gathering missions. In June 2014, four IRA employees applied to the U.S. Department of State to enter the United States, while lying about the purpose of their trip and claiming to be four friends who had met at a party.38 Ultimately, two IRA employees-Anna Bogacheva and Aleksandra Krylova-received visas and entered the United States on June 4, 2014. Prior to travelinfj Krjlova and Bogacneva como11ec 0 anes ana 0 1i 6iihi<:J•m •MIW11'1 · B4 ''"UMiiiiGl•nJ•MIU•• Enm 35 Harm to Ongoing Matter 37 Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice A tt,wtaP>' WA1•lr llt'AAIIPJ // Me..· Geit'!1-eit'I Metaeriel Prn1-eetaed Under Fee. R. Crim. P. 6(e) _ 2. U.S. Operations Through IRA-Controlled Social Media Accounts Dozens of IRA employees were responsible for operating accounts and personas on different U.S. social media platforms. The IRA referred to employees assigned to operate the social media accounts as "specialists."42 Starting as early as 2014, the IRA's U.S. operations included social media specialists focusing on Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter.43 The IRA later added specialists who operated on Tumblr and Instagram accounts.44 Initially, the IRA created social media accounts that pretended to be the personal accounts of U.S. persons.45 By early 2015, the IRA began to create larger social media groups or public social media pages that claimed (falsely) to be affiliated with U.S. political and grassroots organizations. In certain cases, the IRA created accounts that mimicked real U.S. organizations. For example, one IRA-controlled Twitter account, @TEN_GOP, purported to be connected to the Tennessee Republican Party.46 More commonly, the IRA created accounts in the names of fictitious U.S. organizations and grassroots groups and used these accounts to pose as anti immigration groups, Tea Party activists, Black Lives Matter protestors, and other U.S. social and political activists. Harm to Ongoing Matte Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter 45 See, e.g., Facebook ID 100011390466802 (Alex Anderson); Facebook ID 100009626173204 (Andrea Hansen); Facebook ID 100009728618427 (Gary Williams) ; Facebook ID 100013640043337 (Lakisha Richardson). 46 The account claimed to be the " Unofficial Twitter of Tennessee Republicans" and made posts that appeared to be endorsements of the state political party. See, e.g., @TEN_GOP,4/3/16 Tweet ("Tennessee GOP backs @rea!DonaldTrump period #makeAmericagreatagain #tngop #tennessee #gop"). U.S. Department of Justice A **A FRP!a' lVArk PFAAm t // 4A•' DARtAiR MAteFiRl P 1•Flteet ee l J:t1eer Pee R Criffl p 6(e) Harm to Ongoing Matte Harm to Ongoing Matter " IJ The focus on the U.S. presidential campaign continued throughout 2016. 2016 Inifll internal • reviewing the IRA-controlled Facebook group "Secured Borders," the 47 Harm to Ongoing Matter 48 See, e.g., SM-2230634 serial 131lll!li!il o 11 oost ea cc c1bC "0 oresrn" o, Dt ore oiled r:r"omotea vanous crmaues c !,MheiT•)d·MIWIMtBGi 06• L 50 Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice AUot11 Ew \llot'I< Pt·oflHet// Mn.. • rrn fniA Mnferiel Pl'flteetefl HAfler Ped R. Criffi P 6(e) author criticized the "lower number of posts dedicated to criticizing Hillary Clinton" and reminded the Facebook specialist " it is imperative to intensify criticizing Hillary Clinton."51 IRA employees "-• w ••· - ···-· !if!Uii§l•ht·l·OiflrfUW ",v ... election. 3. U.S. Operations Through Facebook Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter t ' • I I I ! I I • during the 2016 campaign covered a range of political issues and included purported conservative 52 Harm to Ongoing Matter 53 Harm to Ongoing Matter 54 Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice Af4Al'Al'W \\lAt'lc Pt'AA!let // MA¥ rm,t11ifl Mlltet'i81 Pt'Ateetea Ht1aer Fed R Criffl p 6(e) groups (with names such as "Being Patriotic," "Stop All Immigrants," "Secured Borders," and "Tea Party News") , purported Black social justice groups ("Black Matters," "Blacktivist," and "Don't Shoot Us"), LGBTQ groups ("LGBT United"), and religious groups ("United Muslims of America"). Throughout 2016, IRA accounts published an increasing number of materials supporting the Trump Campaign and opposing the Clinton Campaign. For example, on May 31, 2016, the operational account "Matt Skiber" began to privately message dozens of pro-Trump Facebook groups asking them to help plan a "pro-Trump rally near Trump Tower."55 To reach larger U.S. audiences, the IRA purchased advertisements from Facebook that promoted the IRA groups on the newsfeeds of U.S. audience members. According to Facebook, the IRA purchased over 3,500 advertisements, and the expenditures totaled approximately $100,000.56 During the U.S. presidential campaign, many IRA-purchased advertisements explicitly supported or opposed a presidential candidate or promoted U.S. rallies organized by the IRA (discussed below). As early as March 2016, the IRA purchased advertisements that overtly opposed the Clinton Campaign. For example, on March 18, 2016, the IRA purchased an advertisement depicting candidate Clinton and a caption that read in part, "If one day God lets this liar enter the White House as a president - that day would be a real national tragedy."57 Similarly, on April 6, 2016, the IRA purchased advertisements for its account "Black Matters" calling for a "flashmob" of U.S. persons to "take a photo with #HillaryClintonForPrison2016 or #nohillary2016."58 IRA-purchased advertisements featuring Clinton were, with very few exceptions, negative. 59 IRA-purchased advertisements referencing candidate Trump largely supported his campaign. The first known IRA advertisement explicitly endorsing the Trump Campaign was purchased on April 19, 2016. The IRA bought an advertisement for its Instagram account "Tea Party News" asking U.S. persons to help them "make a patriotic team of young Trump supporters" by uploading photos with the hashtag "#KIDS4TRUMP." 60 In subsequent months, the IRA purchased dozens of advertisements supporting the Trump Campaign, predominantly through the Facebook groups "Being Patriotic ," "Stop All Invaders," and "Secured Borders." ! !!l l! ! l ..k.iilb!"er")"t'o--ID 55 5/31/16 Facebook Message, ID 100009922908461 (Matt Skiber) to ID ( M a t t S 5/31/16 Facebook Message, ID 100009922908461 56 Social Media Influence in the 2016 US. Election, Hearing Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 115th Cong. 13 (11/1/17) (testimony of Colin Stretch, General Counsel of Facebook). 57 3/18/16 Facebook Advertisement ID 6045505152575. 58 4/6/16 Facebook Advertisement ID 6043740225319. 59 See SM-2230634, serial 213 (documenting politically-oriented advertisements from the larger set provided by Facebook). 60 4/19/16 Facebook Advertisement ID 6045151094235. U.S. Department of Justice Attnf'l'IP."'' lJ,lnrlc Pt1nI WAPlf PFAtfoAt// 41'1¼' G.Al'lfcflil'l 4Mrn•is1 PFAteetea HAaer Fed_ K Criffi P 6(e) 66 Harm to Ongoing Matter The IRA operated-individualized Twitter accounts similar to the operation of its Facebook accounts, by continuously posting original content to the accounts while also communicating with U.S. Twitter users directly (through public tweeting or Twitter's private messaging). The IRA used many of these accounts to attempt to influence U.S. audiences on the election. Individualized accounts used to influence the U.S. presidential election included @TEN_GOP (described above); @jenn_abrams (claiming to be a Virginian Trump supporter with 70,000 followers); @Pamela_Moore13 (claiming to be a Texan Trump supporter with 70,000 followers); and @America: Ist_ (an anti-immigration persona with 24,000 followers)6. 7 In May 2016, the IRA created the Twitter account @march_for_trump, which promoted IRA- organized rallies in support of the Trump Campaign (described below).68 Using these accounts and others, the IRA provoked reactions from users and the media. Multiple IRA-posted tweets gained popularity.70 U.S. media outlets also quoted tweets from IRA- controlled accounts and attributed them to the reactions of real U.S. persons.71 Similarly, numerous high- 66 Harm to Ongoing Matter 67 Other individualized accounts included @MissouriNewsUS (an account with 3,800 followers that posted pro-Sanders and anti-Clinton material). 68 See @march_for_trump, 5/30/16 Tweet (first post from account). 7 ° For example, one IRA account tweeted, "To those people, who hate the Confederate flag. Did you know that the flag and the war wasn't about slavery, it was all about money." The tweet received over 40,000 responses. @Jenn_Abrams 4/24/17 (2:37 p.m.) Tweet. 71 Josephine Lukito & Chris Wells, Most Major Outlets Have Used Russian Tweets as Sources for Partisan Opinion: Study, Columbia Journalism Review (Mar. 8, 2018); see also Twitter Steps Up to Explain #NewYorkValues to Ted Cruz, Washington Post (Jan. 15, 2016) (citing IRA tweet); People Are Slamming the CIA/or Claiming Russia Tried to Help Donald Trump , U.S. News & World Report (Dec. 12, 2016). U.S. Department of Justice AtFAff'H'!,., Vlrn•lc PFr1A11et // 4A•1 DARtAiR 4AteriA1 PrAFeeteA l IRABF Perl R C.Fiffi P Me) profile U.S. persons, including former Ambassador Michael McFaul,72 Roger Stone,73 Sean Hannity,74 and Michael Flynn Jr.,75 retweeted or responded to tweets posted to these IRA controlled accounts. Multiple individuals affiliated with the Trump Campaign also promoted IRA tweets (discussed below). b. IRA Botnet Activities In January 20 I 8, Twitter publicly identified 3,8I4 Twitter accounts associated with the 79 IRA. According to Twitter, in the ten weeks before the 2016 U.S. presidential election, these accounts posted approximately 175,993 tweets, "approximately 8.4% of which were election-· 72 @Mcfaul 4/30/16 Tweet (responding to tweet by @Jenn_Abrams). 73 @RogerJStoneJr 5/30/16 Tweet (retweeting @Pamela_Moorel3); @RogerJStoneJr 4/26/16 Tweet (same). 74 @seanhannity 6/21/17 Tweet (retweeting @Pamela_Moore13). 75 @mflynnJR 6/22/17 Tweet ("RT@Jenn_Abrams: This is what happens when you add the voice over of an old documentary about mental illness onto video of SJWs... "). 76 A botnet refers to a network of private computers or accounts controlled as a group to send specific automated messages. On the Twitter network, botnets can be used to promote and republish ("retweet") specific tweets or hashtags in order for them to gain larger audiences. 77 Harm to Ongoing Matter 78 Harm to Ongoing Matter 79 Eli Rosenberg, Twitter to Tell 677,000 Users they Were Had by the Russians. Some Signs Show the Problem Continues, Washington Post (Jan. 19, 2019). U.S. Department of Justice AUAfflcw \llArlc PFAd11et// ll.iJA.., rAF1fAiA ll.4Atrn•ifl:I PFAteeted l Jmler Fea. R Criffl P Me) related."80 Twitter also announced that it had notified approximately 1.4 million people who Twitter believed may have been in contact with an IRA-controlled account. 81 5. U.S. Operations Involving Political Rallies The IRA organized and promoted political rallies inside the United States while posing as U.S. grassroots activists. First, the IRA used one of its preexisting social media personas (Facebook groups and Twitter accounts, for example) to announce and promote the event. The IRA then sent a large number of direct messages to followers of its social media account asking them to attend the event. From those who responded with interest in attending, the IRA then sought a U.S. person to serve as the event's coordinator. In most cases, the IRA account operator would tell the U.S. person that they personally could not attend the event due to some preexisting conflict or because they were somewhere else in the United States.82 The IRA then further promoted the event by contacting U.S. media about the event and directing them to speak with the coordinator8. 3 After the event, the IRA posted videos and photographs of the event to the IRA's social media accounts.84 The Office identified dozens of U.S. rallies organized by the IRA. The earliest evidence of a rally was a "confederate rally" in November 2015.85 The IRA continued to organize rallies even after the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The attendance at rallies varied. Some rallies appear to have drawn few (if any) pa1tici2ants, while others drew hundreds. The reach and success of these • - • • - , Harm to Ongoing Matter 80 Twitter, "Update on Twitter's Review of the 2016 US Election" (updated Jan. 31, 2018). Twitter also reported identifying 50,258 automated accounts connected to the Russian government, which tweeted ... more than a million times in the ten weeks before the election. 81 Twitter, "Update on Twitter's Review of the 2016 US Election" (updated Jan. 31, 2018). 82 8/20/16 Facebook Message, ID 100009922908461 (Matt Skiber) to ID 83 See, e.g., 7/21/16 gmail.com to 7/21/16 Email, joshmilton024@gmail.com to- 84 @march_for_trump 6/25/16 Tweet (posting photos from rally outside Trump Tower). 85 Instagram ID 2228012168 (Stand For Freedom) 11/3/15 Post ("Good evening buds! Well I am planning to organize a confederate rally[... ] in Houston on the 14 of November and I want more people to attend."). U.S. Department of Justice AUAFAl'W ',MAFk PFAAuet // 4A,.. DAA*Ai1 4AfP.FiR1 PFAfP.P.tefl 1 l AfieF Fefl R GFiffi P Me) U.S. Department of Justice 6 #Al'l'I@•· rnA ..lf µ.,Arl11@.t // Mav CoRtaiR Matefial Proteetee UReer Fee. R. Criffi. P. 6 e) fj ... From June 2016 until the end of the presidential campaign, _, _ ·• I I almost all of the U.S. rallies organized by the IRA focused on the \ .. J.,-. U.S. election, the Clinton often promoting Campaign. the Trump Pro-Trump Campaign rallies included and opposing three in New \ .. , - \. .... York; a series of pro-Trump rallies in Florida in August 2016; and a series of pro-Trump rallies in October 2016 in Pennsylvania. The Florida rallies drew the attention of the Trump Campaign, which MINERS FOR TRUMP posted about the Miami rally on candidate Trump's Facebook BRING BACK OUR JOBS account (as discussed below).86 0 .0. ID L\ Di O' "' D Ll HELP MR. TRUMP FIX IT. ocia1 mema acco ' 0 0",::i g IC ,11:,0 conauctea me aav-to-a, I m;,;aa•,mM•U-•mnm "'G Ill 1 11 1 1· 1ll'111ern: 111 . % 1 , · 11.1 1 111 1 ,1,H /111 1 \ li \l'l llfl\' I'! ,\;A 1'11111 / io1mca1 rallles ms1at: /II Hll \l'l'INl:I : 1111, IRA Poster for Pennsylvania Rallies organized by the IRA 6. Targeting and Recruitment of U.S. Persons 01,: Dt "'G 010 " ,P,t: o targ oersc 0 COUIO o "'0 to ad operanom go W . ... _ocusea o D' 0 0 c 0 oosted Dt l,MU, Gl•MM· i11••1·immo IRA employees frequently used nves 1ga 1ve ec nique Twitter, Facebook, and lnstagram to contact and recruit U.S. persons who followed the group. The IRA recruited U.S. ersons from across the oolitical soectrum. For example, the IRA targeted the family of and a number of black social justic e activists 86 The pro-Trump rallies were organized through multiple Facebook, Twitter, and email accounts. See, e.g., Facebook ID 100009922908461 (Matt Skiber); Facebook ID 1601685693432389 (Being Patriotic); Twitter Account @march_for_trump; beingpatriotic@gmail.com. (Rallies were organized in New York on June 25, 2016; Florida on August 20, 2016; and Pennsylvania on October 2, 2016.) 87 Harm to Ongoing Matter 88 Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice At1'Affle•,· WAFI< PFAAttet // 4R',' GAt tRil'I 4nteriR1 PrAteeteti HAtier Perl. R. Gfiffl. :P. €1(e) while posing as a grassroots group called "Black Matters US."89 In February 2017, the persona " Black Fist" (purporting to want to teach African-Americans to protect themselves when contacted by law enforcement) hired a self-defense instructor in New York to offer classes sponsored by Black Fist. The IRA also recruited moderators of conservative social media groups to promote IRA-generated content,90 as well as recruited individuals to perform political acts (such as walking around New York City dressed up as Santa Claus with a Trump mask).91 Harm to Ongoing Matter aHarm to Ongoing Matter aHarm to Ongoing Matter IHOM -as the IRA's online audience became larger, the IRA tracked U.S. persons with whom they communicated and had successfully tasked with tasks ra ng from organizing rallies to taking pictures with certain political messages). l!t s .. as.........n: 89 3/11/16 Facebook Advertisement ID 6045078289928, 5/6/16 Facebook Advertisement ID 6051652423528, 10/26/16 Facebook Advertisement ID 6055238604687; 10/27/16 Facebook Message, ID ------- 90 8/19/16 & ID 100011698576461 (Taylor Brooks). Facebook Message, ID 100009922908461 (Matt Skiber) to ID 91 12/8/16 Email, robot@craigslist.org to beingpatriotic@gmail.com (confirming Craigslist advertisement). 92 8/18-19/16 Twitter DMs, @march_for_trump & 11/11-27/16 Facebook ------ Messages, ID 100011698576461 (Taylor Brooks) & -(arranging topay for plane tickets and for a bull horn). FacebookMessage,ID100009922908461 (MattSkiber)& (discussing payment for rally supplies); 8/18/16 Twitter DM, Kdiscussing payment for construction materials). U.S. Department of Justice AttAFFIP.,., \lJAFle Pl'Afh1et // }.4w,· f1AAtAiFI MAteFiAI Pl'Ateeted HmleF Ped R Criffl P. 6(e) 7. Interactions and Contacts with the Trump Campaign The investigation identified two different forms of connections between the IRA and .members of the Trump Campaign. (The investigation identified no similar connections between the IRA and the Clinton Campaign .) First, on multiple occasions, members and surrogates of the Trump Campaign promoted-typically by linking , ret weeting, or similar methods of reposting pro-Trump or anti-Clinton content published by the IRA through IRA-controlled social media accounts. Additionally, in a few instances, IRA employees represented themselves as U.S. persons to communicate with members of the Trump Campaign in an effort to seek assistance and coordination on IRA-organized political rallies inside the United States. a. Trump Campaign Promotion of IRA Political Materials Among the U.S. "leaders of public opinion" targeted by the IRA were various members and surrogates of the Trump Campaign. In total, Trump Campaign affiliates promoted dozens of tweets, posts, and other political content created by the IRA. Posts from the IRA-controlled Twitter account @TEN_GOP were cited or retweeted by multiple Trump Campaign officials and surrogates, including Donald J. Trump Jr.,96 Eric 96 See, e.g , @DonaldJTrumpJr 10/26/16 Tweet ("RT @TEN_GOP: BREAKING Thousands of names changed on voter rolls in Indiana. Police investigating #Voterf raud. #DrainTheSwamp."); @DonaldJTrumpJr 11/2/16 Tweet ("RT @TEN_GOP: BREAKING: #VoterFraud by counting tens of thousands of ineligible mail in Hillary votes being reported in Broward County, Florida."); @DonaldJTrumpJr 11/8/16 Tweet ("RT @TEN_GOP: This vet passed away last month before he could vote for Trump. Here he is in his #MAGA hat. #voted #ElectionDay."). Trump Jr. retweeted additional @TEN_GOP content subsequent to the election. U.S. Department of Justice A**APFIP.••· 1.1,rAPlc PFAA11P.t // 4w· ('nF1*RiF1 HR*niRI PPA*P.e.fP.A TlFIAP.r FP.A R C,iR P 1, e) Trump9, 7 Kellyanne Conway,98 Brad Parscale,99 and Michael T. Flynn.100 These posts included allegations of voter fraud,101 as well as allegations that Secretary Clinton had mishandled classified information.102 - A November 7, 2016 post from the IRA-controlled Twitter account @Pamela_Moore13 was retweeted by Donald J. Trump Jr.103 On September 19, 2017, President Trump's personal account @realDonaldTrump responded to a tweet from the IRA-controlled account @l0_gop (the backup account of @TEN_GOP, which had already been deactivated by Twitter). The tweet read: "We love you, Mr. President!" 104 IRA employees monitored the reaction of the Trump Campaign and, later, Trump Administration officials to their tweets. For example, on August 23, 2016, the IRA controlled persona "Matt Skiber" Facebook account sent a message to a U.S. Tea Party activist, writin.g that "Mr. Trump posted about our event in Miami! This is great!"105 Screenshot of Trump The IRA employee included a screenshot of candidate Facebook Account (from Trump's Facebook account, which included a post about Matt Skibe,) the August 20, 2016 political rallies organized by the IRA. 97 @EricTrump 10/20/16 Tweet ("RT @TEN_GOP: BREAKING Hillary shuts down press conference when asked about DNC Operatives corruption & #VoterFraud #debatenight #TrumpB"). 98 @KellyannePolls 11/6/16 Tweet ("RT @TEN_GOP: Mother of jailed sailor: ' Hold Hillary to same standards as my son on Classified info' #hillarysemail #WeinerGate."). 99 @parscale 10/15/16 Tweet ("Thousands of deplorables chanting to the media: ' Tell The Truth!' RT if you are also done w/ biased Media! #FridayFeeling"). 100 @GenFlynn 11/7/16 (retweeting @TEN_GOP post that included in part "@rea!DonaldTrump & @mike_pence will be our next POTUS & VPOTUS."). 101 @TEN_GOP 10/11 /16 Tweet ("North Carolina finds 2,214 voters over the age of 110!!"). 102 @TEN_GOP 11/6/16 Tweet ("Mother of jailed sailor: ' Hold Hillary to same standards as my son on classified info #hillaryemail #WeinerGate."' ). 103 @DonaldJTrumpJr 11/7/16 Tweet ("RT @Pamela_Moore13: Detroit residents speak out against the failed policies of Obama, Hillary & democrats "). 104 @r!DoanaldTrump 9/19/17 (7:33 p.m.) Tweet ("THANK YOU for your support Miami! My team just shared photos from your TRUMP SIGN WAYING DAY, yesterday! I love you- and there is no question- TOGETHER, WE WILL MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN!"). 105 8/23/16 Facebook Message, ID 100009922908461 (Matt Skiber) to ID U.S. Department of Justice AttAFl'le ,· WAl'I< PFASttet // Mm,· GAl'ltttil'I foterittl Preteetea UHaer Fea. R. Crim P 6(e) Harm to Ongoing Matter I• b. Contact with Trump Campaign Officials in Connection to Rallies Starting in June 2016, the IRA contacted different U.S. persons affiliated with the Trump Campaign in an effort to coordinate pro-Trump IRA-organized rallies inside the United States. In all cases, the IRA contacted the Campaign while claiming to be U.S. political activists working on behalf of a conservative grassroots organization. The IRA's contacts included requests for signs and other materials to use at rallies,107 as well as requests to promote the rallies and help coordinate logistics.108 While certain campaign volunteers agreed to provide the requested support (for example, agreeing to set aside a number of signs), the investigation has not identified evidence that any Trump Campaign official understood the requests were coming from foreign nationals. *** In sum, the investigation established that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election through the "active measures" social media campaign carried out by the IRA, an organization funded by Prigozhin and companies that he controlled. As explained further in Volume I, Section V.A, infra, the Office concluded (and a grand jury has alleged) that Prigozhin, his companies , and IRA employees violated U.S. law through these operations, principally by undermining through deceptive acts the work of federal agencies charged with regulating foreign influence in U.S. elections. See, e.g., 8/16/16 Email, joshmilton024 @gmail.com to -@donaldtrump.com (asking 107 for Pence signs for Florida rally); 8/18/16 Email, joshmilton024@gmail.com to -@donaldtrump.com (a-kin for Trump/Pence signs for Florida rally); 8/12/16 Email, joshmilton024@gmail.com to @donaldtrump.com (asking for "co ntact phone numbers for Trump Campaign affiliates" in various Florida cities and signs). 108 8/15/16 Email, to joshmilton024 locations to the "Florida Goes Trump," list); 8/16/16 Email, to joshmi1to n024@gmail.com (volunteering to send an email blast to followers). U.S. Department of Justice Attfl t'FIP. 7,' WAt'l( Pl'AAllet /,' 4fw DAFITAifl Mfltet'iH:1 Pt'Ateetee l Jneer Fee R CriA'l. P. 6(e) III. RUSSIAN HACKING AND DUMPING OPERATIONS Beginning in March 2016, units of the Russian Federation' s Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU) hacked the computers and email accounts of organizations,·employees, and volunteers supporting the Clinton Campaign, including the email account of campaign chairman John Podesta. Starting in April 2016, the GRU hacked into the computer networks of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The GRU targeted hundreds of email accounts used by Clinton Campaign employees, advisors, and volunteers. In total, the GRU stole hundreds of thousands of documents from the compromised email accounts and networks.109 The GRU later released stolen Clinton Campaign and DNC documents through online personas, "DCLeaks" and " Guccifer 2.0," and later through the organization WikiLeaks. The release of the documents was designed and timed to interfere with the 2016 U.S. presidential election and undermine the Clinton Campaign. or L016. l1601•Dh)MhJ•if'/ElivD La ai n "'" anc <>r anc snowec [m]i!j] "'0 about WikiLeaks's activities. ,,r :Ii li'il - - -- , the Trump The investigation was unable Campaign to resolve ....,..----,,.... WikiLeaks's release of the stolen Podesta emails on October 7, 2016 , the same day a-video from years earlier was published of Trump using graphic language about women. A. GRU Hacking Directed at the Clinton Campaign 1. GRU Units Target the Clinton Campaign Two military units of the GRU carried out the computer intrusions into the Clinton Campaign, DNC, and DCCC: Military Units 26165 and 74455. 110 Military Unit 26165 is a GRU cyber unit dedicated to targeting military, political, governmental, and non-governmental organizations outside of Russia, including in the United States.111 The unit was sub-divided into departments with different specialties. One department, for example, developed specialized malicious software "malware" , while another de artment conducted large-scale spearphishing campaigns.112 jfllllililliliilllilli lilillllll a bitcoin mining operation to 109 As discussed in Section V below, our Office charged 12 GRU officers for crimes arising from the hacking of these computers, principally with conspiring to commit computer intrusions, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§1030 and 371. See Volume I, Section V.B, infra; Indictme nt, United States v. Netyksho, No. I :18-cr-215 (D.D.C . July 13, 2018), Doc. 1 (" Netyksho Indictme nt"). 110 Netyksho Indictment ,r 1. 111 Separate from this Office's indictment of GRU officers, in October 2018 a grand jury sitting in the Western District of Pennsylvania returned an indictment charging certain members of Unit 26165 with hacking the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and other international sport associations. United States v. Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, No. 18-263 (W.D. Pa.). 112 A spearphishing email is designed to appear as though it originates from a trusted source, and solicits information to enable the sender to gain access to an account or network, or causes the recipient to U.S. Department of Justice Attot1flev \l/t)fle P, otiuet // 4A · f'FifltAi, 4Affl!t1iAI Pt1otfl!fl!tfl!A T lflAfl!f Ffl!rl Dl'iffl P (e) secure bitcoins used to purchase computer infrastructure used in hacking operations.113 Military Unit 74455 is a related GRU unit with multiple departments that engaged in cyber operations. Unit 74455 assisted in the release of documents stolen by Unit 26165, the promotion of those releases, and the publication of anti-Clinton content on social media accounts operated by the GRU. Officers from Unit 74455 separately hacked computers belonging to state boards of elections, secretaries of state, and U.S. companies that supplied software and other technology related to the administration of U.S. elections.114 Beginning in mid-March 2016, Unit 26165 had primary responsibility for hacking the DCCC and DNC, as well as email accounts of individuals affiliated with the Clinton Campaign:115 aDO Unit 26165 used Iii 0 org Investigative Technique Demo 0 0 org auC -------- or_g Investigative Techniqu began before the GRU had obtained any credentials or gained access to these networks, indicating that the later DCCC and DNC intrusions were not crimes of opportunity but rather the result of targeting. 116 GRU officers also sent hundreds of spearphishing emails to the work and personal email accounts of Clinton Campaign employees and volunteers. Between March 10, 2016 and March 15, 2016, Unit 26165 appears to have sent approximately 90 spearphishing emails to email accounts at hillaryclinton.com. Starting on March 15, 2016, the GRU began targeting Google email accounts used by Clinton Campaign employees, along with a smaller number of dnc.org email accounts. 117 The GRU spearphishing operation enabled it to gain access to numerous email accounts of Clinton Campaign employees and volunteers, including campaign chairman John Podesta, junior volunteers assigned to the Clinton Campaign's advance team, informal Clinton Campaign advisors, and a DNC employee. 118 GRU officers stole tens of thousands of emails from spearphishing victims, including various Clinton Campaign-related communications. download malware that enables the sender to gain access to an account or network. Netyksho Indictment 10. 1111 113 Bitcoin mining consists of unlocking new bitcoins by solving computational problems. Ill kept its newly mined coins in an account on the bitcoin exchange platform CEX.io. To make purchases, the GRU routed funds into other accounts through transactions designed to obscure the source of funds. Netyksho Indictment 62. 114 Netyksho Indictment 69. 115 Netyksho Indictment 9. 116 See SM-2589105, serials 144 & 495. 118 Investigative Technique U.S. Department of Justice AttAFRf'!.'. \lJAFk Pt•AAllf'!t // 1), 4AJ 1 DnRtMiR ll, 4Mt P.riM1 PFAtAAtAA I lnAFl.r PAA R r,•iffl P A(P) 2. Intrusions into the DCCC and DNC Networks a. Initial Access By no later than April 12, 2016, the GRU had gained access to the DCCC computer network using the credentials stolen from a DCCC employee who had been successfully spearphished the week before. Over the ensuing weeks, the GRU traversed the network, identifying different computers connected to the DCCC network. By stealing network access credentials along the way (including those of IT administrators with unrestricted access to the system), the GRU compromised approximately 29 different computers on the DCCC network.119 Approximately six days after first hacking into the DCCC network, on April 18, 2016, GRU officers gained access to the DNC network via a virtual private network (VPN) connection120 between the DCCC and DNC networks.121 Between April 18, 2016 and June 8, 2016, Unit 26165 compromised more than 30 computers on the DNC network, including the DNC mail server and shared file server.122 b. Implantation of Ma/ware on DCCC and DNC Networks Unit 26165 implanted on the DCCC and DNC networks two types of customized malware,123 known as "X-Agent" and "X-Tunnel"; Mimikatz, a credential-harvesting tool; and rar.exe, a tool used in these intrusions to compile and compress materials for exfiltration. X- Agent was a multi-function hacking tool that allowed Unit 26165 to log keystrokes, take screenshots, and gather other data about the infected computers (e.g., file directories , operating systems).124 X Tunnel was a hacking tool that created an encrypted connection between the victim DCCC/DNC computers and GRU-controlled computers outside the DCCC and DNC networks that was capable of large-scale data transfers.125 GRU officers then used X-Tunnel to exfiltrate stolen data from the victim computers. 120 A VPN extends a private network, allowing users to send and receive data across public networks (such as the internet) as if the connecting computer was directly connected to the private network. The VPN in this case had been created to give a small number of DCCC employees access to certain databases housed on the DNC network. Therefore, while the DCCC employees were outside the DNC's private network, they could access parts of the DNC network from their DCCC computers. Investigative Technique 1 iiVH·iU·hOWI G1ffi11891( •® 123 "Malware" is short for malicious software, and here refers to software designed to allow a third party to infiltrate a computer without the consent or knowledge of the computer' s user or operator. 124 Investigative Technique 125 Investigative Technique U.S. Department of Justice AUArRP.,., \¥Al'l< Pl'AAllflJ //) 4w· C'.nR*RiR ) 4Ri@wiRl Jlt'A*.@\P.*P.A T +RA, flI' Fnfi R C'.t'il'l'I Jl Mn) To operate X-Agent and X-Tunnel on the DCCC and DNC networks, Unit 26165 officers set up a group of computers outside those networks to communicate with the implanted malware.126 The first set of GRU-controlled computers, known by the GRU as "middle servers," sent and received messages to and from malware on the DNC/DCCC networks. The middle servers, in turn, relayed messages to a second set of GRU-controlled com;§'ters, labeled internally by the GRU as an "AMS Panel." The AMS Panel jjjff11'•§\1flffl 1 ·1 - served as a •j ' nerve center through which GRU officers monitored and directed the malware's operations on the DNC/DCCC networks.127 0 "'C 0 0 IO CO _C Ll. a< g me DCCC and DI'lL 1mrus1c 0 0 0 come ocaiea [ij ona .12s Investigative Techniqu Investigative Technique Investigative Technique 126 In connection with these intrusions, the GRU used computers (virtual private networks, dedicated servers operated by hosting companies, etc.) that it leased from third-party providers located all over the world. The investi ation identified rental a reements and payments for computers located in, inter alia, lfillllili!liiilil [illiifl!li lillllililllii all of which were used in the operations targeting the U.S. election. 127 Netyksho Indictment,r 25. 128 Netyksho Indictment ,r 24(c). Netyksho Indictment ,r 24(b). 129 U.S. Department of Justice AttAFl'll?N 1,VAFlc PFAAIJ@J // 4R"d rARlRiFI MR*P.FiRl P FAf P.P.l@.fi T AAP.F FP.A r1•i1 p i:, e) The Arizona-based AMS Panel also stored thousands of files containing keylogging sessions captured through X-Agent. These sessions were captured as GRU officers monitored DCCC and DNC employees' work on infected computers regularly between April 2016 and June 2016. Data captured in these keylogging sessions included passwords, internal communications between employees, banking information, and sensitive personal information. c. Theft of Documents from DNC and DCCC Networks Officers from Unit 26165 stole thousands of documents from the DCCC and DNC networks, including significant amounts of data pertaining to the 2016 U.S. federal elections. Stolen documents included internal strategy documents, fundraising data, opposition research, and emails from the work inboxes of DNC employeesY0 The GRU began stealing DCCC data shortly after it gained access to the network. On April 14, 2016 (approximately three days after the initial intrusion) GRU officers downloaded rar.exe onto the DCCC's document server. The following day, the GRU searched one compromised DCCC computer for files containing search terms that included "Hillary ," "DNC," " Cruz," and "Trump."131 On April 25, 2016, the GRU collected and compressed PDF and Microsoft documents from folders on the DCCC's shared file server that pertained to the 2016 election.132 The GRU appears to have compressed and exfiltrated over 70 gigabytes of data from this file server.133 The GRU also stole documents from the DNC network shortly after gaining access. On April 22, 2016, the GRU copied files from the DNC network to GRU-controlled computers. Stolen documents included the DNC's opposition research into candidate Trump. 134 Between approximately May 25, 2016 and June 1, 2016, GRU officers accessed the DNC's mail server from a GRU-controlled computer leased inside the United States.135 During these connections, 130 Netyksho Indictment ,i,i 27-29 ; Investigative Technique 131 Investigative Technique Investigative Technique Investigative Technique · Investigative Technique !SM-2589105-HACK, serial 5. Investigative Techniqu 135 Investigative Technique - Se e SM-2589105-GJ, serial 649. As part of its investigation, the FBI later received images ofDNC servers and copies of relevant traffic logs. Netyksho Indictment ,i,i 28-29. U.S. Department of Justice AtiAt'Ae'<' Wet'lc Pt'odttet // 1141w PA1 *RiM 114Ri;rn•iR I PrA*t•.r,j;r,fl 1 lt,fler Fel'I R Gril'l'l P f;(e) Unit 26165 officers appear to have stolen thousands of emails and attachments, which were later released by WikiLeaks in July 2016. 136 B. Dissemination of the Hacked Materials The GRU's operations extended beyond stealing materials, and included releasing documents stolen from the Clinton Campaign and its supporters. The GRU carried out the anonymous release through two fictitious online personas that it created-DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0-and later through the organization WikiLeaks. 1. DCLeaks The GRU began planning the releases at least as early as April 19, 2016, when Unit 26165 registered the domain dcleaks.com through a service that anonymized the registrant.137 Unit 26165 paid for the registration using a pool of bitcoin that it had mined.138 The dcleaks.com landing page pointed to different tranches of stolen documents, arranged by victim or subject matter. Other dcleaks.com pages contained indexes of the stolen emails that were being released (bearing the sender, recipient, and date of the email). To control access and the timing of releases, pages were sometimes password-protected for a period of time and later made unrestricted to the public. Starting in June 2016, the GRU posted stolen documents onto the website dcleaks.com, including documents stolen from a number of individuals associated with the Clinton Campaign. These documents appeared to have originated from personal email accounts (in particular, Google and Microsoft accounts), rather than the DNC and DCCC computer networks. DCLeaks victims included an advisor to the Clinton Campaign, a former DNC employee and Clinton Campaign employee, and four other campaign volu nteers.139 The GRU released through dcleaks.com thousands of documents, including personal identifying and financial information , internal correspondence related to the Clinton Campaign and prior political jobs, and fundraising files and information.140 136 Netyksho Indictment ,i 29. The last-in-time DNC email released by WikiLeaks was dated May 25, 2016, the same period of time during which the GRU gained access to the DNC's email server. Netyksho Indictment ,r 45. 137 Netyksho Indictment ,r 35. Approximately a week before the registration of dcleaks.com, the .: m .! t IT..ftW:2= ·l. Wf.ter the website electionleaks.com usingthe same domain registration service. 138 See SM-2589105, serial 181; Netyksho Indictment ,i 2l(a). 140 See, e.g., Internet Archive, "htt s://dcleaks.com/" archive date Nov. 10, 2016). Additionally, DCLeaks released documents relating to , emails belon ging to_,and emails from 2015 relating to Republican Party employees (under the portfolio name "The United States Republican Party"). "The United States Republican Party" portfolio contained approximately 300 emails from a variety of GOP members, PACs, campaigns, state parties, and businesses dated between May and October 2015. According to open-source reporting, these victims shared the same U.S. Department of Justice AEtaflfl Ew \Vf'lflc Prndt:1et // 4w .. PAl'li'Ril'I MRfcnt•iAl Pl'Afeetel'I Htil'iel' J:.el'I R GriR'I P Mei GRU officers operated a Facebook page under the DCLeaks moniker, which they primarily used to promote releases of materials.141 The Facebook page was administered through a small number of preexisting GRU-controlled Facebook accounts.142 GRU officers also used the DCLeaks Facebook account, the Twitter account @dcleaks_, and the email account dcleaksproject@gmail.com to communicate privately with reporters and · other U.S. persons. GRU officers using the DCLeaks persona gave certain reporters early access to archives of leaked files by sending them links and passwords to pages on the dcleaks.com website that had not yet become public. For example, on July 14, 2016, GRU officers operating under the DCLeaks persona sent a link and password for a non-public DCLeaks webpage to a U.S. reporter via the Facebook account.143 Similarly, on September 14, 2016, GRU officers sent reporters Twitter direct messages from @dcleaks_, with a password to another non-public part of the dcleaks.com website.144 The DCLeaks.com website remained operational and public until March 2017. 2. Guccifer 2.0 On June 14, 2016, the DNC and its cyber-response team announced the breach of the DNC network and suspected theft of DNC documents. In the statements, the cyber-response team alleged that Russian state-sponsored actors (which they referred to as "Fancy Bear") were responsible for the breach. 145 Apparently in response to that announcement, on June 15, 2016, GRU officers using the persona Guccifer 2.0 created a WordPress blog. In the hours leading up to the launch of that WordPress blog, GRU officers logged into a Moscow-based server used and managed by Unit 74455 and searched for a number of specific words and phrases in English, including "some hundred sheets," "illuminati," and "worldwide known." Approximately two hours after the last of those searches, Guccifer 2.0 published its first post, attributing the DNC server hack to a lone Romanian hacker and using several of the unique English words and phrases that the GRU officers had searched for that day.146 Tennessee-based web-hosting company, called Smartech Corporation. William Bastone, RNC E-Mail Was, In Fact, Hacked By Russians, The Smoking Gun (Dec. 13, 2016). 141 Netyksho Indictment ,r 38. 142 See, e.g. , Facebook Account 100008825623541 (Alice Donovan). 143 7/14/16 Facebook Message, ID 793058100795341 (DC Leaks) to ID 144 See, e. ., 9/14/16 Twitter DM, ; 9/14/16 Twitter DM, @dcleaks_ to . The messages read: " Hi https://t.co/QTvKUjQcOx pass: KvFsgo/o*14@gPgu& enjoy;)." 145 Dmitri Alperovitch, Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee, CrowdStrike Blog (June 14, 2016). CrowdStrike updated its post after the June 15, 2016 post by Guccifer 2.0 claiming responsibility for the intrusion. Netyksho Indictment ,r,r 41-42. 146 U.S. Department of Justice AUflrfle r, 'itflrlc PFfld1-1et // 1 MR'V Cflfl*Rifl M11feri11.I Prflteeted l tflder Fed R Criffl P Me) That same day, June 15, 2016, the GRU also used the Guccifer 2.0 WordPress blog to begin releasing to the public documents stolen from the DNC and DCCC computer networks. The Guccifer 2.0 persona ultimately released thousands of documents stolen from the DNC and DCCC in a series of blog posts between June 15, 2016 and October 18, 2016. 147 Released documents included opposition research performed by the DNC (including a memorandum analyzing potential criticisms of candidate Trump), internal policy documents (such as recommendations on how to address politically sensitive issues), analyses of specific congressional races, and fundraising documents. Releases were organized around thematic issues, such as specific states (e.g., Florida and Pennsylvania) that were perceived as competitive in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Beginning in late June 2016, the GRU also used the Guccifer 2.0 persona to release documents directly to reporters and other interested individuals. Specifically, on June 27, 2016, Guccifer 2.0 sent an email to the news outlet The Smoking Gun offering to provide " exclusive access to some leaked emails linked [to] Hillary Clinton's staff." 148 The GRU later sent the reporter a password and link to a locked portion of the dcleaks.com website that contained an archive of emails stolen by Unit 26165 from a Clinton Campaign volunteer in March 2016.149 That the Guccifer 2.0 persona provided reporters access to a restricted portion of the DCLeaks website tends to indicate that both personas were operated by the same or a closely-related group of people.s1o The GRU continued its release efforts through Guccifer 2.0 into August 2016. For example, on August 15, 2016, the Guccifer 2.0 persona sent a candidate for the U.S. Congress documents related to the candidate's opponent. 1st On August 22, 2016, the Guccifer 2.0 persona transferred approximately 2.5 gigabytes of Florida-related data stolen from the DCCC to a U.S. blogger covering Florida politics.s1 2 On August 22, 2016, the Guccifer 2.0 persona sent a U.S. reporter documents stolen from the DCCC pertaining to the Black Lives Matter movement.s 1 3 147 Releases of documents on the Guccifer 2.0 blog occurred on June 15, 2016; June 20, 2016; June 21, 2016; July 6, 2016; July 14, 2016; August 12, 2016; August 15, 2016; August 21, 2016; August 31, 2016; September 15, 2016; September 23, 2016; October 4, 2016; and October 18, 2016. (subject "leaked emails"); ■ to 149 6/27/16 Email, guccifer20@aol.fr to -(subject "leaked emails"); ; see also 6127/16 :uccifer20@aol.fr to (subject ''leaked emails"); project"). 150 ----------- ( claiming DCLeaks was a "Wikileaks sub Before sending the reporter the link and password to the closed DCLeaks website, and in an apparent effort to deflect attention from the fact that DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0 were operated by the same organization, the Guccifer 2.0 persona sent the repm1er an email stating that DCLeaks was a " Wikileaks sub project" and that Guccifer 2.0 had asked DCLeaks to release the leaked emails with "closed access" to give reporters a preview of them. 151 ,r 43(a). Netyksho Indictment Netyksho Indictment ,r 43(b). 152 Netyksho Indictment ,r 4 3 153 (c). U.S. Department of Justice . Atff'lfflfW WArl< Prf'ldttet // Mw, GAflfRiA Mfltet1ial Pt1f'lteeted HAder Pea. R. Crim. P. 6(e) -"' . .. - Harm to Ongoing 0 oerso"' lmRil a1C oa1_g , . Matte ■ In early August 2016,• • ' Twitter's suspension of the Guccifer 2.0 Twitter account. After it was reinstated, GRU officers posing as Guccifer 2.0 wrote 1;c•)Wp ,,ia private message, "thank u for writing back ... do u find anyt[h]ing interesting in the docs i posted?" On August 17, 2016, the GRU added, " please tell me if i can help u anyhow . . . it would be a great pleasure to me." On September 9, 2016, the GRUi;(T);f posing as Guccifer 2.0-referred to a stolen DCCC document posted online and asked • "what do u think of the info on the turnout model for the democrats entire presidential campaign." - responded, " pretty standard. "155 The investigation did not identify evidence of other communications between- and Guccifer 2.0. 3. Useof WikiLeaks In order to expand its interference in the 20 I6 U.S. presidential election, the GRU units transferred many of the documents they stole from the DNC and the chairman of th e Clinton Campaign to WikiLeaks. GRU officers used both the DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0 personas to communicate with WikiLeaks through Twitter private messaging and through encrypted channe ls, including possibly through WikiLeaks ' s private communication system. a. WikiLeaks's Expressed Opposition Toward the Clinton Campaign WikiLeaks, and particularly its founder Julian Assange, privately expressed opposition to candidate Clinton well before the first release of stolen documents. In November 2015, Assange wrote to other members and associates of WikiLeaks that "[w]e believe it would be much better for GOP to win ... Dems+Media+liberals woudl [sic] then form a block to reign in their worst qualities. . . . With Hillary in charge, GOP will be pushing for her worst qualities. , dems+media+neoliberals will be mute She' s a bright, well connected, sadisitic sociopath." 156 In March 2016, WikiLeaks released a searchable archive of approximately 30,000 Clinton emails that had been obtained through FOIA litigation. 157 While designing the archive, one WikiLeaks member explained the reason for building the archive to another associate: 154 155 Harm to Ongoing Matter 156 1 l/ 19/ 15 Twitter Group Chat, Group ID 594242937858486276,@WikiLeaks et al. Assange also wrote that, "GOP will generate a lot oposition [sic], including through dumb moves. Hillary will do the same thing , but co-opt the liberal opposition and the GOP opposition. Hence hillary hasgreaterfreedom to statt war s than the GOP and has the will to do so." Id. 157 WikiLeaks, " Hillary Clinton Email Archive," available at https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/. U.S. Department of Justice Attot1Ae>v Wot1k Pt1odttet // }.4w.· rm"*RiFI }.4R*P.l'iRI Jlt1AtP.P.fP.A l l F1AP.t1 f:P.A . Dt1i1R Jl. (, P'l [W]e want this repository to become "the place" to search for background on hillary's plotting at the state department during 2009-2013........Firstly because its useful and will annoy Hillary, but secondly because we want to be seen to be a resource/player in the US election, because eit [sic] may en[]courage people to send us even more important leaks.158 b. WikiLeaks's First Contact with Guccifer 2.0 and DCLeaks Shortly after the GRU's first release of stolen documents through dcleaks.com in June 2016, GRU officers also used the DCLeaks persona to contact WikiLeaks about possible coordination in the future release of stolen emails. On June 14, 2016, @dcleaks_ sent a direct message to @WikiLeaks, noting, "You announced your organization was preparing to publish more Hillary's emails. We are ready to support you. We have some sensitive information too, in particular, her financial documents. Let' s do it to5.ether. What do you think about oublishiniz our info at the same moment? Thank vou."159 , .. t.u csH.Z tJI.IJG .r.¥.u«o. :.:.c Around the same time, WikiLeaks initiated communications with the GRU persona Guccifer 2.0 shortly after it was used to release documents stolen from the DNC. On June 22, 2016, seven days after Guccifer 2.0' s first releases of stolen DNC documents, WikiLeaks used Twitter's direct message function to contact the Guccifer 2.0 Twitter account and suggest that Guccifer 2.0 "[s]end any new material [stolen from the DNC] here for us to review and it will have a much higher impact than what you are doing."160 On July 6, 2016, WikiLeaks again contacted Guccifer 2.0 through Twitter's private messaging function, writing, " if you have anything hillary related we want it in the next tweo [sic] days prefable [sic] because the DNC is approaching and she will solidify bernie supporters behind her after." The Guccifer 2.0 persona responded, "ok ... i see." WikiLeaks also explained, "we think trump has only a 25% chance of winning against hillary ... so conflict between bernie and hillary is interesting."161 c. The GRU's Transfer of Stolen Materials to WikiLeaks Both the GRU and WikiLeaks sought to hide their communications, which has limited the Office's ability to collect all of the communications between them. Thus, although it is clear that the stolen DNC and Podesta documents were transferred from the GRU to WikiLeaks, - Investigative Technique 158 3/14/16 Twitter DM, @WikiLeaks to Less than two weeks earlier, the same account had been used to send a private message opposing the idea of Clinton " in whitehouse with her bloodlutt and amitions [sic] of empire with hawkish liberal-interventionist appointees." 11/19/15 Twitter Group Chat, Group ID 594242937858486276, @WikiLeaks et al. 159 6/14/16 Twitter DM, @dcleaks_ to @WikiLeaks. Netyksho Indictment ,r 47(a). 160 161 7/6/16 Twitter DMs, @WikiLeaks & @guccifer_2. U.S. Department of Justice AHAl'RP.v 1..1/Al'k Pl'Afi11P.t ,',' Mfi'<' Cm tfiifl MttteFittl PFOteeted lfoder red. R.Cri1fl. P. Me) The Office was able to identify when the GRU (operating through its personas Guccifer 2.0 and DCLeaks) transferred some of the stolen documents to WikiLeaks through online archives set . ,: ::r;nt .e .'.:Z ft?§i= f.: f. to the internet from the Ecuadorian Embassy in London, On July 14, 2016, GRU officers used a Guccifer 2.0 email account to send WikiLeaks an email bearing the subject "big archive" and the message "a new attempt." 163 The email contained an encrypted attachment with the name "wk dnc linkI .txt.gpg." 164 Using the Guccifer 2.0 Twitter account, GRU officers sent WikiLeaks an encrypted file and instructions on how to open it.165 On July 18, 2016, WikiLeaks confirmed in a direct message to the Guccifer 2.0 account that it had "the 1Gb or so archive" and would make a release of the stolen documents "this week." 166 On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks released over 20,000 emails and other documents stolen from the DNC computer networks.167 The Democratic National Convention began three days later. Similar communications occurred between WikiLeaks and the GRU-operated persona DCLeaks. On September 15, 2016, @dcleaks wrote to @WikiLeaks, "hi there! I'm from DC Leaks. How could we discuss some submission-related issues? Am trying to reach out to you via your secured chat but getting no response. I've got something that might interest you. You won't be disappointed, I promise." 168 The WikiLeaks account responded, "Hi there," without further elaboration. The @dcleaks_ account did not respond immediately. The same day, the Twitter account @guccife r_2 sent @dcleaks_ a direct message, which is the first known contact between the personas. 169 During subsequent communications, the 163 This was not the GRU's first attempt at transferring data to WikiLeaks. On June 29, 2016, the GRU used a Guccifer 2.0 email accou ted file to a WikiLeak s email account. 6/29/16 Email, guccifer2@mail.com (The email appears to have been undelivered.) 164 See SM-2589105-DCLEAKS, serial 28 (analysis). 165 6/27/16 Twitter DM, @Guccifer_2 to @WikiLeaks. 166 7/18/16 Twitter OM, @G uccifer_2 & @WikiLeaks. 167 "DNC Email Archive," WikiLeaks (Jul. 22, 2016), available at https://wikileaks.org/dnc-emails. 168 9/15/16 Twitter DM, @dcleaks_ to @WikiLeaks. 169 9/15/16 Twitter DM, @guccifer_2 to @dcleaks_. U.S. Department of Justice AttAt>fHW '>.7At>lr Pt>Athiet ,',' Mw,· c;AAtAiA 4Atet'iR1 Pt>eiteetefl l )Afler fseEI R. Grit P Me) Guccifer 2.0 persona informed DCLeaks that WikiLeaks was trying to contact DCLeaks and arrange for a way to speak through encrypted emails.170 An analysis of the metadata collected from the WikiLeaks site revealed that the stolen Podesta emails show a creation date of September 19, 2016.171 Based on information about Assange's computer and its possible operating system, this date may be when the GRU staged the stolen Podesta emails for transfer to WikiLeaks (as the GRU had previously done in July 2016 for the DNC emails).172 The WikiLeaks site also released PDFs and other documents taken from Podesta that were attachments to emails in his account; these documents had a creation date of October 2, 2016, which appears to be the date the attachments were separately staged by WikiLeaks on its site.173 Beginning on September 20, 2016, WikiLeaks and DCLeaks resumed communications in a brief exchange. On September 22, 2016, a DCLeaks email account dcleaksproject@gmail.com sent an email to a WikiLeaks account with the subject "S ubmission" and the message "Hi from DCLeaks." The email contained a PGP-encr ted with the filename "wiki_mail. txt.gpg."174 lllliliili iiiil. ■lliiljiillllllilili The email, however, bears a number of similarities to the July 14, 2016 email in which GRU officers used the Guccifer 2.0 persona to give WikiLeaks access to the archive of DNC files. On September 22, 2016 (the same day of DCLeaks' email to WikiLeaks), the Twitter account dcleaks sent a single message to WikiLeaks with the string of characters.::m. os&z m .;;& · M,;_m The Office cannot rule out that stolen documents were transferred to WikiLeaks through intermediaries who visited during the summer of 2016. For example, public reporting identified Atnldrewd Milller-tMtaguwh , Las wki ;a½t: 2t_i: !r,!.h N,Y: assisted with the transfer oft hese so en ocumen s o lG ea s. 170 See SM-2589105-DCLEAKS, serial 28; 9/15/16 Twitter DM, @Guccifer_2& @WikiLeaks. 171 See SM-2284941, serials 63 & 64 Investigative Technique -At the time, certain Apple operating systems used a setting that left a downloaded file's creation date the same as the creation date shown on the host computer. This would explain why the creation date on WikiLeaks's versionof the files was still September 19, 2016. See SM- 228494 I, serial 62 Investigative Technique 173 When WikiLeaks saved attachments separately from the stolen emails, its computer system appears to have treated each attachment as a new file and given it a new creation date. See SM-2284941, serials 63 & 64. 174 See 9/22/16 Email, dcleaksproject@gmail.com 175 Ellen Nakashima et al., A German Hacker Offers a Rare Look Inside the Secretive World of Julian Assange and WikiLeaks, Washington Post (Jan. 17, 2018). U.S. Department of Justice AttorRPH WAPlr Pt1rnfoet // 4fl¥ GAf'lfflif'I Metet1iel Prftteetea UAEler Fe EI. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) Investigative Technique On October 7, 2016, WikiLeaks released the first emails stolen from the Podesta email account. In total, WikiLeaks released 33 tranches of stolen emails between October 7, 2016 and November 7, 2016. The releases included private speeches given by Clinton;177 internal communications between Podesta and other high-ranking members of the Clinton Campaign;178 and correspondence related to the Clinton Foundation.179 In total, WikiLeaks released over 50,000 documents stolen from Podesta' s personal email account. The last-in-time email released from Podesta's account was dated March 21, 2016, two days after Podesta received a spearphishing email sent by the GRU. d. WikiLeaks Statements Dissembling About the Source of Stolen Materials As reports attributing the DNC and DCCC hacks to the Russian government emerged, WikiLeaks and Assange made several public statements apparently designed to obscure the source of the materials that WikiLeaks was releasing. The file-transfer evidence described above and other information uncovered during the investigation discredit WikiLeaks's claims about the source of material that it posted. Beginning in the summer of 2016, Assange and WikiLeaks made a number of statements about Seth Rich, a former DNC staff member who was killed in July 2016. The statements about Rich implied falsely that he had been the source of the stolen DNC emails. On August 9, 2016, the @WikiLeaks Twitter account posted: "ANNOUNCE: WikiLeaks has decided to issue a US$20k reward for information leading to conviction for the murder ofDNC staffer Seth Rich."180 Likewise, on August 25, 2016, Assange was asked in an interview, "Why are you so interested in Seth Rich's killer?" and responded, " We' re very interested in anything that might be a threat to alleged Wikileaks sources." The interviewer responded to Assange's statement by commenting, "I know you don' t want to reveal your source, but it certainly sounds like you' re suggesting a man who leaked information to WikiLeaks was then murdered." Assange replied, "If there ' s someone who's potentially connected to our publication, and that person has been murdered in suspicious t 79 N etyksho Indictment ,r 43. 180 @ Wi kiLeaks 8/9/16 Tweet. 48 U.S. Department of Justice AttArRP.¥ \lJAt'I( Ptofim t // 4A¥ roRtAiR Jl.4AteFiRI Pt1AteeteEI l Jn l'ie r Fee R Critfl P 6(e) circumstances, it doesn't necessarily mean that the two are connected. But it is a very serious matter... that type of allegation is very serious, as it's taken very seriously by us."181 After the U.S. intelligence community publicly announced its assessment that Russia was behind the hacking operation, Assange continued to deny that the Clinton materials released by WikiLeaks had come from Russian hacking. According to media reports, Assange told a U.S. congressman that the DNC hack was an "insidejob," and purported to have "physical proof ' that Russians did not give materials to Assange. 182 C. Additional GRU Cyber Operations While releasing the stolen emails and documents through DCLeaks, Guccifer 2.0, and WikiLeaks, GRU officers continued to target and hack victims linked to the Democratic campaign and, eventually, to target entities responsible for election administration in several states. 1. Summer and Fall 2016 Operations Targeting Democrat-Linked Victims On July 27 2016, Unit 26165 targeted email accounts connected to candidate Clinton's personal office . Earlier that day, candidate Trump made public statements that included the following: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing. I think you will probably be rewarded mightily by our press."183 The "30,000 emails" were apparently a reference to emails described in media accounts as having been stored on a personal server that candidate Clinton had used while serving as Secretary of State. Within approximately five hours of Trump's statement, GRU officers targeted for the first time Clinton's personal office. After candidate Trump's remarks, Unit 26165 created and sent malicious links targeting 15 email accounts at the domain including an email account belonging to Clinton aide The investigation did not find evidence of earlier GRU attempts to compromise accounts hosted on this domain. It is unclear how the GRU was able to identify these email accounts, which were not public.184 Unit 26165 officers also hacked into a DNC account hosted on a cloud-computing service On September 20, 2016, the GRU began to generate copies of the DNC da databases (referred to --- function designed to allow users to produce backups of as "snapshots"). The GRU then stole those snapshots by moving 181 See Assange: "Murdered DNC Staffer Was ' Potential' WikiLeaks Source," Fox News (Aug. 25, 2016)(containing video of Assange interview by Megyn Kelly). M. Raju & Z. Cohen, A GOP Congressman's Lonely Quest Defending Julian Assange, CNN 182 (May 23, 2018). 183 "Donald Trump on Russian & Missing Hillary Clinton Emails," YouTube Channel C-SPAN, Posted 7/27/16, available at https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=3 kxG8uJUsWU (sta rting at 0:41). U.S. Department of Justice A#Af'RP.V lVArlc PFAAmit // Tl4w· C'ARi-AiR 4Atnl'iAI Pl'AtnntnA l lRAAF ¥AA R Gt1iffl P Me) them to - account that they controlled; from there, the copies were moved to GRU controlled computers. The GRU stole approximately 300 gigabytes of data from the DNC cloud based accoun t.185 2. Intrusions Targeting the Administration of U.S. Elections In addition to targeting individuals involved in the Clinton Campaign, GRU officers also targeted individuals and entities involved in the administration of the elections. Victims included U.S. state and local entities, such as state boards of elections (SBOEs), secretaries of state, and county governments, as well as individuals who worked for those entities. 186 The GRU also targeted private technology firms responsible for manufacturing and administering election- related software and hardware, such as voter registration software and electronic polling stations.187 The GRU continued to target these victims through the elections in November 2016. While the investigation identified evidence that the GRU targeted these individuals and entities, the Office did not investigate further. The Office did not, for instance, obtain or examine servers or other relevant items belonging to these victims. The Office understands that the FBI, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the states have separately investigated that activity. By at least the summer of 2016, GRU officers sought access to state and local computer networks by exploiting known software vulnerabilities on websites of state and local governmental entities. GRU officers, for example, targeted state and local databases of registered voters using a technique known as "SQL injection," by which malicious code was sent to the state or local website in order to run commands (such as exfiltrating the database contents).188 In one instance in approximately June 2016, the GRU compromised the computer network of the Illinois State Board of Elections by exploiting a vulnerability in the SBOE's website. The GRU then gained access to a database containing information on millions of registered Illinois voters,189 and extracted data related to thousands of U.S. voters before the malicious activity was identified.190 GRU officers Investigative Technique scanned state and local websites for 1eriod in July 2016, GRU officers - for vulnerabilities on websites of more than -· Netyksho Indictment ,i 34; see also SM-2589105-HACK, serial 29Investigative Technique 185 186 Netyksho Indictment ,i 69. - 188 Investigative Technique U.S. Department of Justice AttAPl'lfl?,' Wnrlc PFAA11et // MA¥ Gf11'1t1til'I M efi1tl Preteetee UAeer Fee. R. Crtffl p 6(e) for vulnerabilities continued through the election. Unit 74455 also sent spearphishing emails to public officials involved in election administration and personnel a involved in voting technology. In August 2016, GRU officers targeted employees of.......................voting technology company that developed software used by numerous U.S. counties to manage voter rolls, and installed malware on the company network. Similarly, in November 2016, the GRU sent spearphishing emails to over 120 email accounts used by Florida county officials responsible for administering the 2016 U.S. election.191 The spearphishing emails contained an attached Word document coded with malicious software (commonly referred to as a Trojan) that permitted the GRU to access the infected computer.192 The FBI was separately responsible for this investigation. We understand the FBI believes that this operation enabled the GRU to gain access to the network of at least one Florida county government. The Office did not independently verify that belief and, as explained above, did not undertake the investigative steps that would have been necessary to do so. D. Trump Campaign and the Dissemination of Hacked Materials The Trump Campaign showed interest ... .. ····---·_·-. throughout the summer and fall of 2016. icz:s.. u:W,.. .•.u u . ■, t.l!:tf r.t 1. a. Background o mmctmem 76; Investigative Technique Investigative Techniqu U.S. Department of Justice Atlortte'<' \Vorlc Proclttet //} 4Au DP1M1'AiM } 4A1aP1•iAl PPF't1aPP.1aP.R T lMRP.P ¥RR R r..iA'l p ,:;i(p) b. Contacts with the Campaign about WikiLeaks Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter On June 12, 2016, Assange claimed in a televised interview to "have emails relating to Hillary Clinton which are pending publication," 194 but provided no additional context. •. •. • ma.I ormer aen a1una1g ,11a Harm to Ongoing.Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter E:= Gates recalled candidate '!!T!""ru_m_p'"!b-e""in_g_g-en_e_r_a'!"!ll!""y'"!f!""ru-s-tr-a-te-d"!""""!th_a_t-th!""e-C!"!'li!""n-to-n-em-a'!"!il-s"!"'h-a'"!d-n-o-t"!"'b-e-en._found. 196 a11,11C OWOU!d become camoa1 n Q;n111,w;,,11mnBiliHP- 1 94 See Mahita Gajanan, Julian Assange Timed DNC Email Release for Democratic Convention, Time (July 27, 2016) (q. uoting the June 12 , 2016 television interview). 195 In February 2018, Gates pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to a superseding criminal information charging him with conspiring to defraud and commit multiple offenses (i.e., tax fraud, failure to report foreign bank accounts, and acting as an unregistered agent of a foreign principal) against the United States, as well as making false statements to our Office. Superseding Criminal Information, United States v. Richard W Gates III, l: l 7-cr-201 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 2018), Doc. 195 (" Gates Superseding Criminal Information"); Plea Agreement, United States v. Richard W Gates III, 1:17-cr-201 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 2018), Doc. 205 ("Gates Plea Agreement"). Gates has provided information and in- comt testimony that the Office has deemed to be reliable. 196 Gates 10/25/18 302, at 1-2. 197 As explained further in Volume I, Section IV.A.8, irifra,Manafort entered into a plea agreement with our Office. We determined that he breached the agreement by being untruthful in proffer sessions and before the grand jury. We have generally recounted his version of events in this report only when his statements are sufficiently corroborated to be trustworthy; to identify issues on which Manafort's untruthful responses may themselves be of evidentiary value; or to provide Manafort's explanations for certain events, even when we were unable to determine whether that explanation was credible. His account appears here principally because it aligns with those of other witnesses. 198 U.S. Department of Justice AttaAt'Af?d JJ.'AFI< Prnf111et // Mw .. <='.AAtAit 4AtcwiAI PFAteefofl 1h fler Y:ed R Grifl'I P Me) 0 ores1ctent o o Org, auO a S0° O"a 0 OIC 0 Omce that he recauea an mc1a· 0 o De aia, C ower Harm to Ongoing Matte m: Harm to Ongoing Matte ■ 1;c• mails Cohen in July further told the Office 2016, candidate Trumpthat, saidafter WikiLeaks's to Cohen subsequent something release to the effect of of stolen 1202 Harm to Ongoing Matter mmion: exo C Oc: Ota aumame 1rumJJ !ll:.liliP!.,.,.,.,,.,.,wmm Harm to Ongoing Matter l:llli:110 i:11:sO • wanted to be ken aOC 0 a 01 , 199 In November 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement to a single-count information charging him with making false statements to Congress, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § l 00 l (a) & (c). He had previously pleaded guilty to several other criminal charges brought by the U.S. Attorney' s Office in the Southern District of New York, after a referral from this Office. In the months leading up to his false-statements guilty plea, Cohen met with our Office on multiple occasions for interviews and provided information that the Office has generally assessed to be reliable and that is included in this report. 202 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at I0. Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter 203 Gates 10/25/18 302 (serial 241), at 4. 204 20S U.S. Department of Justice Attf'lrt1e·t V.[f'lrk Prf'lduet ,',' Mliv Cf'lF1tH:it1 Jl.41!:terilil PFf'lteetea Under Fea. R. Criffl. P. 6 e) developments with WikiLeaks and separately told Gates to keep in touch-- about future WikiLeaks releases.206 According to Gates, by the late summer of 2016, the Trump Campaign was planning a press strategy, a communications camea , and messaging based on the possible release of Clinton emails bv WikiLeaks. 207 l ':t- . 5.:c · ................................ 41.v.,■,, 1 . to LaGuardia Airport. Harm to ungomg Matter , shortly after the call canafrfate Trump told Gates t"!"h_a_t_m_o_r_e-re"'!l!"'e-as_e_s_o"'!f!"'d'!"'a_m_a_g"'!'i-ng-in-fi!!"o-rm-a"'!ti_o_n_w-ould be coming. 209 c. Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter 206 207 Gates 4/10/18 302, at 3; Gates 4/11/18 302, at 1-2 (SM-2180998); Gates 10/25/18 302, at 2. 208 209 Gates 10/25/18 302 (serial 241), at 4. 210 211 212 Corsi first rose to public prominence in August 2004 when he published his book Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry. In the 2008 election cycle, Corsi gained prominence for being a leading proponent of the allegation that Barack Obama was not born in the United States. Corsi told the Office that Donald Trump expressed interest in his writings, and that he spoke with Trump on the phone on at least six occasions. Corsi 9/6/18 302, at 3. 213 Corsi 10/31/18 302, at 2; Corsi was first interviewed on September 6, 2018 at the Special Counsel's offices in Washington, D.C. He was accompanied by counsel throughout the interview. Corsi was subsequently interviewed on September 17, 2018; September 21, 2018; October 31, 2018; November I, 2018; and November 2, 2018. Counsel was U.S. Department of Justice Attot'Re...• Wot•k Pl'AA11et// MR,.. f'.ARtRiR MRtefiRI P,·oteeteEI lJAEier Ped R Critfl. P. Me) Harm to Ongoing g Matte li.'Ii .•• • . . • .• Harm to Ongoing Matter 111i1Harm to Ongoing Matter According to Malloch, Corsi asked him to put Corsi in touch with Assange, whom Corsi wished to interview. Malloch recalled that Corsi also suggested that individuals in the "orbit" of U.K. politician Nigel Farage might be able to contact Assange and asked if Malloch knew them. Malloch told Corsi that he would think about the request but made no actual attempt to connect Corsi with Assange.218 Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter present for all interviews, and the interviews beginning on September 21, 2018 were conducted pursuant to a proffer agreement that precluded affirmative use of his statements against him in limited circumstances. 214 215 Corsi 10/31/18 302, at 4. 216 217 218 Malloch denied ever communicating with Assange uest to contact Assange because he believed he had no U.S. Department of Justice A#Arl'le,,. '.VAl'lf Pl'Adue t,' / M R'"' DAl'ltflil'I 4RtP.t'iRI Pt>Ateeted lJl'!f4er Fei=l R DFifl'I P Me) Malloch stated to investigators that beginnin in or about Au ust 2016, he and Corsi had multiple FaceTime discussions about WikiLeaks · had made a connection to Assange and that the hacked emails of John Podesta would be released prior to Election Day and would be helpful to the Trump Campaign. In one conversation in or around August or September 2016, Corsi told Malloch that the release of the Podesta emails was coming, after which " we" were going to be in the driver's seat.221 Harm to Ongoing Matter 1if11Harm to Ongoing Matter 1i1Harm to Ongoing Matter 111Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter 111Harm to Ongoing Matter -Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter · Harm to Ongoing Matter 223 Harm to Ongoing Matter 224 Harm to Ongoing Matter 225 Harm to Ongoing Matter 226 Harm to Ongoing Matter 227 Harm to Ongoing Matter 228 Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice /\f;t-Al'FIP.V Wm•I( lll'Arl11et // Ml¥i CeiHtlliH MMcrial Pretcctca UHaer rea. R.Criffl. P. 6(e) Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matte aHarm toOngoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matte 111Harm to Ongoing Matte aHarm toOngoing Matter E Harm to Ongoing Matter aHarm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter 230 Harm to Ongoing Matter 231 Harm to Ongoing Matter 234 Harm to Ongoing Matter 235 Harm to Ongoing Matter 236 Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice A l;tAPl'IPP )Jb.,lr p.,A rl11P.t // Mfl.. GfJl'ltB:il'l Mat;eriB:I Preteetea Unser FeE:I. R. Griff!. P. 6(e) 1 _ _ d. WikiLeaks's October 7, 2016 Release ofsta Stolen Emails Pode On October 7, 2016, four days after the Assange press conference ...... --------- , the Washington Post published an Access Hollywood video that captured comments by candidat e Trump some years earlier and that was expected to adversely affect the Campaign.239 Less th an an hour after the video's publication, WikiLeaks released the first set of emails stolen by the GRU from the account of Clinton Campaign chairman John Podesta. Harm to Ongoing Matter 111Harm to Ongoing Matte -Harm toOngoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter 1111Harm to Ongoing Matter Corsi said that, because he had no direct means of communicating with WikiLeaks, he told members of the news site WNO-who were participating on a conference call with him that day-to reach Assange immediately. 244 Corsi claimed that the pressure was 239 Candidate Trump can be heard off camera making graphic statements about women. 240 241 242 243 244 In a later November 2018 interview, Corsi stated Harm to Ongoing Matter _ !that he believed'!'M"!'a'"!l""lo•c•h•w-as- on-.th•e•c•a""l""'l""'bu•t•t•h•en-.fo•c•u•slllllll!ed on other individuals who were on the call-invitation, which Malloch was not. (Separatetravel records show that at the time of the call, Malloch was aboard a transatlantic flight). Corsi at one point stated that after WikiLeaks's release of stolen emails on October 7, 2016, he concluded Malloch had gotten in contact with Assange. Corsi 11/1/18 302, at 6. U.S. Department of Justice 6 t,1;,..,,,..,,,. 1l 7AFI• P, o Flm•.t // Unn Po.R1'niR Mn*e,i11I PFA*ee1aefl { h=ifler Ped R G1•iffi P 6(e) enormous and recalled telling the conference call the Access Hollywood tape was coming.245 Corsi stated that he was convinced that his efforts had caused WikiLeaks to release the emails when they did.246 In a later November 2018 interview, Corsi stated that he thought that he had told people on a WND conference call about the forthcoming tape and had sent out a tweet asking whether anyone could contact Assange, but then said that maybe he had done nothing. 247 =C gateo com s auegauons anouttne evenis ot October 7,0 \Ul;Yt)ll:•MJi:fij,·@t 1n nut re orroooranon ro 248 =gations about theday. However, the phone records themselves do not indicate that the conversation was with any of the reporters who broke the Access Hollywood sto , and the Office has not otherwise been able to identify the substance of the conversation. However, the Office has not identified any conference call participant, or anyone who spoke to Corsi that day, who says that they received non-public information about the tape from Corsi or acknowledged having contacted a member of WikiLeaks on October 7, 2016 after a conversation with Corsi. e. Donald Trump Jr. Interaction with WikiLeaks Donald Trump Jr. had direct electronic communications with WikiLeaks during the campaign period. On September 20, 2016, an individual named Jason Fishbein sent WikiLeaks the password for an unlaunched website focused on Trump's "unprecedented and dangerous" ties 245 During the same interview , Corsi also suggested that he may have sent out public tweets because he knew Assange was reading his tweets. Our Office was unable to find evidence of any such tweets. 246 _ Corsi 9/21/18 302, at 6-7. 247 Corsi 11/1/18 302, at 6. · : Harm to Ongoing Matter 'A 0 Harm to Ongoing Matte Ol:I!li!i: [m]:i!i] D Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice At-tAl'l'IEW 'JlAl'I{ Pl'AAmlt // MA.'. C:Al'ttAiR Mnte,i1tl Pl'Ateetea 0 1't0 Cf Fee R CFiffl . P. 6(e) to Russia, PutinTrump .org.252 WikiLeaks publicly tweeted: '"Let's bomb Iraq' Progress for America PAC to launch "PutinTrump.org' at 9:30am. Oops pw is 'putintrump' putintrump.org." Several hours later, WikiLeaks sent a Twitter direct message to Donald Trump Jr. , "A PAC run anti-Trump site putintrump.org is about to launch. The PAC is a recycled pro-Iraq war PAC . We have guessed the password. It is 'putintrump.' See ' About' for who is behind it. Any comments?"253 Several hours later, Trump Jr. emailed a variety of senior campaign staff: Guys I got a weird Twitter DM from wikileaks. See below. I tried the password and it works and the about section they reference contains the next pie in terms of who is behind it. Not sure if this is anything but it seems like it' s really wikileaks asking me as I follow them and it is a DM. Do you know the people mentioned and what the conspiracy they are looking for could be? These are just screen shots but it' s a fully built out page claiming to be a PAC let me know your thoughts and ifwe want to look into it.254 Trump Jr. attached a screenshot of the "About" page for the unlaunched site PutinTrump.org. The next day (after the website had launched publicly), Trump Jr. sent a direct message to WikiLeaks: "Off the record, I don' t know who that is but I'llask around. Thanks."255 On October 3, 2016, WikiLeaks sent another direct message to Trump Jr., asking " you guys" to help disseminate a link alleging candidate Clinton had advocated using a drone to target Julian Assange. Trump Jr. responded that he already " had done so," and asked, "what's behind this Wednesday leak I keep reading about?"256 WikiLeaks did not respond. On October 12, 2016, WikiL eaks wrote again that it was "great to see you and your dad talking about our publications. Strongly suggest your dad tweets this link if he mentions us wlsearch.tk." 257 WikiLeaks wrote that the link would help Trump in "digging through" leaked emails and stated, "we just released Podesta emails Part 4."258 Two days later, Trump Jr. publicly tweeted the wlsearch.tk link.259 ' 252 9/20/16 Twitter DM hbein to @WikiLeaks; see JF00587 (9/21/16 Messages, -@jabber.cryptoparty.is @jabber.cryptoparty.is); Fishbein 9/5/18 302, at 4. When interviewedby our Office, Fishbein produced what he claimed to be logs from a chatroom in which the participants discussed U.S. politics; one of the other participants had posted the website and password that Fishbein sent to WikiLeaks. 253 9/20/16 Twitter DM, @WikiLeaks to @DonaldJTrumpJr. 254 TRUMPORG_28_000629-33 (9/21/16 Email, Trump Jr. to Conway et al. (subject "Wikileaks")). 255 9/21/16 Twitter DM, @DonaldJTrumpJrto @WikiLeaks. 256 10/3/16 Twitter DMs, @DonaldJTrumpJr& @WikiLeaks. 257 At the time, the link took users to a WikiLeaks archive of stolenClinton Campaign document s. 258 10/12/16 Twitter DM, @WikiLeaks to @DonaldJTrumpJr. 259 @DonaldJTrumpJr 10/14/16 (6:34 a.m.) Tweet. U.S. Department of Justice Atiflt'Ae · 'itflt'lc Pt1Adttet // 4R'v r'.AFl*RiFI 4n*m·inl P1•AtP.P.tP.A T JF1AP.r FP.A R. rriFI . P. (e) 2. Other Potential Campaign Interest in Russian Hacked Materials Throughout 2016, the Trump Campaign expressed interest in Hillary Clinto n' s private email server and whether approximately 30,000 emails from that server had in fact been permanently destroyed, as reported by the media. Several individuals associated with the Campaign were contacted in 2016 about various efforts to obtain the missing Clinton emails and other stolen material in support of the Trump Campaign. Some of these contacts were met with sk pticism, and nothing came of them; others were pursued to some degree. The investigation did not find evidence that the Trump Campaign recovered any s ch Clinton emails, or that these contacts were part of a coordinated effort between Russia and the Trump Campaign. a. Henry Oknyansky (a/k/a Henry Greenberg) In the spring of 2016, Trump Campaign advisor Michael Caputo learned through a Florida based Russian business partner that another Florida-based Russian, Henry Oknyansky (who also went by the name Henry Greenberg), claimed to have information pertaining to Hillary Clinton. Caputo notified Roger Stone and brokered communication between Stone and Oknyansky. Oknyansky and Stone set up a May 2016 in-person meeting.260 Oknyansky was accompanied to the meeting by Alexei Rasin, a Ukrainian associate involved in Florida real estate. At the meeting, Rasin offered to sell Stone derogatory information on Clinton that Rasin claimed to have obtained while working for Clinton. Rasin claimed to possess financial statements demonstrating Clinton's involvement in money laundering with Rasin ' s co mpanies. According to Oknyansky, Stone asked if the amounts in question totaled millions of dollars but was told it was closer to hundreds of thousands. Stone refused the offer, stating that Trump would not pay for opposition research.261 Oknyansky claimed to the Office that Rasin's motivation was financial. According to Oknyansky, Rasin had tried unsuccessfully to shop the Clinton information around to other interested parties, and Oknyansky would receive a cut if the information was sold.262 Rasin is noted in public source documents as the director and/or registered agent for a number of Florida companies, none of which appears to be connected to Clinton. The Office found no other evidence that Rasin worked for Clinton or any Clinton-related entities. In their statements to investigators, Oknyansky and Caputo had contradictory recollections about the meeting. Oknyansky claimed that Caputo accompanied Stone to the meeting and provided an introduction, whereas Caputo did not tell us that he had attended and claimed that he was never told what information Oknyansky offered. Caputo also stated that he was unaware Oknyansky sought to be paid for the information until Stone informed him after the fact.263 26 ° Caputo 5/2/18 302, at 4; Oknyansky 7/13/18 302, at l. 261 Oknyansky 7/13/18 302, at 1-2. 262 Oknyansky 7/13/18 302, at 2. 263 Caputo 5/2/18 302, at 4; Oknyansky 7/13/18 302, at l. U.S. Department of Justice AttAt'flEW '.ltAFI< Pl'A1foet // }.40.,· GFlfltn:ifl }.4aterial Prflteeted. l:JnaeF Ped.. R. Crit1'1. P. Me) The Office did not locate Rasin in the United States, although the Office confirmed Rasin had been issued a Florida driver's license. The Office otherwise was unable to determine the content and origin of the information he purportedly offered to Stone. Finally, the investigation did not identify evidence of a connection between the outreach or the meeting and Russian interference efforts. b. Campaign Efforts to Obtain Deleted Clinton Emails After candidate Trump stated on July 27, 2016, that he hoped Russia would "find the 30,000 emails that are missing," Trump asked individuals affiliated with his Campaign to find the deleted Clinton emails.264 Michael Flynn-who would later serve as National Security Advisor in the Trump Administration- recalled that Trump made this request repeatedly, and Flynn subsequently contacted multiple people in an effort to obtain the emails.265 Barbara Ledeen and Peter Smith were among the people contacted by Flynn. Ledeen, a long-time Senate staffer who had previously sought the Clinton emails, provided updates to Flynn about her efforts throughout the summer of 2016.266 Smith, an investment advisor who was active in Republican politics, also attempted to locate and obtain the deleted Clinton emails.267 Ledeen began her efforts to obtain the Clinton emails before Flynn's request, as early as December 2015.268 On December 3, 2015, she emailed Smith a proposal to obtain the emails, stating, "Here is the proposal I briefly mentioned to you. The person I described to you would be happy to talk with you either in person or over the phone. The person can get the emails which 1. Were classified and 2. Were purloined by our enemies. That would demonstrate what needs to be demonst rated."269 Attached to the email was a 25-page proposal stating that the "Clinton email server was, in all likelihood , breached long ago," and that the Chinese, Russian, and Iranian intelligence services could " re-assemble the server's email content."270 The proposal called for a three-phase approach. The first two phases consisted of open-source analysis. The third phase consisted of checking with certain intelligence sources "that have access through liaison work with various foreign services" to determine if any of those services had gotten to the server. The proposal noted, "Even if a single email was recovered and the providence [sic] of that email was a foreign service, it would be catastrophic to the Clinton campaign[.]" Smith forwarded the email to two colleagues and 264 Flynn 4/25/18 302, at 5-6; Flynn 5/1/18 302, at 1-3. 265 Flynn 5/1/18 302, at l -3. 266 Flynn 4/25/18 302, at 7; Flynn 5/4/18 302, at 1-2; Flynn 11/29/17 302, at 7-8. 267 Flynn 11/29/17 302, at 7. 268 Szobocsan 3/29/17 302, at 1. 269 12/3/15 Email, Ledeen to Smith. 270 12/3/15 Email, Ledeen to Smith (attachment). U.S. Department of Justice AttArRe.,, WAl'k Pt•ftdttet // MA¥ Gm tsi, Mlltel'ie:I PfeteeteEI UAder FeEI- R- Crim- p_ 6(e) wrote, "we can discuss to whom it should be referred." 271 On December 16, 2015, Smith informed Ledeen that he declined to participate in her "initiative." According to one of Smith's business associates , Smith believed Ledeen's initiative was not viable at that time.272 Just weeks after Trump's July 2016 request to find the Clinton emails, however, Smith tried to locate and obtain the emails himself. He created a company, raised tens of thousands of dollars, and recruited security experts and business associates. Smith made claims to others involved in the effort (and those from whom he sought funding) that he was in contact with hackers with "ties and affiliations to Russia" who had access to the emails, and that his efforts were coordinated with the Trump Campaign.273 On August 28, 2016, Smith sent an email from an encrypted account with the subject " Sec. Clinton's unsecured private email server" to an undisclosed list ofr ecipients, including Campaign co-chairman Sam Clovis. The email stated that Smith was "u]ust finishing two days of sensitive meetings here in DC with involved groups to poke and probe on the above. It is clear that the Clinton's home-based, unprotected server was hacked with ease by both State- related players, and private mercenaries. Parties with varying interests, are circling to release ahead of the election."274 On September 2, 2016, Smith directed a business associate to establish KLS Research LLC in furtherance of his search for the deleted Clinton emails.275 One of the purposes ofKLS Research was to manage the funds Smith raised in support of his initiative.276 KLS Research received over $30,000 during the presidential campaign, although Smith represented that he raised even more money.277 Smith recruited multiple people for his initiative, including security experts to search for and authenticate the emails.278 In early September 2016, as pait of his recruitment and fundraising effort, Smith circulated a document stating that his initiative was "in coordination" with the Trump Campaign, "to the extent permitted as an independent expenditure organization." 279 The document listed multiple individuals affiliated with the Trump Campaign, including Flynn, Clovis, Bannon, 271 12/3/15 Email, Smith to Szobocsan & Safron. 272 Szobocsan 3/29/18 302, at 1. 273 8/31/16 Email, Smith to Smith. 274 8/28/16 Email, Smith to Smith. 275 Incorporation papers ofKLS Research LLC, 7/26/17 Szobocsan 3/29/18 302, at 2. 276 Szobocsan 3/29/18 302, at 3. 277 Financial Institution Record of Peter Smith and KLS Research LLC, 10/31/17 - -------•10/11/16Ema ,il Smith to 278 Tait 8/22/17 302, at 3; York 7/12/17 302, at 1-2; York 11/22/17 302, at 1. 279 York 7/13/17 302 (attachment KLS Research, LLC, "Clinton Email Reconnaissance Initiative," Sept. 9, 2016). U.S. Department of Justice /\jaj;At'Aev \1/f)l'k Pt'AAttet // MA,.. <7AAfAiA MAfclfiAI Prnlaeetet-i l JAAet' Ped R CPiffi P 6{e) and Kellyanne Conway.280 The investigation established that Smith communicated with at least Flynn and Clovis about his search for the deleted Clinton emails,281 but the Office did not identify evidence that any of the listed individuals initiated or directed Smith's efforts. In September 2016, Smith and Ledeen got back in touch with each other about their respective efforts. Ledeen wrote to Smith, "wondering if you had some more detailed reports or memos or other data you could share because we have come a long way in our efforts since we last visited. . . . We would need as much technical discussion as possible so we could marry it against the new data we have found and then could share it back to you 'your eyes only.'"282 Ledeen claimed to have obtained a trove of emails (from what she described as the "dark web") that purpo1ted to be the deleted Clinton emails. Ledeen wanted to authenticate the emails and solicited contributions to fund that effort. Erik Prince provided funding to hire a tech advisor to ascertain the authenticity of the emails. According to Prince, the tech advisor determined that the emails were not authentic.283 A backup of Smith's computer contained two files that had been downloaded from WikiLeaks and that were originally attached to emails received by John Podesta. The files on Smith's computer had creation dates of October 2, 2016, which was prior to the date of their release by WikiLeaks. Forensic examination, however, established that the creation date did not reflect when the files were downloaded to Smith' s computer. (It appears the creation date was when WikiLeaks staged the document for release, as discussed in Volume I, Section III.B.3.c, supra.284) The investigation did not otherwise identify evidence that Smith obtained the files before their release by WikiLeaks. Smith continued to send emails to an undisclosed recipient list about Clinton' s deleted emails until shortly before the election. For example, on October 28, 2016, Smith wrote that there was a "tug-of-war going on within WikiLeaks over its planned releases in the next few days," and that WikiLeaks "has maintained that it will save its best revelations for last, under the theory this allows little time for response prior to the U.S. election November 8."285 An attachment to the 280 The same recruitment document listed Jerome Corsi under "Independent Groups/Organizations/Individuals," and described him as an "established author and writer from the right on President Obama and Sec. Clinton." 281 Flynn 11/29/17 302, at 7-8; 10/15/16 Email, Smith to Flynn et al.; 8/28/16 Email, Smith to Smith (bee: Clovis et al.). 282 9/16/16 Email, Ledeen to Smith. 283 Prince 4/4/18 302, at 4-5. 284 The forensic analysis of Smith's computer devices found that Smith used an older Apple operating system that would have preserved that October 2, 2016 creation date when it was downloaded (no matter what day it was in fact downloaded by Smith). See Volume I, Section 111.B.3.c, supra. The Office tested this theory in March 2019 by downloading the two files found on Smith's computer from WikiLeaks's site using the same Apple operating system on Smith's computer; both files were successfully downloaded and retained the October 2, 2016 creation date. See SM-2284941, serial 62. 285 10/28/16 Email, Smith to Smith. U.S. Department of Justice a **APAP.>< lVm•lc PPAA11PJ ,',' Ma¥GARfaifl Mat;erie.l PreteeteE:i UHE:ier FeE:i. R. Crim. P. 6(e) email claimed that WikiLeaks would release "All 33k deleted Emails" by "November 1st." No emails obtained from Clinton's server were subsequently released. Smith drafted multiple emails stating or intimating that he was in contact with Russian hackers. For example, in one such email, Smith claimed that, in August 2016, KLS Research had organized meetings with parties who had access to the deleted Clinton emails, including parties with "ties and affiliations to Russia."286 The investigation did not identify evidence that any such meetings occurred. Associates and security experts who worked with Smith on the initiative did not believe that Smith was in contact with Russian hackers and were aware of no such connection. 287 The investigation did not establish that Smith was in contact with Russian hackers or that Smith, Ledeen, or other individuals in touch with the Trump Campaign ultimately obtained the deleted Clinton emails. *** In sum, the investigation established that the GRU hacked into email accounts of persons affiliated with the Clinton Campaign, as well as the computers of the DNC and DCCC. The GRU then exfiltrated data related to the 2016 election from these accounts and computers, and disseminated that data through fictitious online personas (DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0) and later through WikiLeaks. The investigation also established that the Trump Campaign disolaved interest in the WikiLeaks releases and1 thatlrnh.. it.'t:-:J·f·f·il·f·l·''ffllffl 286 8/31/16 Email, Smith to Smith. 287 Safron 3/20/18 302, at 3; Szobocsan 3/29/18 302, at 6. U.S. Department of Justice AttAf'l'lfW \l/m1k Pf'AtiHet// ,fo, C'At *Ail'I 4A*nf'iA1 P f'A*e.n*nrl l ll'IAl'lr Perl R Griffl P A(e) IV. RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT LINKS To AND CONTACTS WITH THE TRUMP CAMPAIGN The Office identified multiple contacts- "links," in the words of the Appointment Order between Trump Campaign officials and individuals with ties to the Russian government. The Office investigated whether those contacts constituted a third avenue of attempted Russian interference with or influence on the 2016 presidential election. In particular, the investigation examined whether these contacts involved or resulted in coordination or a conspiracy with the Trump Campaign and Russia, including with respect to Russia providing assistance to the Campaign in exchange for any sort of favorable treatment in the future. Based on the available information, the investigation did not establish such coordination . This Section describes the principal links between the Trump Campaign and individuals with ties to the Russian government, including some contacts with Campaign officials or associates that have been publicly reported to involve Russian contacts. Each subsection begins with an overview of the Russian contact at issue and then describes in detail the relevant facts, which are generally presented in chronological order, beginning with the early months of the Campaign and extending through the post-election, transition period. A. Campaign Period (September 2015 - November 8, 2016) Russian-gove rnment-connected individuals and media entities began showing interest in Trump 's campaign in the months after he announced his candidacy in June 2015.288 Because Trump's status as a public figure at the time was attributable in large part to his prior business and entertainment dealings, this Office investigated whether a business contact with Russia- linked individuals and entities during the campaign period-the Trump Tower Moscow project, see Volume l, Section IV.A.I, infra-led to or involved coordination of election assistance. Outreach from individuals with ties to Russia continued in the spring and summer of 2016, when Trump was moving toward- and eventually becoming- the Republican nominee for President. As set forth below, the Office also evaluated a series of links during this period: outreach to two of Trump's then-recently named foreign policy advisors, including a representation that Russia had "dirt" on Clinton in the form of thousands of emails (Volume I, Sections IV.A.2 & IV.A.3); dealings with a D.C.-based think tank that specializes in Russia and has connections with its government (Volume I, Section IV.A.4); a meeting at Trump Tower between the Campaign and a Russian lawyer promising dirt on candidate Clinton that was "part of Russia and its government's support for [Trump]" (Volume I, Section IV.A.5); events at the Republican National Convention (Volume I, Section IV.A.6); post-Convention contacts between Trump Campaign officials and Russia's ambassador to the United States (Volume I, Section IV.A.7); and contacts through campaign chairman Paul Manafort, who had previously worked for a Russian oligarch and a pro-Russian political party in Ukraine (Volume I, Section IV.A.8). For example, on August 18, 2015, on behalf of the editor-in-chief of the internet newspaper 288 Vzglyad , Georgi Asatryan emailed campaign press secretary Hope Hicks asking for a phone or in- person candidate interview. 8/18/15 Email, Asatryan to Hicks. One day earlier, the publication's founder (and former Russian parliamentarian) Konstantin Rykov had registered two Russian websites-Trump2016.ru and DonaldTrump2016.ru. No interview took place. U.S. Department of Justice Atafaflt'flev '.Vfl c Pt1od11et // 4w,r r.Al'11-Rif! MR1-cwiAI Pl'Atnnfnl'l Hfll'lnl' Fel'l A. C:riA'I P A(e) 1. Trump Tower Moscow Project The Trump Organization has pursued and completed projects outside the United States as part of its real estate portfolio. Some projects have involved the acquisition and ownership (through subsidiary corporate structures) of property. In other cases, the Trump Organization has executed licensing deals with real estate developers and management companies, often local to the country where the project was located. 289 Between at least 2013 and 2016, the Trump Organization explored a similar licensing deal in Russia involving the construction of a Trump-branded property in Moscow. The project, commonly referred to as a "Trump Tower Moscow" or "Trump Moscow" project, anticipated a combination of commercial, hotel, and residential properties all within the same building. Between 2013 and June 2016, several employees of the Trump Organization, including then president of the organization Donald J. Trump, pursued a Moscow deal with several Russian counterparties. From the fall of 2015 until the middle of 2016, Michael Cohen spearheaded the Trump Organization's pursuit of a Trump Tower Moscow project, including by reporting on the project's status to candidate Trump and other executives in the Trump Organization2. 90 a. Trump Tower Moscow Venture with the Crocus Group (2013-2014) The Trump Organization and the Crocus Group, a Russian real estate conglomerate owned and controlled by Aras Agalarov, began discussing a Russia-based real estate project shortly after the conclusion of the 2013 Miss Universe pageant in Moscow.291 Donald J. Trump Jr. served as _ the primary negotiator on behalf of the Trump Organization; Emin Agalarov (son of Aras Agalarov) and Irakli "Ike" Kaveladze represented the Crocus Group during negotiations, 292 with the occasional assistance of Robe1t Goldstone.293 In December 2013, Kaveladze and Trump Jr. negotiated and signed preliminary terms of 289 See, e.g., Interview of Donald J Trump, Jr, Senate Judiciary Committee, 115th Cong. 151- 52 (Sept. 7, 2017) (discussing licensing deals of specific projects). 290 As noted in Volume I, Section III.D. l, supra, in November 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty to making false statements to Congress concerning, among other things, the duration of the Trump Tower Moscow project. See Informat ion ,r 7(a), United States v. Michael Cohen, 1:18-cr-850 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2018), Doc. 2 ("Cohen Information"). 291 See Interview of Donald J Trump, Jr, Senate Judiciary Committee, 115th Cong. 13 (Sept. 7, 2017) ("Foilowing the pageant the Trump Organization and Mr. Agalarov' s company, Crocus Group, began preliminarily discussion [sic] potential real estate projects in Moscow."). As has been widely reported, the Miss Universe pageant-which Trump co-owne_d at the time-was held at the Agalarov-owned Crocus City Hall in Moscow in November 2013. Both groups were involved in organizing the pageant, and Aras Agalarov's son Emin was a musical performer at the event, which Trump attended. 292 Kaveladze 11/16/17 302, at 2, 4-6; ■■■■■■I ■ KAV_00385 (12/6/13 Email, Trump Jr. to Kaveladze & E. Agalarov). OSC- U.S. Department of Justice AffAt'l'le"i WAPI{ PPABUet // Mnv DAl'lfRil'I Mnfofifll Pt1Ateetee Hl'leet' Fee R Crifl'L P 6(e) an agreement for the Trump Tower Moscow project.294 On December 23, 2013, after discussions with Donald J. Trump, the Trump Organization agreed to accept an arrangement whereby the organization received a flat 3.5% commission on all sales, with no licensing fees or incentives. 295 The parties negotiated a letter of intent during January and February 2014.296 From January 2014 through November 2014, the Trump Organization and Crocus Group discussed development plans for the Moscow project. Some time before January 24, 2014, the Crocus Group sent the Trump Organization a proposal for a 800-unit, 194-meter building to be · constructed at an Agalarov-owned site in Moscow called " Crocus City," which had also been the site of the Miss Universe pageant.297 In February 2014, Ivanka Trump met with Emin Agalarov and toured the Crocus City site during a visit to Moscow.298 From March 2014 through July 2014, the groups discussed "design standards" and other architectural elements. 299 For example, in July 2014, members of the Trump Organization sent Crocus Group counterparties questions about the "demographics of these prospective buyers" in the Crocus City area, the development of neighboring parcels in Crocus City, and concepts for redesigning portions of the building. 300 In August 2014, the Trump Organization requested specifications for a competing Marriott-branded tower being built in Crocus City.301 Beginning in September 2014, the Trump Organization stopped responding in a timely fashion to correspondence and proposals from the Crocus Group.302 Communications between the two groups continued through November 2014 with decreasing frequency; what appears to be the last communication is dated November 24, 2014.303 The project appears not to have developed past the planning stage, and no construction occurred. 294 295 OSC-KAV_00452 (12/23/13 Email, Trmnp Jr. to Kaveladze & E. Agalarov). 296 See, e.g., OSC-KAV_01158 (Letter agreement signed by Trump Jr. & E. Agalarov); OSC KAV_01147 (1/20/14 Email, Kaveladze to Trump Jr. et al.). 297 See, e.g., OSC-KA V_00972 (10/14/14 Email, McGee to Khoo et al.) (email from Crocus Group contractor about specifications); OSC-KAV_00540 (1/24/14 Email, McGee to Trump Jr. et al.). 298 See OSC-KAV 00631 (2/5/14 Email, E. A alarov to Ivanka Tn-ump Jr. a.m.)jli\141U( \h'll Kaveladze); Goldstone Facebook post, 2/4/14 (8:01 299 ffi@m[l • See, e.g., OSC-KAV_00791 (6/3/14 Email, Kaveladze to Trump Jr. et al.; OSC-KAV_00799 (6/10/14 Email, Trump Jr. to Kaveladze et al.); OSC-KAV_00817 (6/16/14 Email, Trump Jr. to Kaveladze et al.). 300 OSC-KAV 00870 (7/17/14 Email, Khoo to McGee et al.). 301 OSC-KAV_00855 (8/4/14 Email, Khoo to McGee et al.). 302 OSC-KAV_00903 (9/29/14 Email, Tropea to McGee & Kaveladze (noting last response was on August 26, 2014)); OSC-KAV_00906 (9/29/14 Email, Kaveladze to Tropea & McGee (suggesting silence "proves my fear that those guys are bailing out of the project")); OSC-KA V_00972 (10/14/14 Email, McGee to Khoo et al.) (email from Crocus Group contractor about development specifications)). 303 OSC-KAV_01140 (11/24/14 Email, Khoo to McGee et al.). 68 U.S. Department of Justice Attflrfleit WA ( PFfldHet // Mtt'; Cmtttlifi Material Preteetea U11:aer Fee. R. Crim.. P. 6(e) b. Communications with J.C. Expert Investment Company and Giorgi Rtskhiladze (Summer and Fall 2015) In the late summer of 2015, the Trump Organization received a new inquiry about pursuing a Trump Tower project in Moscow. In approximately September 2015, Felix Sater, a New York based real estate advisor, contacted Michael Cohen, then-executive vice president of the Trump Organization and special counsel to Donald J. Trump. 304 Sater had previously worked with the Trump Organization and advised it on a number of domestic and international projects. Sater had explored the possibility of a Trump Tower project in Moscow while working with the Trump Organization and therefore knew of the organization's general interest in completing a deal there.305 Sater had also served as an informal agent of the Trump Organization in Moscow previously and had accompanied lvanka Trump and Donald Trump Jr. to Moscow in the mid- 2000s.306 Sater contacted Cohen on behalf of I.C. Expert Investment Company (LC. Expert), a Russian real-estate development corporation controlled by Andrei Vladimirovich Rozov.307 Sater had known Rozov since approximately 2007 and, in 2014, had served as an agent on behalf of Rozov during Rozov's purchase of a building in New York City. 308 Sater later contacted Rozov and proposed that I.C. Expert pursue a Trump Tower Moscow project in which l.C. Expert would license the name and brand from the Trump Organization but construct the building on its own. Sater worked on the deal with Rozov and anothe. r employee of l.C. Expert.309 Cohen was the only Trump Organization representative to negotiate directly with l.C. Expert or its agents. In approximately September 2015, Cohen obtained approval to negotiate with I.C. Expert from candidate Trump, who was then president of the Trump Organization. Cohen provided updates directly to Trump about the project throughout 2015 and into 2016, assuring him ° the project was continuing.3 1 Cohen also discussed the Trump Moscow project with Ivanka Trump as to design elements (such as possible architects to use for the project311) and Donald J. Trump Jr. (about his experience in Moscow and possible involvement in the project312) during the fall of 2015. rovided information to our Office in two 2017 interviews conducted under a proffer agreement 306 Sater9/19/17 302, at 1-2, 5. 307 Sater 9/19/17 302, at 3. 308 Rozov 1/25/18 302, at 1. 309 Rozov 1/25/18 302, at I; see also 11/2/15 Email, Cohen to Rozov et al. (sending letter of intent). 31 ° Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 1-2, 4-6. 311 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 5. 312 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 4-5. U.S. Department of Justice MtflPl'l@¥ Wflrl< Prrnah-:1et // Mnv GAl'lfnil'l Jl,,,fotel'inl Pfflteeted Ht1der Fed R. Crtffl. P. 6(e) Also during the fall of 2015, Cohen communicated about the Trump Moscow proposal with Giorgi Rtskhiladze, a business executive who previously had been involved in a development deal with the Trump Organization in Batumi, Georgia.313 Cohen stated that he spoke to Rtskhiladze in part because Rtskhiladze had pursued business ventures in Moscow, including a licensing deal with the Agalarov-owned Crocus Group.314 On September 22, 2015, Cohen forwarded a preliminary design study for the Trump Moscow project to Rtskhiladze, adding "I look forward to your reply about this spectacular project in Moscow." Rtskhiladze forwarded Cohen' s email to an associate and wrote, "[i]f we could organize the meeting in New York at the highest level of the Russian Government and Mr. Trump this project would definitely receive the worldwide attention." 315 On September 24, 2015, Rtskhiladze sent Cohen an attachment that he described as a proposed "[!Jetter to the Mayor of Moscow from Trump org," explaining that "[w]e need to send this letter to the Mayor of Moscow (second guy in Russia) he is aware of the potential project and will pledge his support."316 In a second email to Cohen sent the same day, Rtskhiladze provided a translation of the letter, which described the Trump Moscow project as a "symbol of stronger economic, business and cultural relationships between New York and Moscow and therefore United States and the Russian Federation."317 On September 27, 2015, Rtskhiladze sent another email to Cohen, proposing that the Trump Organization partner on the Trump Moscow project with "Global Development Group LLC," which he described as being controlled by Michail Posikhin, a Russian architect, and Simon Nizharadze. 318 Cohen told the Office that he ultimately declined the proposal and instead continued to work with LC. Expert, the company represented by Felix Sater.319 c. Letter of Intent and Contacts to Russian Government (October 2015-January 2016) i. Trump Signs the Letter of Intent on behalf of the Trump Organization Between approximately October 13, 2015 and November 2, 2015, the Trump Organization (through its subsidiary Trump Acquisition, LLC) and I.C. Expert completed a letter of intent (LOI) for a Trump Moscow property. The LOI, signed by Trump for the Trump Organization and Rozov on behalf of I.C. Expert, was " intended to facilitate further discussions" in order to "attempt to 313 Rtskhiladze was a U.S.-based executive of the Georgian company Silk Road Group. In approximately 2011, Silk Road Group and the Trump Organization entered into a licensing agreement to build a Trump-branded property in Batumi, Georgia. Rtskhiladze was also involved in discussions for a Trum -branded ro'ect in Astana, Kazakhstan. The Office twice interviewed Rtskhiladze , - 3 14 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 12; see also Rtskhiladze 5/10/18 302, at 1. 315 9/22/15 Email, Rtskhiladze to Nizharadze. 316 9/24/15 Email, Rtskhiladze to Cohen. 317 9/24/15 Email, Rtskhiladze to Cohen. 70 318 9/27/15 Email, Rtskhiladze to Cohen. 319 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 12. 71 U.S. Department of Justice AttAfAPH WAt>I< PfAt:hiet // M1w GAF1f8:ifl MMerie:I Preteetea Unaer Fea. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) enter into a mutually acceptable agreement" related to the Trump-branded project in Moscow.320 The LOI contemplated a development with residential, hotel, commercial, and office components, and called for"[a]pproximately 250 first class, luxury residential condominiums," as well as "[o]ne first class, luxury hotel consisting of approximately 15 floors and containing not fewer than 150 hotel rooms."321 For the residential and commercial portions of the project, the Trump Organization would receive between 1% and 5% of all condominium sales,322 plus 3% of all rental and other revenue.323 For the project's hotel portion, the Trump Organization would receive a base fee of 3% of gross operating revenues for the first five years and 4% thereafter, plus a separate incentive fee of 20% of operating profit. 324 Under the LOI, the Trump Organization also would receive a $4 million "up-front fee" prior to groundbreaking.325 Under these terms, the Trump Organization stood to earn substantial sums over the lifetime of the project, without assuming significant liabilities or financing commitments.326 On November 3, 2015, the day after the Trump Organization transmitted the LOI, Sater emailed Cohen suggesting that the Trump Moscow project could be used to increase candidate Trump's chances at being elected, writing: Buddy our boy can become President of the USA and we can engineer it. I will get all of Putins team to buy in on this, I will manage this process........Michael, Putin gets on stage with Donald for a ribbon cutting for Trump Moscow, and Donald owns the republican nomination. And possibly beats Hillary and our boy is in......We will manage this process better than anyone. You and I will get Donald and Vladimir on a stage together very shortly. That the game changer.327 Later that day, Sater followed up: Donald doesn' t stare down, he negotiates and understands the economic issues and Putin only want to deal with a pragmatic leader , and a successful business man is a good candidate for someone who knows how to negotiate. " Business, politics, whatever it all is the same for someone who knows how to deal" 320 11/2/15 Email, Cohen to Rozov et al. (attachment) (hereinafter "LOI"); see also I 0/13/15 Email, Sater to Cohen & Davis (attaching proposed letter of intent). 32 1 LOI, p. 2. 322 The LOI called for the Trump Organization to receive 5% of all gross sales up to $100 million; 4% of all gross sales from $100 million to $250 million; 3% of all gross sales from $250 million to $500 million; 2% of all gross sales from $500 million to $1 billion; and 1% of all gross sales over $1 billion. LOI, Schedule 2. 323 LOI, Schedule 2. 324 LOI, Schedule I. 325 LOI, Schedule 2. 326 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 3. 327 11/3/15 Email, Sater to Cohen (12:14 p.m.). U.S. Department of Justice Atk,Pfle..• JJ/rn•lc PPAfh1et // 4w DAAtAifl °MAffl.PiAl PPAtee.tefl { h flep Pefl R . GPit'l'I. P . Me) I think I can get Putin to say that at the Trump Moscow press conference. If he says it we own this election. Americas most difficult adversary agreeing that Donald is a good guy to negotiate.... We can own this election. Michael my next steps are very sensitive with Putins very very close people, we can pull this off. Michael lets go. 2 boys from Brooklyn getting a USA president elected. This is good really good.328 According to Cohen, he did not consider the political import of the Trump Moscow project to the 2016 U.S. presidential election at the time. Cohen also did not recall candidate Trump or anyone affiliated with the Trump Campaign discussing the political implications of the Trump Moscow project with him. However, Cohen recalled conversations with Trump in which the candidate suggested that his campaign would be a significant "infomercial" for Trump- branded prope1ties.329 ii. Post-LOI Contacts with Individuals in Russia Given the size of the Trump Moscow project, Sater and Cohen believed the project required approval (whether express or implicit) from the Russian national government, including from the Presidential Administration of Russia.330 Sater stated that he therefore began to contact the Presidential Administration through another Russian business contact.331 In early negotiations with the Trump Organization, Sater had alluded to the need for government approval and his attempts to set up meetings with Russian officials. On October 12, 2015, for example, Sater wrote to Cohen that "all we need is Putin on board and we are golden," and that a "meeting with Putin and top deputy is tentatively set for the 14th [of October]."332 this meeting was being coordinated by associates in Russia and that he had no direct interaction with the Russian government.333 Approximately a month later, after the LOI had been signed, Lana Erchova emailed lvanka Trump on behalf of Erchova's then-husband Dmitry Klokov, to offer Klokov's assistance to the Trump Campaign.334 Klokov was at that time Director of External Communications for PJSC Federal Grid Company of Unified Energy System, a large Russian electricity transmission 328 11/3/15 Email, Sater to Cohen (12:40 p.m.). 329 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 3-4; Cohen 8/7/18 302, at 15. 330 Sater 12/15/17 302, at 2. 331 Sater 12/15/17 302, at 3-4. 332 10/12/15 Email, Sater to Cohen (8:07 a.m.). 333 334 Ivanka Trump received an email from a woman who identified herself as "Lana E. Alexander," which said in part, "If you ask anyone who knows Russian to google my husband Dmitry Klokov, you'll see who he is close to and that he has done Putin's political campaigns." 11/16/15 Email, Erchova to I. Trump. U.S. Department of Justice AllflrfleY \\lt'lt:lc Pt'Ad1:1et //} 4R•· DAl'l1-Ail'I } 4A,niAI ll FAfra.ra.t ra.t-1 T l11t-lra.F f.@.t-1 R r.Fi11'1 P Me) company, and had been previously employed as an aide and press secretary to Russia's energy minister. Ivanka Trump forwarded the email to Cohen. 335 He told the Office that, after receiving this inquiry, he had conducted an internet search for Klokov's name and concluded (incorrectly) that Klokov was a former Olympic weightlifter. 336 Between November 18 and 19, 2015,-Klokov and Cohen had at least one telephone call and exchanged several emails. Describing himself in emails to Cohen as a "trusted person" who could offer the Campaign "political synergy" and "synergy on a government level," Klokov recommended that Cohen travel to Russia to speak with him and an unidentified intermediary. Klokov said that those conversations could facilitate a later meeting in Russia between the candidate and an individual Klokov described as "our person of interest."337 In an email to the Office, Erchova later identified the "person of interest" as Russian President Vladimir Putin.338 In the telephone call and follow-on emails with Klokov, Cohen discussed his desire to use a near-term trip to Russia to do site surveys and talk over the Trump Moscow project with local developers. Cohen registered his willingness also to meet with Klokov and the unidentified intermediary, but was emphatic that all meetings in Russia involving him or candidate Trump- including a possible meeting between candidate Trump and Putin-would need to be " in conjunction with the development and an official visit" with the Trump Organization receiving a formal invitation to visit.339 (K.lokov had written previously that "the visit [by candidate Trump to Russia] has to be infor mal.")340 Klokov had also previously recommended to Cohen that he separate their negotiations over a possible meeting between Trump and "the person of interest" from any existing business track.341 Re-emphasizing that his outreach was not done on behalf of any business, Klokov added in second email to Cohen that, if publicized well, such a meeting could have "phenomenal" impact "in a business dimension" and that the " person of interest['s]" "most important support" could have significant ramifications for the "level of projects and their capacity." Klokov concluded by telling 335 11/16/15 Email, I. Trump to Cohen. 336 Cohen 8/7/18 302, at 17. During his interviews with the Office, Cohen still appeared to believe that the Klokov he spoke with was that Olympian. The investigation, however, established that the email address used to communicate with Cohen belongs to a different Dmitry Klokov, as described above. 337 11/18/15 Email, Klokov to Cohen (6:51 a.m.). 338 In July 2018, the Office received an unsolicited email purporting to be from Erchova, in which she wrote that "[a]t the end of2015 and beginning of2016 I was asked by my ex-husband to contact lvanka Trump . . . and offer cooperation to Trump's team on behalf of the Russian officials." 7/27/18 Email, Erchova to Special Counsel's Office. The email claimed that the officials wanted to offer candidate Trump "land in Crimea among other things and unofficial meeting with Putin." Id. In order to vet the email' s claims, the Office responded requesting more details. The Office did not receive any reply. 339 11/18/15 Email, Cohen to Klokov (7:15 a.m.). 340 11/18/15 Email, Klokov to Cohen (6:51 a.m.). 341 11/18/15 Email, Klokov to Cohen (6:51 a.m.) ("I would suggest separating your negotiations and our proposal to meet. I assure you, after the meeting level of projects and their capacity can be completely different, having the most important support."). U.S. Department of Justice Attnt"RP."' \\lAl-'lc Pt"AA11@J // Miw C'.ARtflil'l 4fltP.t"ifll PfAtP.P.tP.ti ( ll'ltier J.eit R _ C'.t1i1"M. P. Me) Cohen that there was "no bigger warranty in any project than [the] consent of the person of interest."342 Cohen rejected the proposal, saying that "[c]urrently our LOI developer is in talks with VP's Chief of Staff and arranging a formal invite for the two to meet." 343 This email appears to be their final exchange, and the investigation did not identify evidence that Cohen brought Klokov' s initial offer of assistance to the Campaign's attention or that anyone associated with the Trump Organization or the Campaign dealt with Klokov at a later date. Cohen explained that he did not pursue the proposed meeting because he was already working on the Moscow Project with Sater, who Cohen understood to have his own connections to the Russian government.344 By late December 2015, however, Cohen was complaining that Sater had not been able to use those connections to set up the promised meeting with Russian government officials. Cohen told Sater that he was "setting up the meeting myself." 345 On January 11, 2016, Cohen emailed the office of Dmitry Peskov, the Russian government's press secretary, indicating that he desired contact with Sergei Ivanov, Putin's chief of staff. Cohen erroneously used the email address "Pr_peskova@prpress.gof.ru" instead of "Pr_peskova@prpress.gov.ru," so the email apparently did not go through.346 On January 14, 2016, Cohen emailed a different address (info@prpress.gov.ru) with the following message: Dear Mr. Peskov, Over the past few months, I have been working with a company based in Russia regarding the development of a Trump Tower-Moscow project in Moscow City. Without getting into lengthy specifics, the communication between our two sides has stalled. As this project is too important, I am hereby requesting your assistance. I respectfully request someone, preferably you; contact me so that I might discuss the specifics as well as arranging meetings with the appropriate individuals. I thank you in advance for your assistance and look forward to hearing from you soon.347 Two days later, Cohen sent an email to Pr_peskova@prpress.gov.ru, repeating his request to speak with Sergei Ivanov.348 Cohen testified to Congress, and initially told the Office, that he did not recall receiving a response to this email inquiry and that he decided to terminate any further work on the Trump Moscow project as of January 2016. Cohen later admitted that these statements were false. In 342 11/19 /15 Email, Klokov to Cohen (7:40 a.m.). 343 11/19/15 Email, Cohen to Klokov (12:56 p.m.). 344 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 12. 345 FS00004 (12/30/15 Text Message, Cohen to Sater (6:17 p.m.)). 346 1/11/16 Email, Cohen to pr_peskova@prpress.gof.ru (9:12 a.m.). 347 1/14/16 Email, Cohen to info@prpress.gov.ru (9:21 a.m.). 348 1/16/16 Email, Cohen to pr_peskova@prpress.gov.ru (10:28 a.m.). 74 U.S. Department of Justice 6 tt".'....,".. ll 7Ar lf P1•Arl11Qt ,',' Mtl"v Cefl.1:1:lift Ml:\1:erial Prnteetecl Uftcler Feel. R. Criffl. P. 6 e) fact, Cohen had received (and recalled receiving) a response to his inquiry, and he continued to work on and update candidate Trump on the project through as late as June 2016.349 On January 20, 2016, Cohen received an email from Elena Polia kova, Peskov's personal assistant. Writing from her personal email account, Poliakova stated that she had been trying to reach Cohen and asked that he call her on the personal number that she provided.350 Shortly after receiving Poliakova's email, Cohen called and spoke to her for 20 minutes.351 Cohen described to Poliakova his position at the Trump Organization and outlined the proposed Trump Moscow project, including information about the Russian counterparty with which the Trump Organization had partnered. Cohen requested assistance in moving the project forward, both in securing land to build the project and with financing. According to Cohen, Poliakova asked detailed questions and took notes, stating that she would need to follow up with others in Russia.352 Cohen could not recall any direct follow-up from Poliakova or from any other representative of the Russian government, nor did the Office identify any evidence of direct follow-up. However, the day after Cohen's call with Poliakova, Sater texted Cohen, asking him to "[c]all me when you have a few minutes to chat . . . It' s about Putin they called today."353 Sater then sent a draft invitation for Cohen to visit Moscow to discuss the Trump Moscow project, 354 along with a note to "[t]ell me if the letter is good as amended by me or make whatever changes you want and send it back to me."355 After a further round of edits, on January 25, 2016, Sater sent Cohen an invitation- signed by Andrey Ryabinskiy of the company MHJ-to travel to "Moscow for a working visit" about the "prospects of development and the construction business in Russia," "the various land plots available suited for construction of this enormous Tower," and "the oppo1tunity to co-ordinate a follow up visit to Moscow by Mr. Donald Trump." 356 According 349 Cohen Information ,i,i 4, 7. Cohen 's interactions with President Trump and the President' s lawyers when preparing his congressional testimony are discussed further in Volume II. See Vol. II, Section 11.K.3, infra. 350 1/20/16 Email, Poliakova to Cohen (5:57 a.m.) ("Mr. Cohen[,] I can't get through to both your phones. Pis, call me."). 351 Telephone records show a 20-minute call on January 20, 2016 between Cohen and the number Poliakova provided in her email. Call Records of Michael Cohen After the call, Cohen saved Poliakova's contact information in his Trump Organization Outlook contact list. 1/20/16 Cohen Microsoft Outlook Entry (6:22 a.m.). 352 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 2-3. 353 FS000l 1 (1/21/16 Text Messages, Sater to Cohen). 354 The invitation purported to be from Genbank, a Russian bank that was, according to Sater, working at the behest of a larger bank, VTB, and would cons ider providing financing. FS00008 (12/31/15 Text Messages, Sater & Cohen). Additional information about Genbank can be found infra. 355 FS000l I (1/21/16 Text Message, Sater to Cohen (7:44 p.m.)); 1/21/16 Email, Sater to Cohen (6:49 p.m.). 356 1/25/16 Email, Sater to Cohen (12:01 p.m.) (attachment). 75 U.S. Department of Justice AttAt1t1fw WAt1k Pt1A1foe.t // Mttv Cm1tttil'I Mttterittl Preteeted. Hl'ld.er Fed. R. Ct1iffl. P. €-i(e) to Cohen, he elected not to travel at the time because of concerns about the lack of concrete proposals about land plots that could be considered as options for the project. 357 d. Discussions about Russia Travel by Michael Cohen or Candidate Trump (December 2015-June 2016) i. Sater's Overtures to Cohen to Travel to Russia The late January communication was neither the first nor the last time that Cohen contemplated visiting Russia in pursuit of the Trump Moscow project. Beginning in late 2015, Sater repeatedly tried to arrange for Cohen and candidate Trump, as representatives of the Trump Organization, to travel to Russia to meet with Russian government officials and possible financing partners. In December 2015, Sater sent Cohen a number of emails about logistics for traveling to Russia for meetings.358 On December 19, 2015, Sater wrote: Please call me I have Evgeney [Dvoskin] on the other line.[359] He needs a copy of your and Donald's passports they need a scan of every page of the passports. Invitations & Visas will be issued this week by VTB Bank to discuss financing for Trump Tower Moscow. Politically neither Putins office nor Ministry of Foreign Affairs cannot issue invite, so they are inviting commercially/ business. VTB is Russia's 2 biggest bank and VTB Bank CEO Andrey Kostin, will be at all meetings with Putin so that it is a business meeting not political. We will be invited to Russian consulate this week to receive invite & have visa issued.360 In response, Cohen texted Sater an image of his own passport.361 Cohen told the Office that at one point he requested a copy of candidate Trump's passport from Rhona Graff, Trump's executive assistant at the Trump Organization, and that Graff later brought Trump 's passport to Cohen's 357 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 6-7. 358 See, e.g., 12/1/15 Email, Sater to Cohen (12:41 p.m.) ("Please scan and send me a copy of your passport for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs."). 359 Toll records show that Sater was speaking to Evgeny Dvoskin. Call Records of Felix Sater Dvoskin is an executive of Genbank, a large bank with lending focused in Crimea, Ukraine. At the time that Sater provided this financing letter to Cohen, Genbank was subject to U.S. government sanctions, see Russia/Ukraine -related Sanctions and Identifications, Office of Foreign Assets Control (Dec. 22, 2015), available at https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center /sanctions/OFAC Enforcement/Pages/20151222.aspx. Dvoskin, who had been deported from the United States in 2000 for criminal activity, was under indictment in the United States for stock fraud under the aliases Eugene Slusker and Gene Shustar. See United States v. Rizzo, et al., 2:03-cr-63 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2003). 360 12/19/15 Email, Sater to Cohen (10:50 a.m.); FS00002 (12/19/15 Text Messages, Sater to Cohen, (10:53 a.m.). 361 FS00004 (12/19/15 Text Message, Cohen to Sater); ERT_0198-256 (12/19/15 Text Messages, Cohen & Sater). 76 U.S. Department of Justice AHofflev Wofk Pfod1:1et// Hw· C'.Al'l1'AiR MA1af'lFiAI P,Atf'lc1acrl Onrle, µel'I R Gt1iA'I P Me) office.362 The investigation did not, however, establish that the passport was forwarded to Sater.363 Into the spring of 2016, Sater and Cohen continued to discuss a trip to Moscow in connection with the Trump Moscow project. On April 20, 2016, Sater wrote Cohen, "[t]he People . wanted to know when you are coming?"364 On May 4, 2016, Sater followed up: I had a chat with Moscow. ASSUMING the trip does happen the question is before or after the convention. I said I believe, but don't know for sure, that' s it's probably after the convention. Obviously the pre-meeting trip (you only) can happen anytime you want but the 2 big guys where [sic] the question. I said I would confirm and revert. Let me know about If I was right by saying I believe after Cleveland and also when you want to speak to them and possibly fly over.365 Cohen responded, "My trip before Cleveland. Trump once he becomes the nominee after the convention."366 The day after this exchange, Sater tied Cohen' s travel to Russia to the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum ("Forum"), an annual event attended by prominent Russian politicians and businessmen. Sater told the Office that he was informed by a business associate that Peskov wanted to invite Cohen to the Forum.367 On May 5, 2016, Sater wrote to Cohen: Peskov would like to invite you as his guest to the St. Petersburg Forum which is Russia's Davos it's June 16-19. He wants to meet there with you and possibly introduce you to either Putin or Medvedev, as they are not sure if 1 or both will be there. This is perfect. The entire business class of Russia wiU be there as well. He said anything you want to discuss including dates and subjects are on the table to discuss[.]368 The following day, Sater asked Cohen to confirm those dates would work for him to travel; Cohen wrote back, "[w]orks for me."369 362 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 5. 363 On December 21, 2015, Sater sent Cohen a text message that read, "They need a copy of DJT passport," to which Cohen responded, "After I return from Moscow with you with a date for him." FS00004 (12/21/15 Text Messages, Cohen & Sater). 364 FS00014 (4/20/16 Text Message, Sater to Cohen(9:06 p.m.)). 365 FS000l 5 (5/4/16 Text Message, Sater to Cohen (7:38 p.m.)). 366 FS00015 (5/4/16 Text Message, Cohen to Sater (8:03 p.m.)). 367 Sater 12/15/17 302, at 4. 368 FS00016 (5/5/16 Text Messages, Sater to Cohen (6:26 & 6:27 a.m.)). 369 FS00016 (5/6/16 Text Messages, Cohen & Sater). U.S. Department of Justice AiiArRP.Y \VArk :PrArl11P.t // ll, 4A• • Dmit11i1 ll, 411irn•i11l JlrAtP.P.t P.R l ln l'IP.r PP.cl R G.riM Jl Me) On June 9, 2016, Sater sent Cohen a notice that he (Sater) was completing the badges for the Forum, adding, " Putin is there on the 17th very strong chance you will meet him as well."370 On June 13, 2016, Sater forwarded Cohen an invitation to the Forum signed by the Director of the Roscongress Foundation, the Russian entity organizing the Forum.371 Sater also sent Cohen a Russian visa application and asked him to send two passport photos.372 According to Cohen, the invitation gave no indication that Peskov had been involved in inviting him. Cohen was concerned that Russian officials were not actually involved or were not interested in meeting with him (as Sater had alleged), and so he decided not to go to the Forum.373 On June 14, 2016, Cohen met Sater in the lobby of the Trump Tower in New York and informed him that he would not be traveling at that time.374 ii. Candidate Trump's Opportunities to Travel to Russia The investigation identified evidence that, during the period the Trump Moscow project was under consideration, the possibility of candidate Trump visiting Russia arose in two contexts. First, in interviews with the Office, Cohen stated that he discussed the subject of traveling to Russia with Trump twice: once in late 2015; and again in spring 2016.375 According to Cohen, Trump indicated a willingness to travel if it would assist the project significantly. On one occasion, Trump told Cohen to speak with then-campaign manager Corey Lewandowski to coordinate the candidate's schedule. Cohen recalled that he spoke with Lewandowski, who suggested that they speak again when Cohen had actual dates to evaluate. Cohen indicated , however , that he knew that travel prior to the Republican National Convention would be impossible given the candidate' s preexisting commitments to the Campaign.376 Second, like Cohen, Trump received and turned down an invitation to the St. Peters burg International Economic Forum. In late December 2015, Mira Duma-a contact oflvanka Trump's from the fashion industry-first passed along invitations for Ivanka Trump and candidate Trump from Sergei Prikhodko, a Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. 377 On January 14, 2016, Rhona Graff sent an email to Duma stating that Trump was "honored to be asked to participate in the highly prestigious" Forum event, but that he would " have to decline" the invitation given his "very grueling and full travel schedule" as a presidential candidate.378 Graff 37 ° FS00018 (6/9/16 Text Messages, Sater & Cohen). 371 6/13/16 Email, Sater to Cohen (2:10 p.m.). 372 FS000 18 (6/13/16 Text Message, Sater to Cohen (2:20 p.m.)); 6/13/16 Email, Sater to Cohen. 373 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 6-8. 374 FS00019 (6/14/16 Text Messages, Cohen & Sater (12:06 and 2:50 p.m.)). 375 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 2. 376 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 7. 377 12/21/15 Email, Mira to Ivanka Trump (6:57 a.m.) (attachments); TRUMPORG_16_000057 (1/7/16 Email, I. Trump to Graff (9:18 a.m.)). 378 1/14/16 Email, Graff to Mira. U.S. Department of Justice AtfAffle•.: \Vol'I{ Pt1Ath1et /! Mw.: DAl'l*Rifl MRfBfiRI Pt1oteetea lJl'llaief Y:ed R. Crilfl. P. Me) asked Duma whether she recommended that Graff "send a formal note to the Deputy Prime Minister" declining his invitation; Duma replied that a formal note would be " great." 379 It does not appear that Graff prepared that note immediately. According to written answers from President Trump, 380 Graff received an email from Deputy Prime Minister Prikhodko on March 17, 2016, again inviting Trump to participate in the 2016 Forum in St. Petersburg.381 Two weeks later, on March 31, 2016, Graff prepared for Trump 's signature a two- paragraph letter declining the invitation.382 The letter stated that Trump's "schedule has become extremely demanding" because of the presidential campaign, that he "alreadyha[d] several commitments in the United States" for the time of the Forum, but that he otherwise "would have gladly given every consideration to attending such an important event."383 Graff forwarded the letter to another executive assistant at the Trump Organization with instructions to print the document on letterhead for Trump to sign.384 At approximately the same time that the letter was being prepared, Robert Foresman-a New York-based investment banker- began reaching out to Graff to secure an in-person meeting with candidate Trump. According to Foresman, he had been asked by Anton Kobyakov, a Russian presidential aide involved with the Roscongress Foundation, to see if Trump could speak at the Forum.385 Foresman first emailed Graff on March 31, 2016, following a phone introduction brokered through Trump business associate Mark Burnett (who produced the television show The Apprentice). In his email, Foresman referenced his long-standing personal and professional expertise in Russia and Ukraine, his work setting up an early " private channel" between Vladimir Putin and former U.S. President George W. Bush, and an "approach" he had received from "senior Kremlin officials" about the candidate. Foresman asked Graff for a meeting with the candidate, Corey Lewandowski, or "another relevant person" to discuss this and other "concrete things" Foresman felt uncomfortable discussing over " unsecure email." 386 On April 4, 2016, Graff forwarded Foresman ' s meeting request to Jessica Macchia, another executive assistant to Trump.387 379 1/15/16 Email, Mira to Graff. 380 As explained in Volume II and Appendix C, on September 17, 2018, the Office sent written questions to the President's counsel. On November 20, 2018, the President provided written answers to those questions through counsel. 381 Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 17 (Response to Question IV, Pait (e)) ("[D]ocuments show that Ms. Graff prepared for my signature a brief response declining the invitation."). 382 Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 17 (Response to Question IV, Part (e)); see also TRUMPORG_l 6_000134 (unsigned letter dated March 31, 2016). 383 TRUMPORG_16_000134 (unsigned letter). 384 T RUMPORG_ l6 _000133 (3/31/16 Email, Graffto Macchia). 38 5 Foresman 10/17/18 302, at 3-4. 386 See TRUMPORG_16_00136 (3/31/16 Email, Foresman to Graff); see also Foresman 10/17/18 302, at 3-4. 387 See TRUMPORG_ l 6_00136 (4/4/16 Email, Graff to Macchia). 79 U.S. Department of Justice AUflt'fl6¥ Wf'lrl< Pt'F1d1-1et // 41H,. PAR*RiR MRkt•iAI Tlt1Ah• e*efl HflABt' Pefl R C.rilfl P Me) With no response forthcoming, Foresman twice sent reminders to Graff-first onApril 26 and again on April 30, 2016.388 Graff sent an apology to Foresman and forwarded his April 26 email (as well as his initial March 2016 email) to Lewandowski.389 On May 2, 2016 , Graff forwarded Foresman' s April 30 email-which suggested an alternative meeting with Donald Trump Jr. or Eric Trump so that Foresman could convey to them information that "should be conveyed to [the candidate] personally or [to] someone [the candidate] absolutely trusts"- to policy advisor Stephen Miller.390 No communications or other evidence obtained by the Office indicate that the Trump Campaign learned that Foresman was reaching out to invite the candidate to the Forum or that the Campaign otherwise followed up with Foresman until after the election, when he interacted with the Transition Team as he pursued a possible position in the incoming Administration.391 When interviewed by the Office , Foresman denied that the specific "approach" from "se nior Kremlin officials" noted in his March 31, 2016 email was anything other than Kobyakov's invitation to Roscongress. According to Foresman, the "concrete things" he referenced in the same email were a combination of the invitation itself, Foresman's personal perspectives on the invitation and Russia policy in general, and details of a Ukraine plan supported by a U.S. think tank (EastWest Institute). Foresman told the Office that Kobyakov had extended similar invitations through him to another Republican presidential candidate and one other politician. Foresman also said that Kobyakov had asked Foresman to invite Trump to speak after that other presidential candidate withdrew from the race and the other politician's participation did not work out.392 Finally, Foresman claimed to have no plans to establish a back channel involving Trump, stating the reference to his involvement in the Bush-Putin back channel was meant to burnish his credentials to the Campaign. Foresman commented that he had not recognized any of the experts announced as Trump's foreign policy team in March 2016, and wanted to secure an in-person meeting with the candidate to share his professional background and policy views, including that Trump should decline Kobyakov ' s invitation to speak at the Forum.393 2. George Papadopoulos George Papadopoulos was a foreign policy advisor to the Trump Campaign from March 388 See TRUMPORG_16_00137 (4/26/16 Email, Foresman to Graff); TRUMPORG_16_00141 (4/30/16 Email, Foresman to Graff). 389 See TRUMPORG_16_00139 (4/27/16 Email, Graff to Foresman); TRUMPORG_16_00137 (4/27/16 Email, Graff to Lewandowski). 390 TRUMPORG_16_00142 (5/2/16 Email, Graff to S. Miller); see also TRUMPORG_16_00143 (5/2/16 Email, Graff to S. Miller) (forwarding March 2016 email from Foresman). 391 Foresman' s contacts during the transition period are discussed further in Volume I, Section IV.B.3, infra. 392 Foresman 10/17/18 302, at 4. 393 Foresman 10/17/18 302, at 8-9. 80 U.S. Department of Justice AttAFflP,>,r \liAFk PrAA11eJ // 114w· PAA1-Rifl 1'14R1-P.PiRI P FAl P.P.l P.R Ht1AP.I' PP.A R PFifl'I P MP.) 2016 to early October 2016. 394 In late April 2016, Papadopoulos was told by London-based professor Joseph Mifsud, immediately after Mifsud's return from a trip to Moscow, that the Russian government had obtained "dirt" on candidate Clinton in the form of thousands of emails. One week later, on May 6, 2016, Papadopoulos suggested to a representative of a foreign government that the Trump Campaign had received indications from the Russian government that it could assist the Campaign through the anonymous release of information that would be damaging to candidate Clinton. Papadopoulos shared information about Russian "dirt" with people outside of the Campaign, and the Office investigated whether he also provided it to a Campaign official. Papadopoulos and the Campaign officials with whom he interacted told the Office that they did · not recall that Papadopoulos passed them the information. Throughout the relevant period of time and for several months thereafter, Papadopoulos worked with Mifsud and two Russian nationals to arrange a meeting between the Campaign and the Russian government. That meeting never came to pass. a. Origins of Campaign Work In March 2016, Papadopoulos became a foreign policy advisor to the Trump Campaign. 395 As early as the summer of 2015, he had sought a role as a policy advisor to the Campaign but, in a September 30, 2015 email, he was told that the Campaign was not hiring policy advisors.396 In late 2015, Papadopoulos obtained a paid position on the campaign of Republican presidential candidate Ben Carson.397 Although Carson remained in the presidential race until early March 20I 6, Papadopoulos had stopped actively working for his campaign by early February 2016.398 At that time, Papadopoulos reached out to a contact at the London Centre of International Law Practice (LCILP), which billed itself as a "unique institution . . . comprising high-level professional international law practitioners, dedicated to the advancement of global legal knowledge and the practice of international law." 399 Papadopoulos said that he had finished his role with the Carson 394 Papadopoulos met with our Office for debriefings on several occasions in the summer and fall of 2017, after he was arrested and charged in a sealed criminal complaint with making false statements in a January 2017 FBI interview about, inter alia, the timing, extent, and nature of his interactions and communications with Joseph Mifsud and two Russian nationals: Olga Polonskaya and Ivan Timofeev. Papadopoulos later pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to an information charging him with making false statements to the FBI, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § l00l(a). 395 A Transcript of Donald Trump's Meeting with the Washington Post Editorial Board, Washington Post (Mar. 21, 2016). 396 7/15/15 Linkedln Message, Papadopoulos to Lewandowski (6:57 a.m.); 9/30/15 Email, Glassner to Papadopoulos (7:42:21 a.m.). 397 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 2. 398 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 2; 2/4/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Idris. 399 London Centre oflnternational Law Practice, at https://www.lcilp.org/ (via web.archive.org). 81 U.S. Department of Justice AttAFFIP.'•" \VAFlc PFAA11P.t // 114A11 C'A1 tAiF1 II 4AtP.FiAI P rAtP.P.tn fl l ll'IRP.F i:.nfl R DFiFI P Me:'\ campaign and asked if LCILP was hiring. 400 In early February, Papadopoulos agreed to join LCILP and arrived in London to begin work.401 As he was taking his position at LCILP, Papadopoulos contacted Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski via Linkedln and emailed campaign official Michael Glassner about his interest in joining the Trump Campaign.402 On March 2, 2016, Papadopoulos sent Glassner another message reiterating his interest.403 Glassner passed along word of Papadopoulos's interest to another campaign official, Joy Lutes, who notified Papadopoulos by email that she had been told by Glassner to introduce Papadopoulos to Sam Clovis, the Trump Campaign's national co chair and chief policy advisor.404 At the time of Papadopoulos's March 2 email, the media was criticizing the Trump Campaign for lack of experienced foreign policy or national security advisors within its ranks.405 To address that issue, senior Campaign officials asked Clovis to put a foreign policy team together on short notice.406 After receiving Papadopoulos's name from Lutes, Clovis performed a Google search on Papadopoulos, learned that he had worked at the Hudson Institute, and believed that he had credibility on energy issues.407 On March 3, 2016, Clovis arranged to speak with Papadopoulos by phone to discuss Papadopoulos joining the Campaign as a foreign policy advisor, and on March 6, 2016, the two spoke.408 Papadopoulos recalled that Russia was mentioned as a topic, and he understood from the conversation that Russia would be an important aspect of the Campaign's foreign policy.409 At the end of the conversation, Clovis offered Papadopoulos a role as a foreign policy advisor to the Campaign, and Papadopoulos accepted the offer.410 b. Initial Russia-Related Contacts Approximately a week after signing on as a foreign policy advisor, Papadopoulos traveled 400 2/4/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Idris. 401 2/5/16 Email, Idris to Papadopoulos (6:11:25 p.m.); 2/6/16 Email, Idris to Papadopoulos (5:34:15 p.m.). 402 2/4/16 Linkedln Message, Papadopoulos to Lewandowski (1:28 p.m.); 2/4/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Glassner (2:10:36 p.m.). 403 3/2/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Glassner (11:17:23 a.m.). 404 3/2/16 Email, Lutes to Papadopoulos (10:08:15 p.m.). 405 Clovis 10/3/17 302 (1 of2), at 4. 406 Clovis 10/3/17 302 (1 of2), at 4. 407 ; 3/3/16 Email, Lutes to Clovis & Papadopoulos (6:05:47 p.m.). 408 3/6/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis (4:24:21 p.m.). 409 Statement of Offense ,i 4, United States v. George Papadopoulos, 1:17-cr-182 (D.D.C. Oct. 5, 2017), Doc. 19 ("Papadopoulos Statement of Offense"). 410 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice AttAt'l'lP.'<' WAl'k Pt'AAt1et // MA",1 f1Al'ltllit'l Mlltet'ia:I Pt'eteeteEI Ul'l:Eler FeEI. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) to Rome, Italy, as part of his duties with LCILP. 411 The purpose of the trip was to meet officials affiliated with Link Campus University, a for-profit institution headed by a former Italian government official.412 During the visit, Papadopoulos was introduced to Joseph Mifsud. Mifsud is a Maltese national who worked as a professor at the London Academy of Diplomacy in London, England.413 Although Mifsud worked out of London and was also affiliated with LCILP, the encounter in Rome was the first time that Papadopoulos met him.414 Mifsud maintained various Russian contacts while living in London, as described further below. Among his contacts was ,415 a one-time employee of the IRA, the entity that carried out the Russian social media campaign (see Volume I Section II, supra). In January and February 2016, Mifsud and - discussed possibly meeting in Russia. The investigation did not meeting. Later, in the spring of 2016, - was also in contact - that was linked to an employee of the Russian Ministry of Defense, and that account had overlapping contacts with a group of Russian military controlled Facebook accounts that included accounts used to promote the DCLeaks releases in the course of the GRU's hack-and-release operations (see Volume I, Section III.B.1, supra). According to Papadopoulos, Mifsud at first seemed uninterested in Papadopoulos when they met in Rome.416 After Papadopoulos informed Mifsud about his role in the Trump Campaign, however, Mifsud appeared to take greater interest in Papadopoulos.417 The two discussed Mifsud' s European and Russian contacts and had a general discussion about Russia; Mifsud also offered to introduce Papadopoulos to European leaders and others with contacts to the Russian government.418 Papadopoulos told the Office that Mifsud's claim of substantial connections with Russian government officials interested Papadopoulos, who thought that such connections could increase his importance as a policy advisor to the Trump Campaign.419 411 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 2-3; PapadopoulosStatement of Offense ,r 5. 412 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 2-3; Stephanie Kirchgaessner et al., Joseph Mifsud: more questions than answers about mystery professor linked to Russia, The Guardian (Oct. 31, 2017) ("Link Campus University ... is headed by a former Italian interior minister named Vincenzo Scotti."). 413 Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,r 5. 414 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 3. ,, , • Investigative Technique • 1Harm to Ongoing Matter 416 Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,r 5. 4 17 Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,r 5. 4 18 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 3; Papadopoulos 8/11/17 302, at 2. 419 Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,r 5. U.S. Department of Justice A ttAl'FlPU Ulnrl Prot=l11et // M11... DAFlffliFl M11tP.PiRI Prnteetet-i Ht1Aef Pea R Criffi p Me) On March 17, 2016, Papadopoulos returned to London.42 ° Four days later, candidate Trump publicly named him as a member of the foreign policy and national security advisory team chaired by Senator Jeff Sessions, describing Papadopoulos as "an oil and energy consultant" and an "[e]xcellent guy." 421 422 On March 24, 2016, Papadopoulos met with Mifsud in London. Mifsud was accompanied by a Russian female named Olga Polonskaya. Mifsud introduced Polonskaya as a former student of his who had connections to Vladimir Putin. 423 Papadopoulos understood at the time that Polonskaya may have been Putin ' s niece but later learned that this was not true.424 During the meeting, Polonskaya offered to help Papadopoulos establish contacts in Russia and stated that the Russian ambassador in London was a friend of hers.425 Based on this interaction, Papadopoulos expected Mifsud and Polonskaya to introduce him to the Russian ambassador in London, but that did not occur.426 Following his meeting with Mifsud, Papadopoulos sent an email to members of the Trump Campaign' s foreign policy advisory team. The subject line of the message was "Meeting with Russian leadership--including Putin."427 The message stated in pertinent part: I just finished a very productive lunch with a good friend of mine, Joseph Mifsud, the director of the London Academy of Diplomacy--who introduced me to both Putin's niece and the Russian Ambassador in London--who also acts as the Deputy Foreign Minister.428 The topic of the lunch was to arrange a meeting between us and the Russian leadership to discuss U.S.-Russia ties under President Trump. They are keen to host us in a "neutral" city, or directly in Moscow. They said the leadership, including Putin, is ready to meet with us and Mr. Trump should there be interest. Waiting for everyone's thoughts on moving forward with this very important issue.429 420 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 2. 421 Phillip Rucker & Robert Costa, Trump Questions Need for NATO, Outlines Noninterventionist Foreign Policy, Washington Post (Mar. 21, 2016). 422 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 3; 3/24/16 Text Messages, Mifsud & Papadopoulos. 423 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 3. 424 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 3; Papadopoulos 2/10/17 302, at 2-3; Papadopoulos Internet Search History (3/24/16) (revealing late-morning and early-afternoon searches on March 24, 2016 for "putin's niece," "o lga putin," and "russian president niece olga," among other terms). 425 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 3. 426 Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,r 8 n.l. 427 3/24/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Page et al. (8:48:21 a.m.). 428 Papadopoulos's statements to the Campaign were false. As noted above, the woman he met was not Putin's niece, he had not met the Russian Ambassador in London, and the Ambassador did not also serve as Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister. 429 3/24/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Page et al. (8:48:21 a.m.). U.S. Department of Justice 4 **APR@" Uh.,I llFAAtH• * ,',' 4w,· DAR*AiR MnfeFinl llFAtectefl l J:n fler Fefl R Griffl P 6(e) Papadopoulos's message came at a time when Clovis perceived a shift in the Campaign' s approach toward Russia-from one of engaging with Russia through the NATO framework and taking a strong stance on Russian aggression in Ukraine Clovis's response to Papadopoulos, however, did not reflect that shift. Replying to Papadopoulos and the other members of the foreign policy advisory team copied on the initial email, Clovis wrote: This is most informative. Let me work it through the campaign. No commitments until we see how this plays out. My thought is that we probably should not go forward with any meetings with the Russians until we have had occasion to sit with our NATO allies, especially France, Germany and Great Britain. We need to reassure our allies that we are not going to advance anything with Russia until we have everyone on the same page. More thoughts later today. Great work.431 c. March 31 Foreign Policy Team Meeting The Campaign held a meeting of the foreign policy advisory team with Senator Sessions and candidate Trump approximately one week later, on March 31, 2016, in Washington, D.C.432 The meeting-which was intended to generate press coverage for the Campaign433- took place at the Trump International Hotel.434 Papadopoulos flew to Washington for the event. At the meeting, Senator Sessions sat at one end of an oval table, while Trump sat at the other. As reflected in the photograph below (which was posted to Trump's Instagram account), Papadopoulos sat between the two, two seats to Sessions's left: 430 431 3/24/16 Email, Clovis to Papadopoulos et al. (8:55:04 a.m.). 432 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 4; Papadopoulos 8/11/17 302, at 3. 433 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 16-17. 434 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 4. U.S. Department of Justice AttAFl'lf:<.f W1-1Flr PF1-1tim t // 4A• 1 DARlAiR 4Alnl'iAI PF1-1leeteti ( JRtiP.F ¥eti R f'.Fifl'I P Me) March 31, 2016 Meeting of Foreign Policy Team, with Papadopoulos (Fourth from Right of Candidate Trump) During the meeting, each of the newly announced foreign policy advisors introduced themselves and briefly described their areas of experience or expertise.435 Papadopoulos spoke about his previous work in the energy sector and then brought up a potential meeting with Russian officials.436 Specifically, Papadopoulos told the group that he had learned through his contacts in London that Putin wanted to meet with candidate Trump and that these connections could help arrange that meeting.437 Trump and Sessions both reacted to Papadopoulos's statement. Papadopoulos and Campaign advisor J.D. Gordon- who told investigators in an interview that he had a "crystal clear" recollection of the meeting-have stated that Trump was interested in and receptive to the idea of a meeting with Putin.438 Papadopoulos understood Sessions to be similarly supportive of his efforts to arrange a meeting. 439 Gordon and two other attendees, however, recall that Sessions generally opposed the proposal, though they differ in their accounts of the concerns he voiced or the strength of the opposition he expressed.440 d. George Papadopoulos Learns That Russia Has "Dirt" in the Form of Clinton Emails Whatever Sessions's precise words at the March 31 meeting, Papadopoulos did not understand Sessions or anyone else in the Trump Campaign to have directed that he refrain from 435 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 4. 436 Papadopoulos 8/10/17302, at 4. 437 Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,i 9; see Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 14; Carafano 9/12/17 302, at 2; Hoskins 9/14/17 302, at 1. 438 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 4-5; Gordon 9/7/17 302, at 4-5. 439 Papadopoulos 8 /10/1 7 302, at 5; Papadopoulos 8/11/17 302, at 3. 440 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 17; Gordon 9/7/17 302, at 5; Hoskins 9/14/17 302, at l ; Carafano 9/12/17 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice AttAt'l'l@.¥ JJJ:At1l< Pt1nclmit // 4,w r.nAtAi1 4Atct1iAI Pt>ntcctccl l Jn cler Fed R. Gt>iffl P 6(e) making further efforts to arrange a meeting between the Campaign and the Russian government. To the contrary, Papadopoulos told the Office that he understood the Campaign to be supportive of his efforts to arrange such a meeting. 441 Accordingly, when he returned to London, Papadopoulos resumed those efforts.442 Throughout April 2016, Papadopoulos continued to correspond with, meet with, and seek Russia contacts through Mifsud and, at times, Polonskaya. 443 For example, within a week of her initial March 24 meeting with him, Polonskaya attempted to send Papadopoulos a text message which email exchanges show to have been drafted or edited by Mifsud-addressing Papadopoulos ' s "wish to engage with the Russian Federation." 444 When Papadopoulos learned from Mifsud that Polonskaya had tried to message him, he sent her an email seeking another meeting.445 Polonskaya responded the next day that she was "back in St. Petersburg" but "would be very pleased to support [Papadopoulos's] initiatives between our two countries" and "to meet [him] again." 446 Papadopoulos stated in reply that he thought "a good step" would be to introduce him to "the Russian Ambassador in London," and that he would like to talk to the ambassador, "or anyone else you recommend, about a potential foreign policy trip to Russia." 447 M ifsud, who had been copied on the email exchanges, replied on the morning of April 11, 2016. He wrote, "This is already been agreed. I am flying to Moscow on the 18th for a Valdai meeting, plus other meetings at the Duma. We will talk tomorrow." 448 The two bodies referenced by Mifsud are part of or associated with the Russian government: the Duma is a Russian legislative assembly,449 while "Valdai" refers to the Valdai Discussion Club, a Moscow-based group that "is close to Russia's foreign-policy establishment."450 Papadopoulos thanked Mifsud and said that he would see him "tomorrow." 451 For her part, Polonskaya responded that she had "already alerted my personal links to our conversation and your request," that "we are all very excited the possibility of a good relationship with Mr. Trump," and that "[t]he Russian Federation would love to welcome him once his candidature would be officially announced." 452 441 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 4-5; Papadopoulos 8/11/17 302, at 3; Papadopoulos 9/20/17 302, at 2. 442 Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,i 10. 443 Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,i,i 10-15. 444 3/29/16 Emails, Mifsud to Polonskaya (3 :39 a.m. and 5 :36 a.m.). 445 4/10/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Polonskaya (2:45:59 p.m.). 446 4/11/16 Email, Polonskaya to Papadopoulos (3: 11 :24 a.m.). 447 4/11/l 6 Email, Papadopoulos to Polonskaya (9:21:56 a.m.). 448 4/11/16 Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos (11 :43 :53). 449 Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,i 10( c). 450 Anton Troianovski, Putin Ally Warns of Arms Race as Russia Considers Response to US. Nuclear Stance, Washington Post (Feb. 10, 2018) . 451 4/11/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud (11:51:53 a.m.). 452 4/12/16 Email, Polonskaya to Papadopoulos (4:47:06 a.m.). U.S. Department of Justice AttAPAB'<' \l/At·I< llfA1· London/England • 1.w tv - f<- w...' / "'-'V Walid/Sam me ("'- l,./JJ-/ J ,;vv,e No official letter/no message from Trump d .(.,r{; 7.1 htt tt r,_,,/ fl \ They are talking to us. -It is a lot of risk. , ,, -Office of Putin. , tlj, &;;l_ { . lo u4. ---- Jj,, :o/ t / ..f- -.I- r. t:j-,, -Explore: we are a ~ c_pif.l of' fJl,l,/1 . campaign. - .rcr, . i-t "It. r1f"'·5 . offlsrael! EGYPT Willingness to meet the FM sp with Walid/Sam -FM coming t-.;1 1 r- .') -re ,r ¢ 5r w:h t 1H t;J/ 5,,., -Useful to have a session -.. fM tcYII-:, . with -- .\.hJJ1 p ire Cf g;_,,-, -v, .},\ - I,;/>'I-· him. Later communications indicate that Clovis determined that he (Clovis) could not travel. On August 15, 2016, Papadopoulos emailed Clovis that he had received requests from multiple foreign governments, "even Russia[], " for " close d door workshops/consultations abroad," and asked whether there was still interest for Clovis, Phares, and Papadopoulos "to go on that trip."490 Clovis copied Phares on his response, which said that he could not "travel before the election" but that he "would encourage [Papadopoulos] and Walid to make the trips, if it is feasible."491 488 Papadopoulos 9/20/17 302, at 3. 489 Papadopoulos declined to assist in deciphering his notes, telling investigators that he could not read his own handwriting from the journal. Papadopoulos 9/19/17 302, at 21. The notes, howeve,r appear to read as listed in the column to the left of the image above. 490 8/15/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis (11:59:07 a.m.). 491 8/15/16 Email, Clovis to Papadopoulos (12:01 :45 p.m.). U.S. Department of Justice AttAf'l'lfW \VAFk Pl'AAl!et // 4A• 1 DAAfAiA Tl.4Rfef'iA1 P1•Ateetefl l fl'l et Pefl R. Gt•iA'I P Me'l Papadopoulos was dismissed from the Trump Campaign in early October 2016, after an interview he gave to the Russian news agency Inter/ax generated adverse publicity.492 f. Trump Campaign Knowledge of "Dirt" Papadopoulos admitted telling at least one individual outside of the Campaign specifically, the then-Greek foreign minister-about Russia's obtaining Clinton-related emails.493 In addition, a different foreign government informed the FBI that, 10 days after meeting with Mifsud in late April 2016, Papadopoulos suggested that the Trump Campaign had received indications from the Russian government that it could assist the Campaign through the anonymous release of information that would be damaging to Hillary Clinton.494 (This conversation occurred after the GRU spearphished Clinton Campaign chairman John Podesta and stole his emails, and the GRU hacked into the DCCC and DNC, see Volume l, Sections III.A & III.B, supra.) Such disclosures raised questions about whether Papadopoulos informed any Trump Campaign official about the emails. When interviewed, Papadopoulos and the Campaign officials who interacted with him told the Office that they could not recall Papadopoulos' s sharing the information that Russia had obtained "dirt" on candidate Clinton in the form of emails or that Russia could assist the Campaign through the anonymous release of information about Clinton. Papadopoulos stated that he could not clearly recall having told anyone on the Campaign and wavered about whether he accurately remembered an incident in which Clovis had been upset after hearing Papadopoulos tell Clovis that Papadopoulos thought "they have her emails."495 The Campaign officials who interacted or corresponded with Papadopoulos have similarly stated, with varying degrees of certainty, that he did not tell them. Senior policy advisor Stephen Miller, for example, did not remember hearing anything from Papadopoulos or Clovis about Russia having emails of or dirt on candidate Clinton.496 Clovis stated that he did not recall anyone, including Papadopoulos, having given him non-public information that a foreign government might be in possession of material damaging to Hillarv Clinton.497 492 George Papadopoulos: Sanctions Have Done Little More Than to Turn Russia Towards China , Interfax (Sept. 30, 2016). 493 Papadopoulos 9/19/17 302, at 14-15; Def. Sent. Mem., United States v. George Papadopoulos, 1:17-cr-182 (D.D.C. Aug. 31, 2018), Doc. 45. 494 See footnote 465 of Volume I, Section IV.A.2.d, supra. 495 Papadopoulos 8/10/17 302, at 5; Papadopoulos 8/11/17 302, at 5; Papadopoulos 9/20/17 302, at 2. 496 S. Miller 12/14/17 302, at 10. 497 U.S. Department of Justice 4 ttAPRPv \Un..l P, A 110.t /,' Ma•,r Cf)tttaifl Mat:eFial PFel:eet:ecl Unclef Feel. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) Noaocumentary evidence, and nothing in the email accounts or other communications facilities reviewed by the Office, shows that Papadopoulos shared this information with the Campaign. g. Additional George Papadopoulos Contact The Office investigated another Russia-related contact with Papadopoulos. The Office was not fully able to explore the contact because the individual at issue-Sergei Millian- remained out of the country since the inception of our investigation and declined to meet with members of the Office despite our repeated efforts to obtain an interview. Papadopoulos first connected with Millian via Linkedln on July 15, 2016, shmtly after Papadopoulos had attended the TAG Summit with Clovis.500 Millian, an American citizen who is a native of Belarus, introduced himself "as president of [the] New York-based Russian American Chamber of Commerce," and claimed that through that position he had " insider knowledge and direct access to the top hierarchy in Russian politics."501 Papadopoulos asked Timofeev whether he had heard of Millian.502 Although Timofeev said no,503 Papadopoulos met Millian in New York City.504 The meetings took place on July 30 and August 1, 2016.505 Afterwards, Millian invited Papadopoulos to attend-and potentially speak at-two international energy conferences, including one that was to be held in Moscow in September 2016.506 Papadopoulos ultimately did not attend either conference. On July 31, 2016, following his first in-person meeting with Millian, Papadopoulos emailed Trump Campaign official Bo Denysyk to say that he had been contacted "by some leaders of Russian-American voters here in the US about their interest in voting for Mr. Trump," and to ask whether he should "put you in touch with their group (US-Russia chamber of commerce)."507 Denysyk thanked Papadopoulos "for taking the initiative," but asked him to " hold off with 499 500 7/15/16 Linkedln Message, Millian to Papadopoulos. 501 7/15/16 Linkedln Message, Millian to Papadopoulos. 502 7/22/16 Facebook Message, Papadopoulos to Timofeev (7:40:23 p.m.); 7/26/16 Facebook Message, Papadopoulos to Timofeev (3:08:57 p.m.). 503 7/23/16 Facebook Message, Timofeev to Papadopoulos (4:31:37 a.m.); 7/26/16 Facebook Message, Timofeev to Papadopoulos (3:37:16 p.m.). 504 7/16/16 Text Messages, Papadopoulos & Millian (7:55:43 p.m.). 505 7/30/16 Text Messages, Papadopoulos & Millian (5:38 & 6:05 p.m.); 7/31/16 Text Messages, Millian & Papadopoulos (3:48 & 4:18 p.m.); 8/1/16 Text Message, Millian to Papadopoulos (8:19 p.m.). 506 8/2/16 Text Messages, Millian & Papadopoulos (3:04 & 3:05 p.m.); 8/3/16 Facebook Messages, Papadopoulos & Millian (4:07:37 a.m. & 1:11:58 p.m.). 507 7/31/16 Email, Papadopoulos to Denysyk(12:29:59 p.m.). U.S. Department of Justice "HAPl'lP>" nrAl'lf PPAA11eit // Hw· DAA1>Ril'I fl..4ntcwiR1 PPAteieitefl Unfler Fed R Griff! P 6(e) outreach to Russian-Americans" because "too many articles" had already portrayed the Campaign, then-campaign chairman Paul Manafort, and candidate Trump as " being pro- Russian."508 On August 23, 2016, Millian sent a Facebook message to Papadopoulos promising that he would "share with you a disruptive technology that might be instrumental in your political work for the campaign."509 Papadopoulos claimed to have no recollection of this matter. 510 On November 9, 2016, shortly after the election, Papadopoulos arranged to meet Millian in Chicago to discuss business opportunities, including potential work with Russian " billionaires who are not under sanctions." 511 The meeting took place on November 14, 2016, at the Trump Hotel and Tower in Chicago.512 According to Papadopoulos, the two men discussed partnering on business deals, but Papadopoulos perceived that Millian's attitude toward him changed when Papadopoulos stated that he was only pursuing private-sector opportunities and was not interested in a job in the Administration5. 13 The two remained in contact, however , and had extended online discussions about possible business opportunities in Russia.514 The two also arranged to meet at a Washington, D.C. bar when both attended Trump's inauguration in late January 2017.515 3. Carter Page Carter Page worked for the Trump Campaign from January 2016 to September 2016. He was formally and publicly announced as a foreign policy advisor by the candidate in March 2016.516 Page had lived and worked in Russia, and he had been approached by Russian intelligence officers several years before he volunteered for the Trump Campaign. During his time with the Campaign, Page advocated pro-Russia foreign policy positions and traveled to Moscow in his personal capacity. Russian intelligence officials had formed relationships with Page in 2008 and 2013 and Russian officials may have focused on Page in 2016 because of his affiliation with the Campaign. However, the investigation did not establish that Page coordinated with the Russian government in its efforts to interfere with the 2016 presidential election. 508 7/31/16 Email, Denysyk to Papadopoulos (21:54:52). 509 8/23/16 Facebook Message, Millian to Papadopoulos (2:55:36 a.m.). 510 Papadopoulos 9/20/17 302, at 2. 511 11/10/16 Facebook Message, Millian to Papadopoulos (9:35:05 p.m.). 512 11/14/16 Facebook Message, Millian to Papadopoulos (1:32:11 a.m.). 513 Papadopoulos 9/19/17 302, at 19. 514 E.g., 11/29 /16 Facebook Messages, Papadopoulos & Millian (5:09 - 5:11 p.m.); 12/7/16 Facebook Message, Millian to Papadopoulos (5:10:54 p.m.). 515 1/20/17 Facebook Messages, Papadopoulos & Millian (4:37-4:39 a.m.). 516 Page was interviewed b Counsel 's appointment. U.S. Department of Justice AttAPAev WAPI< Pt100uet// MA.,. DAAfAiA ·fotael'iAI Pt1oteef'e0 HAser Fecl R Criffl P 6(e) a. Background Before he began working for the Campaign in January 2016, Page had substantial prior experience studying Russian policy issues and living and working in Moscow. From 2004 to 2007, Page was the deputy branch manager of Merrill Lynch's Moscow office.517 There, he worked on transactions involving the Russian energy company Gazprom and came to know Gazprom' s deputy chief financial officer, Sergey Yatsenko.518 In 2008, Page founded Global Energy Capital LLC (GEC), an in 519---------------------- advisor firm focused on the energy sector in emerging markets. y. ------ , 52 0 The company otherwise had no sources of income, and Page was forced to draw down his life savings to support himself and pursue his business venture.521 Page asked Yatsenko to work with him at GEC as a senior advisor on a contin basis In 2008, Page met Alexander Bulatov, a Russian government official who worked at the Russian Consulate in New York.523 Page later learned that Bulatov was a Russian intelligence officer, 524 In 2013, Victor Podobnyy, another Russian intelligence officer working covertly in the United States under diplomatic cover, formed a relationship with Page.525 Podobnyy met Page at an energy symposium in New York City and began exchanging emails with him. 526 Podobnyy and Page also met in person on multiple occasions, during which Page offered his outlook on the future of the energy industry and provided documents to Podobnyy about the energy business. 527 In a recorded conversation on April 8, 2013, Podobnyy told another intelligence officer that Page was interested in business opportunities in Russia. 528 In Podobnyy's words, Page "got hooked on 517 Testimony of Carter Page, Hearing Before the U.S. House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 115th Cong. 40 (Nov. 2, 2017) (exhibit). 518 Page 3/30/17 302, at 10. 519 520 521 523 524 Complaint ,r,r 22, 2 4, 32, United States v. Buryakov, 1:15- 525 mj-215 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 20 I5), Doc. 1 ("Buryakov Complaint"). 526 Buryakov Complaint ,r 34. 527 Buryakov Complaint ,r 3 4. Buryakov Complaint ,r 32 . 528 U.S. Department of Justice A 1a1a""11-'1'11»71 WAPlf P1-1AAIIP.t // 4fl.. GFlfl1'fliA 4M ef i!l:I Preteetea Uttaer Fee. R. Crtffl:. P. 6(e) Gazprom thinking that if they have a project, he could ... rise up. Maybe he can ......[I]'stobvious that he wants to earn lots of money."529 Podobnyy said that he had led Page on by "feed[ing] him empty promises" that Podobnyy would use his Russian business connections to help Page.530 Podobnyy told the other intelligence officer that his method of recruiting foreign sources was to promise them favors and then discard them once he obtained relevant information from them.531 In 2015, Podobnyy and two other Russian intelligence officers were charged with conspiracy to act as an unregistered agent of a foreign government. 532 The criminal complaint detailed Podobnyy's interactions with and conversations about Page, who was identified only as "Male-1."533 Based on the criminal complaint' s description of the interactions, Page was aware that he was the individual described as "Male-l."534 Page later spoke with a Russian government official at the United Nations General Assembly and identified himself so that the official would understand he was "Male-I" from the Podobnyy complaint.535 Page told the official that he "didn't 536 do anything" In interviews with the FBI before the Office's opening, Page acknowledged that he understood that the individuals he had associated with were members of the Russian intelligence services, but he stated that he had only provided immaterial non-public information to them and that he did not view this relationship as a backchannel.537 Page told investig ating agents that "the more immaterial non-public information I give them, the better for this country." 538 b. Origins of and Early Campaign Work In January 2016, Page began volunteering on an informal, unpaid basis for the Trump Campaign after Ed Cox, a state Republican Party official, introduced Page to Trump Campaign officials.539 Page told the Office that his goal in working on the Campaign was to help candidate Trump improve relations with Russia.540 To that end, Page emailed Campaign officials offering his thoughts on U.S.-Russia relations, prepared talking points and briefing memos on Russia, and 529 Buryakov Complaint. 530 Buryakov Complaint. 531 Buryakov Complaint. 532 See Buryakov Com laint; see also Indictment United States v. Buryakov, 1:15-cr-73 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 9, 2015), Doc. 10; 533 Buryakov Complaint ,r,r 32-34; 534 535 Page 3/16/17 302, at 4; 536 Page 3/16/17 302, at 4; 537 Page 3/30/17 302, at 6; Page 3/31/17 302, at I. 538 Page 3/31/17 302, at 1. 539 Page 3/16/17 302, at l; 540 Page 3/10/17 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice AttAf'l'HW WAFI( Pf'f'lSttet // Mw,· GAAfAiA MA4ef'ifl.l Pff'lteetea Ut1aer F ee. R. Griff!:. P. 6(e) proposed that candidate Trump meet with President Vladimir Putin in Moscow.541 In communications with Campaign officials, Page also repeatedly touted his high-level contacts in Russia and his ability to forge connections between candidate Trump and senior Russian governmental officials. For example, on January 30, 2016, Page sent an email to senior Campaign officials stating that he had "spent the past week in Europe and ha[d] been in discussions with some individuals with close ties to the Kremlin" who recognized that Trump could have a " game-changing effect ...in bringing the end of the new Cold War."542 The email stated that "[t]hrough [his] discussions with these high level contacts," Page believed that "a direct meeting in Moscow between Mr[.] Trump and Putin could be arranged."543 Page closed the email b criticizing U.S. sanctions on Russia.544 On March 21, 2016, candidate Trump formally and publicly identified Page as a member of his foreign policy team to advise on Russia and the energy sector.546 Over the next several months, Page continued providing policy-related work product to Campaign officials. For example, in April 2016, Page provided feedback on an outline for a foreign policy speech that the candidate gave at the Mayflower Hotel,547 see Volume I, Section IV.A.4, infra. In May 2016, Page prepared an outline of an energy policy speech for the Campaign and then traveled to Bismarck, North Dakota, to watch the candidate deliver the speech.548 Chief policy advisor Sam Clovis expressed appreciation for Page's work and praised his work to other Campaign officials.549 c.Carter Page's July 2016 Trip To Moscow Page's affiliation with the Trump Campaign took on a higher profile and drew the attention of Russian officials after the candidate named him a foreign policy advisor. As a result, in late April 2016, Page was invited to give a speech at the July 2016 commencement ceremony at the 541 See, e.g., 1/30/16 Email, Page to Glassner et al.; 3/17/16 Email, Page to Clovis (attaching a "P resident' s Daily Brief' prepared by Page that discussed the "severe de radation ofU.S.-Russia relations following Washington's meddling" in Ukraine); 542 1/30/16 Email, Page to Glassner et al. 543 1/30/16 Email, Page to Glassner et al. 544 1/30/16 Email, Page to Glassner et al. 545 546 A Transcript of Donald with the Washington Post Editorial Board, Washington Post (Mar. 21, 2016); 547 548 549 See, e.g., 3/28/16 Email, Clovis to Lewandowski et al. (forwarding note. s prepared by Page and stating , "I wanted to let you know the type of work some of our advisors are capable of."). U.S. Department of Justice AttFIPAf\Ti l,.l,1Fll'lt Pl'F1A11et// 4w.· f'.oAtRiA MRtefiRI PPFlteetefl Hnser i-:es R Criffi p 6(e) New Economic School (NES) in Moscow. 550 The NES commencement ceremony generally featured high-profile speakers; for example, President Barack Obama delivered a commencement address at the school in 2009. 551 NES officials told the Office that the interest in inviting Page to speak at NES was' based entirely on his status as a Trump Campaign advisor who served as the candidate' s Russia expert.552 Andrej Krickovic, an associate of Page' s and assistant professor at the Higher School of Economics in Russia, recommended that NES rector Shlomo Weber invite Page to give the commencement address based on his connection to the Trump Campaign.553 Denis Klimentov, an employee ofNES, said that when Russians learned of Page's involvement in the Trump Campaign in March 2016, the excitement was palpable.554 Weber recalled that in summer 2016 there was substantial interest in the Trump Campaign in Moscow, and he felt that bringing a member of the Campaign to the school would be beneficial.555 Page was eager to accept the invitation to speak at NES, and he sought approval from Trump Campaign officials to make the trip to Russia.556 On May 16, 2016, while that request was still under consideration, Page emailed Clovis, J.D. Gordon, and Walid Phares and suggested that candidate Trump take his place speaking at the commencement ceremony in Moscow.557 On June 19, 2016, Page followed up again to request approval to speak at the NES event and to reiterate that NES "would love to have Mr. Trump speak at this annual celebration" in Page's place.558 Campaign manager Corey Lewandowski responded the same day, saying, "If you want to do this, it would be out side [sic] of your role with the DJT for President campaign. I am certain Mr. Trump will not be able to attend."559 In early July 2016, Page traveled to Russia for the NES events. On July 5, 2016, Denis Klimentov, copying his brother, Dmitri Klimentov,560 emailed Maria Zakharova, the Director of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Information and Press Department, about Page's visit and his connection to the Trump Campaign.561 Denis Klimentov said in the email that he wanted to draw the Russian government's attention to Page's visit in Moscow.562 His message to Zakharova 550 Page 3/16/17 302, at 2-3; Page 3/10/17 302, at 3. 551 S. Weber 7/28/17 302, at 3. 552 Y. Weber 6/1/17 302, at 4-5; S. Weber 7/28/17 302, at 3. 553 See Y. Weber 6/1/17 302, at 4; S. Weber 7/28/17 302, at 3. 554 De. Klimentov 6/9/17 302, at 2. 555 S. Weber 7/28/17 302, at 3. 556 See 5/16/16 Email, Page to Phares et al. (referring to submission of a "campaign advisor request form"). 557 ; 5/16/16 Email, Page to Phares et al. 558 6/19/16 Email, Page to Gordon et al. 559 6/19/16 Email, Lewandowski to Page et al. 560 Dmitri Klimentov is a New York-based public relations consultant 561 7/5/16 Email, Klimentov to Zakharova (translated). 562 7/5/16 Email, Klimentov to Zakharova (translated). U.S. Department of Justice Attf'lt'l'IC,Y, \Vf'lt'l( Pma1-.1et // Mn¥ rf'll'l*nil'I Mn*cwinl Pff'l*ee*eA lJ!'IAet' Pee R. Gt1iM P. 6(e) continued: "Page is Trump's adviser on foreign policy. He is a known businessman; he used to work in Russia. . . . If you have any questions, I will be happy to help contact him." 563 Dmitri Klimentov then contacted Russian Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov about Page's visit to see if Peskov wanted to introduce Page to any Russian government officials. 564 The following day, Peskov responded to what appears to have been the same Denis Klimentov-Zakharova email thread. Peskov wrote, "I have read about [Page]. Specialists say that he is far from being the main one. So I better not initiate a meeting in the Kremlin." 565 On July 7, 2016, Page delivered the first of his two speeches in Moscow at NES.566 In the speech, Page criticized the U.S. government' s foreign policy toward Russia, stating that "Washington and other Western capitals have impeded potential progress through their often hypocritical focus on ideas such as democratization , inequa lity, corruption and regime change."567 On July 8, 2016, Page delivered a speech during the NES commencement.568 After Page delivered his commencement address, Russian Deputy Prime Minister and NES board member Arkady Dvorkovich spoke at the ceremony and stated that the sanctions the United States had imposed on Russia had hurt the NES.569 Page and Dvorkovich shook hands at the commencement ceremony, and Weber recalled that Dvorkovich made statements to Page about working together in the future. 570 Page said that, during his time in Moscow, he met with friends and associates he knew from when he lived in Russia, including Andrey Baranov, a former Gazprom employee who had become the head of investor relations at Rosneft, a Russian energy company. 572 Page stated that he and Baranov talked about " immaterial non-public" information.573 Page believed he and Baranov discussed Rosneft president Igor Sechin, and he thought Baranov might have mentioned 563 7/5/16 Email, Klimentov to Zakharova (translated) . 564 Dm. Klimentov 11/27/18 302, at 1-2. 565 7/6/16 Email, Peskov to Klimentov (translated). 566 Page 3/10/17 302, at 3. 567 See Carter W. Page, The Lecture of Trump's Advisor Carter Page in Moscow, YouTube Channel Katehon Think Tank, Posted July 7, 2016, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch? time_continue =28&v= lCYF29saA9w. Page also provided the FBI with a copy of his speech and slides from the speech. See Carter Page, "The Evolution of the World Economy: Trends and Potential," Speech at National Economic Speech (July 7, 2016). 568 Page 3/10/17 302, at 3. 569 Page 3/16/17 302, at 3. 570 S. Weber 7/28/17 302, at 4. 571 572 Page 3/10/17 302, at 3; Page 3/30/17 302, at 3; Page 3/31/17 302, at 2. 573 Page 3/30/17 302, at 3. U.S. Department of Justice c\ t4"0 PR P'" WAFlc PrA Fh1@.t // Mwv GAt t:ail'l Material Preteetecl Utlcler Feel. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) the possibility of a sale of a stake in Rosneft in passing. 574 Page recalled mentioning his involvement in the Trump Campaign with Baranov, although he did not remember details of the conversation.575 Page also met with individuals from Tatneft, a Russian energy company, to discuss possible business deals, including having Page work as a consultant. 576 On July 8, 2016, while he was in Moscow, Page emailed several Campaign officials and stated he would send "a readout soon regarding some incredible insights and outreach I've received from a few Russian legislators and senior members of the Presidential Administration here."577 On July 9, 2016, Page emailed Clovis, writing in pertinent part: Russian Deputy Prime minister and NES board member Arkady Dvorkovich also spoke before the event. In a private conversation, Dvorkovich expressed strong support for Mr. Trump and a desire to work together toward devising better solutions in response to the vast range of current international problems. Based on feedback from a diverse array of other sources close to the Presidential Administration, it was readily apparent that this sentiment is widely held at all levels of government.578 The Office was unable to obtain additional evidence or testimony about who Page may have met or communicated with in Moscow; thus, Page's activities in Russia-as described in his emails with the Campaign-were not fully explained. 576 Page 3/10/17 302, at 3; Page 3/30/17 302, at 7; Page 3/31/17 302, at 2. 577 7/8/16 Email, Page to Dahl & Gordon. 578 579 580 581 582 U.S. Department of Justice AttmRe"' \l/Al'lc Pl'flRHet// H1w DP1R*Ai1 MAte,iAI Pl'flteeted TJ:ndel' Fed R Gt'iM. P. 6(e) d. Later Campaign Work and Removal from the Campaign In July 2016, after returning from Russia, Page traveled to the Republican National Convention in Cleveland.583 While there, Page met Russian Ambassador to the United States Sergey Kislyak; that interaction is described in Volume I, Section IV.A.6.a, infra.584 Page later emailed Campaign officials with feedback he said he received from ambassadors he had met at the Convention, and he wrote that Ambassador Kislvak was verv worried about candidate Clinton's world views.585 Following the Convention, Page's trip to Moscow and his advocacy for pro-Russia foreign policy drew the media's attention and began to generate substantial press coverage. The Campaign responded by distancing itself from Page, describing him as an "informal foreign policy advisor" who did "not speak for Mr. Trump or the campaign."587 On September 23, 2016, Yahoo! News reported that U.S. intelligence officials were investigating whether Page had opened private communications with senior Russian officials to discuss U.S. sanctions policy under a possible Trump Administration5.88 A Campaign spokesman told Yahoo! News that Page had "no role" in the Campaign and that the Campaign was "not aware of any of his activities , past or present."589 On September 24, 2016, Page was formally removed from the Campaign.590 Although Page had been removed from the Campaign, after the election he sought a position in the Trump Administration.591 On November 14, 2016, he submitted an application to the Transition Team that inflated his credentials and experiences, stating that in his capacity as a Trump Campaign foreign policy advisor he had met with "top world leaders" and "effect ively 53 & Page 3/10/17 302, at 4; Page 3/16/17 302, at 3. 5 4 & Page 3/10/17 302, at 4; Page 3/16/17 302, at 3. 5&5 ; 7/23/16 Email, Page to Clovis; 7/25/16 Email, Page to Gordon & Schmitz. 586 587 See, e.g., Steven Mufson & Tom Hamburger, Trump Advisor's Public Comments, Ties to Moscow Stir Unease in Both Parties, Washington Post (Aug. 5, 2016). 58 & Michael Isikoff, US. Intel Officials Probe Ties Between Trump Adviser and Kremlin, Yahoo! News (Sept. 23, 2016). 59 &Michael Isikoff, US. Intel Officials Probe Ties Between Trump Adviser and Kremlin, Yahoo! News (Sept. 23, 2016); see also 9/25/16 Email, Hicks to Conway & Bannon (instructing that inquiries about Page should be answered with "[h]e was announced as an informal adviser in March. Since then he has had no role or official contact with the campaign. We have no knowledge of activities past or present and he now officially has been removed from all lists etc."). 590 Page3/16/17 302, at 2; see, e.g., 9/23/16 Email, J. Miller to Bannon & S. Miller (discussing plans to remove Page from the campaign). I, "Transition Online Form," 11/14/16 - U.S. Department of Justice AttArF1e>1 Wm•lf Pr0dttet // Mn..• G.AA*niA MMeri81 Pr0teeted Uttder Fee R. Crim P 6(e) responded to diplomatic outreach efforts from senior government officials in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, [and] the Americas."592 Page received no response from the Transition Team. When Page took a personal trip to Moscow in December 2016, he met again with at least one Russian government official. That interaction and a discussion of the December trip are set forth in Volume I, Section IV.B.6, infra. 4. Dimitri Simes and the Center for the National Interest Members of the Trump Campaign interacted on several occasions with the Center for the National Interest (CNI), principally through its President and Chief Executive Officer, Dimitri Simes. CNI is a think tank with expertise in and connections to the Russian government. Simes was born in the former Soviet Union and immigrated to the United States in the 1970s. In April 2016, candidate Trump delivered his first speech on foreign policy and national security at an event hosted by the National Interest, a publication affiliated with CNI. Then-Senator Jeff Sessions and Russian Ambassador Kislyak both attended the event and, as a result, it gained some attention in relation to Sessions's confirmation hearings to become Attorney General. Sessions had various other contacts with CNI during the campaign period on foreign-policy matters, including Russia. Jared Kushner also interacted with Simes about Russian issues during the campaign. The investigation did not identify evidence that the Campaign passed or received any messages to or from the Russian government through CNI or Simes. a. CNI and Dimitri Simes Connect with the Trump Campaign CNI is a Washington-based non-profit organization that grew out of a center founded by former President Richard Nixon.593 CNI describes itself "as a voice for strategic realism in U.S. foreign policy," and publishes a bi-monthly foreign policy magazine, the National Interest.594 CNI is overseen by a board of directors and an advisory council that is largely honorary and whose members at the relevant time included Sessions, who served as an advisor to candidate Trump on national security and foreign policy issues.595 Dimitri Simes is president and CEO of CNI and the publisher and CEO of the National Jnt erest.596 Simes was born in the former Soviet Union, emigrated to the United States in the early 1970s, and joined CNI's predecessor after working at the Carnegie Endowment for International 593 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 1-2. 594 About the Center, CNI, available at https://cftni.org/about/. 595 Advisory Counsel, CNl, available at https://web.archive.org/web/20161030025331/ http://cftni.org/about/advisory-c ou ncil/; Simes 3/8/18 302, at 3-4; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 4; Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 16. 596 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice A tt"'"R"'" W0 .-I, llFAf'li1"'-* // fo·,· GPlR1'!l:iR M!l:taerial Preteetecl Uncler Fecl. R:. Criffl. P. 6(e) Peace5. 97 Simes personally has many contacts with current and former Russian government officials, 598 as does CNI collectively. As CNI stated when seeking a grant from the Carnegie Corporation in 2015, CNI has "unparalleled access to Russian officials and politicians among Washington think tanks,"599 in part because CNI has arranged for U.S. delegations to visit Russia and for Russian delegations to visit the United States as patt of so-called "Track 11" diplomatic · efforts.600 On March 14, 2016, CNI board member Richard Plepler organized a luncheon for CNI and its honorary chairman, Henry Kissinger, at the Time Warner Building in New York.601 The idea behind the event was to generate interest in CNI's work and recruit new board members for CNI.602 Along with Simes, attendees at the event included Jared Kushner, son-in-law of candidate Trump.603 Kushner told the Office that the event came at a time when the Trump Campaign was having trouble securing support from experienced foreign policy professionals and that, as a result, he decided to seek Simes's assistance during the March 14 event.604 Simes and Kushner spoke again on a March 24, 2016 telephone call,605 three days after Trump had publicly named the team of foreign policy advisors that had been put together on short notice.606 On March 31, 2016, Simes and Kushner had an in-person, one-on-one meeting in Kushner's New York office.607 During that meeting, Simes told Kushner that the best way to handle foreign-policy issues for the Trump Campaign would be to organize an advisory group of experts to meet with candidate Trump and develop a foreign policy approach that was consistent with Trump's voice.608 Simes believed that Kushner was receptive to that suggestion.609 Simes also had contact with other individuals associated with the Trump Campaign regarding the Campaign's foreign policy positions. For example, on June 17, 2016, Simes sent J.D. Gordon an email with a "memo to Senator Sessions that we discussed at our recent meeting" 597 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 1-2; Simes 3/27/18 302, at 19. 598 Simes 3/27/18 302, at 10-15. 599 C000l 1656 (Rethinking US-Russia Relatoi ns,CNI (Apr. 18, 2015)). 600 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 5; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 29-30; Zakheim 1/25/18 302, at 3. 601 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 6; C00006784 (3/11/16 Email, Gilbride to Saunders (3:43:12 p.m.); cf Zakheim 1/25/18 302, at 1 (Kissinger was CNI's "Honorary Chairman of the Board"); Boyd 1/24/18 302, at 2; P. Sanders 2/15/18 302, at 5. 602 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 5-6; Simes 3/27/18 302, at 2. 603 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 6; Kushner 4/11/18 302 at 2. 604 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 2. 605 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 6-7. 606 see Volume I, Section IV.A.2, supra. 607 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 7-9. 608 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 7-8. 609 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 8; see also Boyd 1/24/18 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice 6 j;.j; .,, P" lVMI< PPncl11et // Ma,· CeA aiA Material Preteetecl UA.cler Fecl. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) and asked Gordon to both read it and share it with Sessions. The memorandum proposed building a "small and carefully selected group of experts" to assist Sessions with the Campaign, operating under the assumption "that Hillary Clinton is very vulnerable on national security and foreign policy issues." The memorandum outlined key issues for the Campaign, including a " new beginning with Russia."610 b. National Interest Hosts a Foreign Policy Speech at the Mayflower Hotel During both their March 24 phone call and their March 31 in-person meeting, Simes and Kushner discussed the possibility of CNI hosting a foreign policy speech by candidate Trump. 611 Following those conversations, Simes agreed that he and others associated with CNI would provide behind-the-scenes input on the substance of the foreign-policy speech and that CNI officials would coordinate the logistics of the speech with Sessions and his staff, including Sessions's chief of staff, Rick Dearborn. 612 In mid-April 2016, Kushner put Simes in contact with senior policy advisor Stephen Miller and forwarded to Simes an outline of the foreign-policy speech that Miller had prepared.613 Simes sent back to the Campaign bullet points with ideas for the speech that he had drafted with CNI Executive Director Paul Saunders and board member Richard Burt.614 Simes received subsequent draft outlines from Miller, and he and Saunders spoke to Miller by phone about substantive changes to the speech.615 It is not clear, however, whether CNI officials received an actual draft of the speech for comment; while Saunders recalled having received an actual draft, Simes did not, and the emails that CNI produced to this Office do not contain such a draft.616 After board members expressed concern to Simes that CNl's hosting the speech could be perceived as an endorsement of a particular candidate, CNI decided to have its publication, the National Interest, serve as the host and to have the event at the National Press Club. 617 Kushner later requested that the event be moved to the Mayflower Hotel, which was another venue that Simes had mentioned during initial discussions with the Campaign, in order to address concerns about security and capacity.618 61 ° C00008187 (6/17/16 Email, Simes to Gordon (3:35:45 p.m.)). 611 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 7. 612 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 8-11; C00008923 (4/6/16 Email, Simes to Burt (2:22:28 p.m.)); Burt 2/9/18 302, at 7. 613 C00008551 (4/17/16 Email, Kushner to Simes (2:44:25 p.m.)); C00006759 (4/14/16 Email Kushner to Simes & S. Miller (12:30 p.m.)). 614 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 7; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 7-8. 615 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 13; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 7-8. 616 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 13; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 7-8. 617 Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 8; Simes 3/8/18 302, at 12; C00003834-43 (4/22/16 Email, Simes to Boyd et al. (8:47 a.m.)). 618 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 12, 18; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 11. U.S. Department of Justice AttArRfV•' '.ltMlc Pl'AA11et // 4A• 1 DARtAiR MAteFiAI Pl'Ateetefl l Jnfler J;sefl R. Ct1iffl P Me) On April 25, 2016, Saunders booked event rooms at the Mayflower to host both the speech and a VIP reception that was to be held beforehand.619 Saunders understood that the reception at which invitees would have the chance to mee·t candidate Trump--would be a small event.620 Saunders decided who would attend by looking at the list of CNI's invitees to the speech itself and then choosing a subset for the reception.621 CNI's invitees to the reception included Sessions and Kislyak.622 The week before the speech Simes had informed Kislyak that he would be invited to the speech, and that he would have the opportunity to meet Trump.623 When the pre-speech reception began on April 27, a receiving line was quickly organized so that attendees could meet Trump. 624 Sessions first stood next to Trump to introduce him to the members of Congress who were in attendance. 625 After those members had been introduced, Simes stood next to Trump and introduced him to the CNI invitees in attendance, including Kislyak.626 Simes perceived the introduction to be positive and friendly, but thought it clear that Kislyak and Trump had just met for the first time.627 Kislyak also met Kushner during the pre speech reception. The two shook hands and chatted for a minute or two, during which Kushner recalled Kislyak saying, "we like what your candidate is saying ... it's refreshing." 628 Several public reports state that, in addition to speaking to Kushner at the pre-speech reception, Kislyak also met or conversed with Sessions at that time.629 Sessions stated to investigators, however, that he did not remember any such conversation.630 Nor did anyone else affiliated with CNI or the National Interest specifically recall a conversation or meeting between Sessions and Kislyak at the pre-speech reception.631 It appears that, if a conversation occurred at the pre-speech reception, it was a brief one conducted in public view, similar to the exchange between Kushner and Kislyak. 619 Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 11-12; C00006651-57 (Mayflower Group Sales Agreement). 620 Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 12-13. 621 Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 12. 622 C00002575 (Attendee List); C00008536 (4/25/16 Email, Simes to Kushner (4:53:45 p.m.)). 623 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 19-20. 624 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 21. 625 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 21. 626 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 21. 627 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 21. 628 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 4. 629 See, e.g., Ken Dilanian, Did Trump, Kushner, Sessions Have an Undisclosed Meeting With Russian?, NBC News (June 1, 2016); Julia Ioffe, Why Did Jeff Sessions Really Meet With Sergey Kislyak, The Atlantic (June 13, 2017). 630 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 22. 631 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 21; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 14, 21; Boyd 1/24/18 302, at 3-4; Heilbrunn 2/1/18 302, at 6; Statement Regarding President Trump's April 27, 2016 Foreign Policy Speech at the Center for the National Interest, CNI (Mar. 8, 2017). U.S. Department of Justice AttAPFIP.'"' WArlc P1wl11et // Mflv r:'.AFltfliFI 4Merie:I Proteetaed: Under Fed:_ K Criffl p_ 6(e) The Office found no evidence that Kislyak conversed with either Trump or Sessions after the speech, or would have had the opportunity to do so. Simes, for example, did not recall seeing Kislyak at the post-speech luncheon, 632 and the only witness who accounted for Sessions's whereabouts stated that Sessions may have spoken to the press after the event but then departed for Capitol Hill.633 Saunders recalled, based in part on a food-related request he received from a Campaign staff member, that Trump left the hotel a few minutes after the speech to go to the airport.634 c. Jeff Sessions's Post-Speech Interactions with CNI In the wake of Sessions's confirmation hearings as Attorney General, questions arose about whether Sessions ' s campaign-period interactions with CNI apart from the Mayflower speech included any additional meetings with Ambassador Kislyak or involved Russian-related matters. With respect to Kislyak contacts, on May 23, 2016, Sessions attended CNI's Distinguished Service Award dinner at the Four Seasons Hotel in Washingto n, D.C.635 Sessions attended a pre-dinner reception and was seated at one of two head tables for the event.636 A seating chart prepared by Saunders indicates that Sessions was scheduled to be seated next to Kislyak, who appears to have responded to the invitation by indicating he would attend the event.637 Sessions, however, did not remember seeing, speaking with, or sitting next to Kislyak at the dinner.638 Although CNI board member Charles Boyd said he may have seen Kislyak at the dinner,639 Simes, Saunders, and Jacob Heilbrunn--editor of the National Interest-all had no recollection of seeing Kislyak at the May ° 23 event.6 4 Kislyak also does not appear in any of the photos from the event that the Office obtained. In the summer of 2016, CNI organized at least two dinners in Washington, D.C. for Sessions to meet with experienced foreign policy professionals.641 The dinners included CNI affiliated individuals , such as Richard Burt and Zalmay Khalilzad, a former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan and Iraq and the person who had introduced Trump before the April 27, 2016 foreign- 632 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 22; Heilbrunn 2/1/18 302, at 7. 633 Luff 1/30/18 302, at 4. 634 Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 15. 635 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 22; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 17. 636 Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 17; C00004779-80 (5/23/16 Email, Cantelmo to Saunders & Hagberg (9:30:12 a.m.); C00004362 (5/23/16 Email, Bauman to Cantelmo et al. (2:02:32 a.m.). 637 C00004362 (5/23/16 Email Bauman to Cantelmo et al. (2:02:32 a.m.). 638 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 22. 639 Boyd 1/24/18 302, at 4. 640 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 23; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 18; Heilbrunn 2/1/18 302, at 7. 641 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 31; Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 19; Burt 2/9/18 302, at 9-10; Khalilzad 1/9/18 302, at 5. U.S. Department of Justice AttAFl'IR¥ '.VArl< lll'Atfoet // 4A• • D.f11 tAil'I fl.•JAtm·iAI lll'Ateeted l J:t1der Y:ed. R. Criffl P 6(e) policy speech.642 Khalilzad also met with Sessions one-on-one separately from the,dinners.643 At the dinners and in the meetings, the participants addressed U.S. relations with Russia, including how U.S. relations with NATO and European countries affected U.S. policy toward Russia.644 But the discussions were not exclusively focused on Russia.645 Khalilzad, for example, recalled discussing "nation-building" and violent extremism with Sessions.646 In addition, Sessions asked Saunders (of CNI) to draft two memoranda not specific to Russia: one on Hillary Clinton' s foreign policy shortcomings and another on Egypt.647 d. Jared Kushner's-Co ntinuing Contacts with Simes Between the April 2016 speech at the Mayflower Hotel and the presidential election, Jared Kushner had periodic contacts with Simes.648 Those contacts consisted of both in- personmeetings and phone conversations, which concerned how to address issues relating to Russia in the Campaign and how to move forward with the advisory group of foreign policy experts that Simes had proposed.649 Simes recalled that he, not Kushner, initiated all conversations about Russia, and that Kushner never asked him to set up back-channel conversations with Russians.650 According to Simes, after the Mayflower speech in late April, Simes raised the issue of Russian contacts with Kushner , advised that it was bad optics for the Campaign to develop hidden Russian contacts, and told Kushner both that the Campaign should not highlight Russia as an issue and should handle any contacts with Russians with care.651 Kushner generally provided a similar account of his interactions with Simes.652 Among the Kushner-Simes meetings was one held on August 17, 2016, at Simes's request, in Kushner's New York office. The meeting was to address foreign policy advice that CNI was providing and how to respond to the Clinton Campaign's Russia-related attacks on candidate 642 Butt 2/9/18 302, at 9-10; Khalilzad 1/9/18 302, at 1-2, 5. 643 Khalilzad 1/9/18 302, at 5-6. 644 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 31; Burt 2/9/18 302 , at 9-1O; Khalilzad 1/9/18 302, at 5. 645 Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 20. 646 Khalilzad 1/9/18 302, at 6. 647 Saunders 2/15/18 302, at 19-20. 648 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 27. 649 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 27. 650 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 27. 651 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 27. During this period of time, the Campaign received a request for a high level Campaign official to meet with an officer at a Russian state-owned bank " to discuss an offer [that officer] claims to be canying from President Putin to meet with" candidate Trump. NOSC00005653 (5/17/16 Email, Dearborn to Kushner (8:12 a.m.)). Copying Manafort and Gates, Kushner responded, " Pass on this. A lot of people come claiming to carry messages. Very few are able to verify. For now I th ink we decline such meetings. Most likely these people go back home and claim they have special access to gain importance for themselves. Be careful." NOSC00005653 (5/17/16 Email, Kushner to Dearborn). 652 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 11-13. U.S. Department of Justice A iiA.,l'IPY n,A.,IF P1·AAIIP.i ,',' 4,w f'.AM*Ril'I MR*eriRl :PrAteetea l Jnaer F ed. R. Criffl p Me) Trump.653 In advance of the meeting, Simes sent Kushner a "Russia Policy Memo" laying out "what Mr. Trump may want to say about Russia." 654 In a cover email transmitting that memo and a phone call to set up the meeting, Simes mentioned "a well-documented story of highly questionable connections between Bill Clinton" and the Russian government, "parts of [which]" (according to Simes) had even been "discussed with the CIA and the FBI in the late 1990s and shared with the [Independent Counsel] at the end of the Clinton presidency."655 Kushner forwarded the email to senior Trump Campaign officials Stephen Miller, Paul Manafort, and Rick Gates, with the note "suggestion only."656 Manafort subsequently forwarded the email to his assistant and scheduled a meeting with Simes. 657 (Manafort was on the verge of leaving the Campaign by the time of the scheduled meeting with Simes, and Simes ended up meeting only with Kushner). During the August 17 meeting, Simes provided Kushner the Clinton-related information that he had oromised.658 Simes told Kushner that Simes claimed that he had received this information from former CIA and Reagan White House official Fritz Ermarth, who claimed to have learned it from U.S. intelligence sources, not from Russians. 660 Simes perceived that Kushner did not find the information to be of interest or use to the Campaign because it was, in Simes's words, "old news."661 When interviewed by the Office, Kushner stated that he believed that there was little chance of something new being revealed about the Clintons given their long career as public figures, and that he never received from Simes information that could be "operationalized" for the Trump Campaign.662 Despite Kushner's 653 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 29-30; Simes 3/27/18 302, at 6; Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 12; C00007269 (8/10/16 Meeting Invitation, Vargas to Simes et al.); DJTFP00023484 (8/11/16 Email, Hagan to Manafmt (5:57:15 p.m.)). 654 C00007981-84 (8/9/16 Email, Simes to Kushner (6:09:21 p.m.)). The memorandum recommended "downplaying Russia as a U.S. foreign policy priority at this time" and suggested that "some tend to exaggerate Putin's flaws." The memorandum also recommended approaching general Russian related questions in the framework of "how to work with Russia to advance important U.S. national interests" and that a Trump Administration "not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy." The memorandum did not discuss sanctions but did address how to handle Ukraine-r elated questions, including questions about Russia's invasion and annexation of Crimea. 655 C00007981 (8/9/16 Email, Simes to Kushner (6:09:21 p.m.)). 656 DJTFP00023459 (8/10/16 Email, Kushner to S. Miller et al. (11:30:13 a.m.)). 657 DJTFP00023484 (8/11/16 Email, Hagan to Manafort (5:57:15 p.m.)). 658 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 29-30; Simes 3/27/18 302, at 6; Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 12. 659 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 30; Simes 3/27/l 8 302, at 6. 660 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 30. 661 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 30; Simes 3/27/18 302, at 6. 662 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 12. U.S. Department of Justice AttAPAe,., WoPk PPotfoet // 4H C'oA*HiA 4H,P.PiH1 P l'ote .P.tP.A HAAP.P FeA R Gl'il'l'I P Me) reaction , Simes believed that he provided the same information at a small group meeting of foreign policy experts that CNI organized for Sessions. 663 5. June 9, 2016 Meeting at Trump Tower On June 9, 2016, senior representatives of the Trump Campaign met in Trump Tower with a Russian attorney expecting to receive derogatory information about Hillary Clinton from the Russian government. The meeting was proposed to Donald Trump Jr. in an email from Robert Goldstone, at the request of his then-client Emin Agalarov, the son of Russian real-estate developer Aras Agalarov. Goldstone relayed to Trump Jr. that the "Crown prosecutor of Russia ... offered to provide the Trump Campaign with some official documents and information that would incriminate Hillary and her dealings with Russia" as "part of Russia and its government's support for Mr. Trump." Trump Jr. immediately responded that "if it' s what you say I love it," and arranged the meeting through a series of emails and telephone calls. Trump Jr. invited campaign chairman Paul Manafort and senior advisor Jared Kushner to attend the meeting, and both attended. Members of the Campaign discussed the meeting before it occurred, and Michael Cohen recalled that Trump Jr. may have told candidate Trump about an upcoming meeting to receive adverse information about Clinton, without linking the meeting to Russia. According to written answers submitted by President Trump, he has no recollection of learning of the meeting at the time, and the Office found no documentary evidence showing that he was made aware of the meeting--or its Russian connection-before it occurred. The Russian attorney who spoke at the meeting, Natalia Veselnitskaya, had previously worked for the Russian government and maintained a relationship with that government throughout this period of time. She claimed that funds derived from illegal activities in Russia were provided to Hillary Clinton and other Democrats. Trump Jr. requested evidence to support those claims, but Veselnitskaya did not provide such information. She and her associates then turned to a critique of the origins of the Magnitsky Act, a 2012 statute that imposed financial and travel sanctions on Russian officials and that resulted in a retaliatory ban on adoptions of Russian children. Trump Jr. suggested that the issue could be revisited when and if candidate Trump was elected. After the election, Veselnitskaya made additional efforts to follow up on the meeting, but the Trump Transition Team did not engage. a. Setting Up the June 9 Meeting i. Outreach to Donald Trump Jr. Aras Agalarov is a Russian real-estate developer with ties to Putin and other members of the Russian government, including Russia' s Prosecutor General, Yuri Chaika.664 Aras Agalarov is the president of the Crocus Group, a Russian enterprise that holds substantial Russian government construction contracts and that- as discussed above, Volume I, Section IV.A.I, supra 663 Simes 3/8/18 302, at 30. Goldstone 2/8/18 302, 664 at 4. U.S. Department of Justice ,r\,ttAFRP.1•' WAFk PFAA11et // Mn ..• DAt tnifl }./Jnlaerinl PrAfeetefl TJ,ifler Fefl R GFifl'I P l,(e) -worked with Trump in connection with the 2013 Miss Universe pageant in Moscow and a potential Trump Moscow real-estate project.665 The relationship continued over time, as the parties pursued the Trump Moscow project in 2013-2014 and exchanged gifts and letters in 2016.666 For example, in April 2016, Trump responded to a letter from Aras Agalarov with a handwritten note.667 Aras Agalarov expressed interest in Trump's campaign, passed on "congratulations" for winning in the primary and-according to one email drafted by Goldstone-an "offer" of his "support and that of many of his important Russian friends and colleagues[,] especially with reference to U.S./Russian relations."668 On June 3, 2016, Emin Agalarov called Goldstone, Emin' s then-publicist.669 Goldstone is ·a music and events promoter who represented Emin Agalarov from approximately late 2012 until late 2016. 670 While representing Emin Agalarov, Goldstone facilitated the ongoing contact between the Trumps and the Agalarovs-including an invitation that Trump sent to Putin to attend the 2013 Miss Universe Pageant in Moscow.671 Goldstone understood ■■■■■■■■■■■■- a Russian political connection, and Emin Agalarov indicated that the attorney was a prosecutor.rm Goldstone recalled that the information that might interest the Trum s involved Hillar Clinton 1674 Kaveladze ...,. Goldstone 2/8/18 302, at 10; - --------Kaveladze 11/16/17 302, at 5-6; 4/25/16 Email, Graff to Goldstone. 667 RG000033-34 (4/25/16 Email, Graff to Goldstone (attachment)). ---- 669 Call Records of Robert Goldstone Goldstone 2/8/18 302, at 6. 670 Golds tone 2/8/18 302, at 1-2; Beniaminov 1/6/18 302, at 3. 671 Goldstone 2/8/18 302, at 1-5; DJTJR00008 (2/29/19 Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr.); Beniaminov 1/6/18 302, at 3; Shugart 9/25/17 302, at 2; TRUMPORG- 18- 001325 (6/21/13 Email, Goldstone to Graft); TRUMPORG- 18- 001013 (6/24/13 Email, Goldstone to Graft); TRUMPORG_18_001014 (6/24/13 Email, Graff to Shugart); TRUMPORG_l8_001018 (6/26/13 Email, Graffto Goldstone); TRUMP ORG_l 8_001022(6/27/13 Email, Graff to L. Kelly); TRUMPORG_18_001333 (9/12/13 Email, Goldstone to Graff, Shugart); MUO00004289 (7/27/13 Email, Goldstone to Graff, Shugart). 672 see Goldstone 2/,8/ 18 302, at 6-7. 673 674 U.S. Department of Justice AffAt'flP..'. \VA1olr PrAA11eJ // 4w' D.F1flfAi1 MAkl'iAl PFoteeteA l tfl8Ct' Bes R. Criffl p 6(e) 1675 The mentioned by Emin Agalarov was Natalia Veselnitskaya. From approximately 1998 until 2001, Veselnitskaya worked as a prosecutor for the Central Administrative District of the Russian Prosecutor's Office,677 and she continued to perform government-related work and maintain ties to the Russian government following her departure.678 She lobbied and testified about the Magnitsky Act, which imposed financial sanctions and travel restrictions on Russian officials and which was named for a Russian tax specialist who exposed a fraud and later died in a Russian prison.679 Putin called the statute "a purely political, unfriendly act," and Russia responded by barring a list of current and former U.S. officials from entering Russia and by halting the adoption of Russian children by U.S. citizens.680 Veselnitska ya performed legal work for Denis Katsyv,681 the son of Russian businessman Peter Katsyv, and for his company Prevezon Holdings Ltd., which was a defendant in a civil-forfeiture action alleging the laundering of proceeds from the fraud exposed by 675 Magnitsky.682 She also 676 In December 2018, a grand jury in the Southern District of New York returned an indictment charging Vese lnitskaya with obstructing the Prevezon litigation discussed in the text above. See Indictment, United States v. Natalia Vladimirovna Veselnitskaya, No. 18-cr-904 (S.D.N.Y.). The indictment alleges, among other things, that Veselnitskaya lied to the district court about her relationship to the Russian Prosecutor General' s Office and her involvement in responding to a U.S. document request sent to the Russian government. 677 Veselnitska a 11/20/17 Statement to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, at 2;- 678 Testimony of Natalia Veselnitskaya Before the Senate Committee on Judiciary (Nov. 20, 2017) at 33; Keir Simmons & Rachel Elbaum, Russian Lawyer Veselnitskaya Says She Didn't Give Trump Jr. Info on Clinton, NBC News (July 11, 2017); Maria Tsvetkova & Jack Stubbs, Moscow Lawyer Who Met Trump Jr. Had Russian Spy Agency As Client, Reuters (July 21, 2017); Andrew E. Kramer & Sharon LaFraniere, Lawyer Who Was Said to Have Dirt on Clinton Had Closer Ties to Kremlin than She Let On, New York Times (Apr. 27, 2018). 679 See Pub. L. No. 112-208 §§ 402, 404(a)(l), 126 Stat. 1502, 1502-1506. Sergei Magnitsky was a Russian tax specialist who worked for William Browder, a former investment fund manager in Russia. Browder hired Magnitsky to investigate tax fraud by Russian officials, and Magnitsky was charged with helping Browder embezzle money. After Magnitsky died in a Russian prison, Browder lobbied Congress to pass the Magnitsky Act. See, e.g., Andrew E. Kramer, Turning Tables in Magnitsky Case, Russia Accuses Nemesis of Murder, New York Times (Oct. 22, 2017); Testimony ofNatalia Veselnitskaya Before the Senate Committee on Judiciary (Nov. 20, 2017), Exhibits at 1-4; Rosie Gray, Bill Browder's Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee, The Atlantic (July 25, 2017). 680 Ellen Barry, Russia Bars 18 Americans After Sanctions by US, New York Times (Apr. 13, 2013); Tom Porter, Supporters of the Magnitsky Act Claim They've Been Targets of Russian Assassination and Kidnapping Bids, Newsweek (July 16, 2017). 681 Testimony ofNatalia Veselni tskaya Before the Senate Committee on Judiciary (Nov. 20, 2017), at 21. 682 See Veselnitskaya Deel., United States v. Prevezon Holdings, Ltd., No. 13-cv-6326 (S.D.N.Y.); see Prevezon Holdings, Second Amended Complaint; Prevezon Holdings, Mem. and Order; Prevezon Holdings, Deposition of Oleg Lurie. U.S. Department of Justice Atter!'le¥ Werk Preeittet // Mw,·Gflt1t11:il'l MMeri1tl Preteetee UHeer Fee R Crim P. 6fe) appears to have been involved in an April 2016 approach to a U.S. congressional delegation in Moscow offering "confidential information" from "the Prosecutor General of Russia" about "interactions between certain political forces in our two countries."683 I Shortly after his June 3 call with Emin Agalarov, Goldstone emailed Trump Jr.684 The email stated: Good morning Emln just calle-dandasked me to contact you with something very Interesting. The Crown prosecutor of Russia met with his father Aras thismorning and in their meeting offered lo provide theTrump campaign with some official documents and information that would incriminate HIiiary and her dealings with Russia andwould be veryuseful to your fathe.r This isobviously very high level andsensitive information but is part of Russia andItsgovernment's support for Mr. Trump -helped alongby Arasand Emin. What do you think is the best way to handle this information and would you be able to speak toEmin about it directly? I can also send thisInfo to your father viaRhona, but it Is ultra sensitive so wanted to send toyou first. Best Rob Goldstone Within minutes of this email, Trump Jr. responded, emailing back: "Thanks Rob I appreciate that. I am on the road at the moment but perhaps I just speak to Emin first. Seems we have some time and if it's what you say I love it especially later in the summer. Could we do a call first thing next week when I am back?"685 Goldstone conveyed Trump Jr.'s interest to Emin Agalarov, emailing that Trump Jr. "wants to speak personally on the issue."686 On June 6, 2016, Emin Agalarov asked Goldstone ift here was "[a]ny news," and Goldstone explained that Trump Jr. was likely still traveling for the "final elections ... where [T]rurnp will be 'crowned' the official nominee." 687 On the same day, Goldstone again emailed Trump Jr. and asked when Trump Jr. was "free to talk with Emin about this Hillary info."688 Trump Jr. asked if See Gribbin 8/31/17 302, at 1-2 & lA (undated one-page document given to congressional 683 delegation). The Russian Prosecutor General is an official with broad national responsibilities in the Russian legal system. See Federal Law on the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation (1992, amended 2004). 684 RG000061 (6/3/16 Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr.); DJTJR00446 (6/3/16 Email, Goldstone to Donald Trump Jr.); @DonaldJTrumpJr 07/11/17 (11:00) Tweet. 685 DJTJR00446 (6/3/16 Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone); @DonaldJTrumpJr 07/11/17 (11:00) Tweet; RG000061 (6/3/16 Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone). 686 RG000062 (6/3/16 Email, Goldstone & Trump Jr.). 687 RG000063 (6/6/16 Email, A. Agalarov to Goldstone); RG000064 (6/6/16 Email, Goldstone to A. Agalarov). 688 RG000065 (6/6/16 Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr.); DJTJR00446 (6/6/16 Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr.). U.S. Department of Justice A1'fAfl'lfW WArl< PFAtittet ,',' Mw,· f'.Al'lfRil'l MRtet1iRI P,Ateetef'I l fof'ief Pef'I R Criffl P 6(e) they could "speak now," and Goldstone arranged a call between Trump Jr. and Emin Agalarov.689 On June 6 and June 7, Trump Jr. and Emin Agalarov had multiple brief calls. 690 Also on June 6, 2016, Aras Agalarov called Ike Kaveladze and asked him to attend a meeting in New York with the Trump Organization.691 Kaveladze is a Georgia-born, naturalized U.S. citizen who worked in the United States for the Crocus Group and reported to Aras Agalarov.692 Kaveladze told the Office that, in a second phone call on June 6, 2016, Aras Agalarov asked Kaveladze ifhe knew anything about the Magnitsky Act, and Aras sent him a short synopsis for the meeting and Veselnitskaya's business card. According to Kaveladze, Aras Agalarov said the purpose of the meeting was to discuss the Magnitsky Act, and he asked Kaveladze to translate.693 ii. Awareness of the Meeting Within the Campaign On June 7, Goldstone emailed Trump Jr. and said that "Emin asked that I schedule a meeting with you and [t]he Russian government attorney who is flying over from Moscow."694 Trump Jr. replied that Manafort (identified as the "campaign boss"), Jared Kushner, and Trump Jr. would likely attend.695 Go d to learn that Trump Jr., Manafort, and Kushner would attend.696 Kaveladze --- "puzzled" by the list of attendees and that he checked with one of Emin Agalarov's assistants, Roman Beniaminov, who said that the purpose of the meeting was for Veselnitskaya to convey "negative information on Hillary Clinton." 697 Beniaminov, however, stated that he did not recall having known or said that.698 Early on June 8, 2016 Kushner emailed his assistant, asking her to discuss a 3:00 p.m. 689 DJTJR00445 (6/6/16 Email, Goldstone and Trump Jr.); RG000065-67 (6/6/16 Email, Goldstone and Trump Jr.); 690 DJTJR00499 Call Records of Donald Trump Jr. ); Call Records of Donald Trump Jr. 691 Kaveladze 11/16/17 302, at 6; 692 Kaveladze 11/16/17 302, at 1-2; Beniaminov 1/6/18 302, at 2-3; 693 Kaveladze 11/16/17 302, at 6. 694 DJTJR00467 (6/7/16 Email, Goldstone to Trum Tweet; RG000068 (6/7/16 Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr.); 695 DJTJR00469 (6/7/16 Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone); @DonaldJTrumpJr 07/11/17 (11:00) Tweet; RG000071 (6/7/16 Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone); OSC-KAV_00048 (6/7/16 Email, Goldstone to Kaveladze); 696 Goldstone 2/8/18 302, at 7; 697 see Kaveladze 11/16/17 302 at 7; OSC- KAV_00048 (6/7/16 Email, Goldstone to Kaveladze). 698 Beniaminov 1/6/18 302, at 3. U.S. Department of Justice 1 ttA1w1P.·, \l J:APk :PPAt-hiP.t II MRv Dm:itRiA MRtP.1 iRI :Prnteetetl I Jnfle p Fetl R. GFiffl P Me) meeting the following day with Trump Jr.699 Later that day, Trump Jr. forwarded the entirety of his email correspondence regarding the meeting with Goldstone to Manafort and Kushner, under the subject line "FW: Russia - Clinton - private and confidential," adding a note that the "[m]eeting ° got moved to 4 tomorrow at my offices." 7 0 Kushner then sent his assistant a second email, informing her that the "[m]eeting with don jr is 4pm now."701 Manafort responded, " See you then. P."702 Rick Gates, who was the deputy campaign chairman, stated during interviews with the Office that in the days before June 9, 2016 Trump Jr. announced at a regular morning meeting of senior campaign staff and Trump family members that he had a lead on negative information about the Clinton Foundatio n.703 Gates believed that Trump Jr. said the information was coming from a group in Kyrgyzstan and that he was introduced to the group by a friend.704 Gates recalled that the meeting was attended by Trump Jr., Eric Trump, Paul Manafort, Hope Hicks, and, joining late, Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner. According to Gates, Manafort warned the group that the meeting likely would not yield vital information and they should be careful.705 Hicks denied any knowledge of the June 9 meeting before 2017,706 and Kushner did not recall if the planned June 9 meeting came up at all earlier that week.707 Michael Cohen recalled being in Donald J. Trump' s office on June 6 or 7 when Trump Jr. told his father that a meeting to obtain adverse information about Clinton was going forward.708 Cohen did not recall Trump Jr. stating that the meeting was connected to Russia.709 From the tenor of the conversation, Cohen believed that Trump Jr. had previously discussed the meeting with his father, although Cohen was not involved in any such conversation.710 In an interview with the Senate Judiciary Committee, however, Trump Jr. stated that he did not inform his father about the 699 NOSC0000007-08 (6/8/18 Email, Kushner to Vargas). 700 NOSC00000039 -42 (6/8/16 Email, Trump Jr. to Kushner & Manafort); DJTJR00485 (6/8/16 Email, Trump Jr. to Kushner & Manafort). 701 NOSC0000004 (6/8/16 Email, Kushner to Vargas). 702 6/8/16 Email, Manafo1t to Trump Jr. 703 Gates 1/30/18 302, at 7; Gates 3/1/18 302, at 3-4. Although the March l 302 refers to "June 19," that is likely a typographical error; external emails indicate that a meeting with those participants occurred on June 6. See NOSC00023603 (6/6/16 Email, Gates to Trump Jr. et al.). 704 Gates 1/30/18 302, at 7. Aras Agalarov is originally from Azerbaijan, and public reporting indicates that his company, the Crocus Group, has done substantial work in Kyrgyzstan. See Neil MacFarquhar, A Russian Developer Helps Out the Kremlin on Occasion. Was He a Conduit to Trump?, New York Times (July 16 , 2017). 705 Gates 3/1/18 302, at 3-4. 706 Hicks 12/7117 302 , at 6. 707 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 8. 708 Cohen 8/7/18 302, at 4-6. 709 Cohen 8/7/18 302, at 4-5. 71 ° C ohen 9/12/18 302, at 15-16 . U.S. Department of Justice AHot11'le >,1 \llot'k Pt1odt1et ,',' 4A• · DnR,AiR ll.4A,rwiA1 P1•A,nn,nl'l T Jnl'lnr Fnl'I R C.t1i1 P p;(e) emails or the upcoming meeting. 711 Similarly, neither Manafort nor Kushner recalled anyone informing candidate Trump of the meeting, including Trump Jr.712 President Trump has stated to this Office, in written answers to questions, that he has "no recollection of learning at the time" that his son, Manafort, or "Kushner was considering participating in a meeting in June 2016 concerning potentially negative information about Hillary Clinton."713 b. The Events of June 9, 2016 i. Arrangements for the Meeting Veselnitskaya was in New York on June 9, 2016, for appellate proceedings in the Prevezon civil forfeiture liti ation.714 That da , Veselnitskaya called Rinat Akhmetshin, a Soviet- born U.S. lobbyist, and when she learned that he was in New York, invited him to lunch. Akhmetshin told the Office that he had worked on issues relating to the Magnitsky Act and had worked on the Prevezon litigation .716 Kaveladze and Anatoli Samochornov, a 711 Interview of Donald J Trump, Jr., Senate Judiciary Committee, 115th Cong. 28-29, 84, 94-95 (Sept. 7, 2017). The Senate Judiciary Committee interview was not under oath, but Trump Jr. was advised that it is a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001 to make materially false statements in a congressional investigation. Id. at 10-11. 712 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 3-4; Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 10. 713 Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 8 (Response to Question I, Patts (a) (c)). We considered whether one sequence of events suggested that candidate Trump had contemporaneous knowledge of the June 9 meeting . On June 7, 2016 Trump announced his intention to give "a major speech" "probably Monday of next week"-which would have been June 13-about "all of the things that have taken place with the Clintons." See, e.g., Phillip Bump, What we know about the Trump Tower meeting, Washington Post (Aug. 7, 2018). Following the June 9 meeting , Trump changed the subject of his planned speech to national security. But the Office did not find evidence that the original idea for the speech was connected to the anticipated June 9 meeting or that the change of topic was attributable to the failure of that meeting to produce concrete evidence about Clinton. Other events, such as the Pulse nightclub shooting on June 12, could well have caused the change. The President's written answers to our questions state that the speech's focus was altered ''[i]n light of ' the Pulse nightclub shooting. See Written Responses, supra. As for the original topic of the June 13 speech, Trump has said that "he expected to give a speech referencing the publicly available, negative inf01mation about the Clintons," and that the draft of the speech prepared by Campaign staff"was based on publicly available material, including, in particular, information from the book Clinton Cash by Peter Schweizer." Written Responses, supra. In a later June 22 speech, Trump did speak extensively about allegations that Clinton was corrupt, drawing from the Clinton Cash book. See Full Transcript: Donald Trump NYC Speech on Stakes of the Election, politico.com (June 22, 2016). 714 Testimony of Natalia Veselnitskaya Before the Senate Committee on Judiciary (Nov. 20, 2017) at 41, 42; Alison Frankel, How Did Russian Lawyer Veselnitskaya Get into US. for Trump Tower Meeting? Reuters, (Nov. 6, 2017); Michael Kranish et al., Russian Lawyer who Met with Trump Jr. Has Long History Fighting Sanctions, Washington Post (July 11, 2017); see OSC-KAV00l 13 (6/8/16 Email, Goldstone to Kaveladze); RG000073 (6/8/16 Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr.); Lieberman 12/13/17 302, at 5; see also Prevezon Holdings Order (Oct. 17, 2016). 71_5 _ _ U.S. Department of Justice AUnPflf':.,' lJJnl'lf Pl'ntfoe.t // 4!!¥ Gnfl*f!ifl 4!!*eriHI PPn*ee*efl lJRAet' Fefl R. (\,ifl'l P Me'\ Russian-born translator who had assisted Veselnitska Prevezo also attended the lunch.717 meeting asked A!'"kh'!"'m-e•ts"'!'h"'!'in-w""!h""a•t•s"'!'h•e•s"'!'h•o•u•1d""'"'te""!l""I""h"'!'im-1."1",8- A""'"'cc•or"d"•!""i"n•g-to-s•ev•e'l!•"r'•p•-aar•t'!"'ic"'!'ip•a•n•t•s""'in-t'!"'h•e""'"'lunch, Veselnitskaya showed Akhmetshin a document alleging financial misconduct by Bill Browder and the Ziff brothers (Americans with business in Russia), and those individuals subsequently makin 1olitical donations to the DNC.719 The group then went to Trump Tower for the meeting.721 ii. Conduct of the Meeting Trump Jr., Manafort, and Kushner participated on the Trump side, while Kaveladze, Samochomov, Akhrnetshin, and Goldstone attended with Veselnitskaya7.22 The Office spoke to every participant except Veselnitskaya and Trump Jr., the latter of whom declined to be voluntaril interviewed bv -Goldstone recalled that Trump Jr. invited Veselnitskaya to-begin but did not say anything about the subject of the meeting.725 Participants agreed that Veselnitskaya stated that the Ziff brothers had broken Russian laws and had donated their profits to the DNC or the Clinton Campaign.726 She asserted that the Ziff brothers had engaged in tax evasion and money laundering 717 Kaveladze 11/16/17 302, at 7; Samochornov 7/13/17 302, at 2, 4; Kaveladze 11/16/17302, at 7; Samochornov did no t•r•e•ca-il'!'"l'!"l'th•e--i- ■ subject matter of the Trump Tower meeting coming up at lunch. Samochomov 7/12/17 302, at 4. In her later Senate statement and interactions with the press, Veselnitskaya produced what she claimed were the talking points that she brought to the June 9 meeting. 720 721 E.g., Samochomov 7/12/17 302, at 4. 722 E.g., Samochomov 7/12/17 302, at 4. 723 E.g., Samochomov 7/12/17 302, at 4; Goldstone 2/8/18 302, at 9. 724 725 726 U.S. Department of Justice A UF1'V1=tP. I )llP11·1r P1:0FluP,f // );4A D.P11>1fAiM 4AlP:taiA1 P1·P1tP.P.fPFl l ln FlP., J:2P.Fl Q r,tt¥t p (p)1 ------------ in both the United States and Russia,727 728 A-cc_o_r..,d1..n..-g-to-A..khm--e-t"'"s.h. i_n_,""'T_ru_m_p_J""'r-.-a-sk_e_d. ,.£.o..l..l.ow-up questions about how the alleged payments could be tied specifically to the Clinton Campaign, but Veselnitskaya indicated that she could not trace the money once it entered the United States.729 Kaveladze similarly recalled that Trump Jr. asked what they have on Clinton, and Kushner became aggravated and asked "[w]hat are we doing here?"730 Akhmetshin then spoke about U.S. sanctions imposed under the Magnitsky Act and Russia's response prohibiting U.S. adoption of Russian children.731 Several participants recalled that Trump Jr. commented that Trump is a private citizen, and there was nothing they could do at that time.732 Trump Jr. also said that they could revisit the issue if and when they were in government.733 Notes that Manafort took on his phone reflect the general flow of the conversation, although not all of its details.734 At some point in the meeting, Kushner sent an iMessage to Manafort stating "wasteof time," followed immediately by two separate emails to assistants at Kushner Companies with requests that 732 E.g., Akhmetshin 11/14/ l 7 302, at 12-13; 733 Akhmetshin 11/14/17 302, at 12-13; Samochornov 7/13/17 302, at 3. Trump Jr. confirmed this in a statement he made in July 2017 after news of the June 2016 meeting broke. Interview of Donald J Trump, Jr., Senate Judiciary Committee US. Senate Washington DC, 115th Cong. 57 (Sept. 7, 2017). 734 Manafort's notes state: Bill browder Offshore - Cyprus 133m shares Companies Not invest - loan Value in Cyprus as inter Illici Active sponsors ofRNC Browder hired Joanna Glover Tied into Cheney Russian adoption by American families PJM-SJC-00000001-02 (Notes Produced to Senate Judiciary Committee). U.S. Department of Justice AfalaAt'RfW WA,k PPAdnet // MA"' RAl'l*Ail'l Mn*eriAI Pt1Ateeted lJ¥1der Ped R. Criffl P 6(e) they call him to give him an excuse to leave.735 Samochornov recalled that Kushner departed the meeting before it concluded; Veselnitskaya recalled the same when interviewed by the press in July 2017.736 Veselnitskaya' s press interviews and written statements to Congress differ materially from other accounts. In a July 2017 press interview, Veselnitskaya claimed that she has no connection to the Russian government and had not referred to any derogatory information concerning the Clinton Campaign when she met with Trump Campaign officials.737 Veselnitskaya's November 2017 written submission to the Senate Judiciary Committee stated that the purpose of the June 9 meeting was not to connect with "the Trump Campaign" but rather to have "a private meeting with Donald Trump Jr.-a friend of my good acquaintance's son on the matter of assisting me or my colleagues in informing the Congress members as to the criminal nature of manipulation and interference with the legislative activities of the US Congress."738 In other words, Veselnitskaya claimed her focus was on Congress and not the Campaign. No witness, however, recalled any reference to Congress during the meeting. Veselnitskaya also maintained that she "attended the meeting as a lawyer of Denis Katsyv," the pr,e viously mentioned owner of Prevezon Holdings, but she did not "introduce [her]self in this capacity."739 In a July 2017 television interview, Trump Jr. stated that while he had no way to gauge the reliability, credibility, or accuracy of what Goldstone had stated was the purpose of the meeting, if "someone has information on our opponent ... maybe this is something. I should hear them out."740 Trump Jr. fu1ther stated in September 2017 congressional testimony that he thought he should "listen to what Rob and his colleagues had to say." 741 Depending on what, if any, information was provided, Trump Jr. stated he could then "consult with counsel to make an informed decision as to whether to give it any further consideration." 742 735 NOSC00003992 (6/9/16 Text Message, Kushner to Manafort); Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 9; Vargas 4/4/18 302, at 7; NOSC00000044 (6/9/16 Email, Kushner to Vargas); NOSC00000045 (6/9/16 Email, Kushner to Cain). 736 Samochornov 7/12/17 302, at 4; Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 9-10; see also Interview of Donald J Trump, Jr., Senate Judiciary Committee, 115th Cong. 48-49 (Sept. 7, 2017). . 737 Russian Lawyer Veselnitskaya Says She Didn't Give Trump Jr. Info on Clinton, NBC News (July 11, 2017). 738 Testimony of Natalia Veselnitskaya before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 115th Cong. }O(Nov 20, 2017). 739 Testimony of Natalia Veselnitskaya before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, th 115 Cong. 21 (Nov. 20, 2017). 740 Sean Hannity, Transcript-Donald Trump Jr, Fox News (July 11, 2017). 741 Interview of Donald J Trump, Jr, Senate Judiciary Committee, 115th Cong. 16 (Sept. 7, 2017). 742 Interview of Donald J Trump, Jr, Senate Judiciary Committee, 115th Cong. 16-17 (Sept. 7, 2017). U.S. Department of Justice Atlflfl'lfl¥ Wm·k Pt1fldttet// Un« DRAtniA UnhPinl PPAtflfl.tnl'l l lAAPr µAA R r ..itl'I p Me) After the June 9 meetin Jr.743 According to Goldstone, he told Trump Jr. 744 and told Emin Agalarov 745 Aras Agalarov asked Kaveladze to report in after the meeting, but before Kaveladze could call, Aras Agalarov called him.747 With Veselnitskaya next to him, Kaveladze reported that the meeting had gone well, but he later told Aras Agalarov that the meeting about the Magnitsky Act had been a waste of time because it was not with lawyers and they were "preaching to the wrong crowd."748 c. Post-June 9 Events Veselnitskaya and Aras Agalarov made at least two unsuccessful attempts after the election to meet with Trump representatives to convey similar information about Browder and the Magnitsky Act.749 On November 23, 2016, Kaveladze emailed Goldstone about setting up another meeting "with T people" and sent a document bearing allegations similar to those ° conveyed on June 9.75 Kaveladze followed up with Goldstone, stating that "Mr. A," which Goldstone understood to mean Aras Agalarov, called to ask about the meeting.751 Goldstone emailed the document to Rhona Graff, saying that "Aras Agalarov has asked me to pass on this document in the hope it can be passed on to the appropriate team. If needed, a lawyer representing the case is Goldstone 2/8/18 302, (and one text message shows) that, shortly after the DNC ents connecting the DNC hacking announcement to the June 9 OSC-KAV_00029 (6/14/16 Email, Goldstone to E. ---- Ag al a ro v & Kaveladze (10:09 a.m.)). The investigation did not identify evidence connecting the events of June 9 to the GRU's hack-and-dump operation. OSC-KAV_00029-30 (6/14/16 Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov). ------------- 746 747 Kaveladze 11/16/17 302, at 8; Call Records ofi k-e Kaveladze 748 Kaveladze 11/16/17 302, at 8; Call Records of Ike Kaveladze """!!'--.-"!"'"""!"'"" _ OnJune 14, 2016 Kaveladze's teenage daughter emailed asking how the June 9 meeting had gone, and Kaveladze responded, "meeting was boring. The Russians did not have any bad info on Hilary." OSC KAV_00257 (6/14/16 Email, I. Kaveladze to A. Kaveladze; 749 Goldstone 2/8/18 302, at 11; 750 OSC-KAV 00138 (11/23/16 Email, Goldstone to Kaveladze); 751 RG000196 (11/26-29/16 Text Messages, Goldstone & Kaveladze); 120 120 U.S. Department of Justice c\ ttol"l'I@. WAl'lc PFofl11@.t // :ri.,4R,.. C::oRtRiR MRtr.riRl P1•oteeted HHder f:ed R Griff! P 6(e) in New York currently and happy to meet with any member of his transition team." 752 According to Goldstone, around January 2017, Kaveladze contacted him again to set up another meeting, but Goldstone did not make the request.753 The investigation did not identify evidence of the transition team following up. Participants in the June 9, 2016 meeting began rece1vmg inqumes from attorneys representing the Trump Organization starting in approximately June 2017.754 On approximately June 2, 2017, Goldstone spoke with Alan Garten, general counsel of the Trump Organization, about his participation in the June 9 meeting.755 The same day, Goldstone emailed Veselnitskaya' s name to Garten, identifying her as the " woman who was the attorney who spoke at the meeting from Moscow."756 Later in June 2017, Goldstone participated in a lengthier call with Garten and Alan Futerfas, outside counsel for the Trump Organization (and, subsequently, personal counsel for Trump Jr.).757 On June 27, 2017, Goldstone emailed Emin Agalarov with the subject "Trump attorneys" and stated that he was " interviewed by attorneys" about the June 9 meeting who were "concerned because it links Don Jr. to officials from Russia- which he has always denied meeting." 758 Goldstone stressed that he "did say at the time this was an awful idea and a terrible meeting."759 Emin Agalarov sent a screenshot of the message to Kaveladze. 760 The June 9 meeting became public in July 2017. In a July 9, 2017 text message to Emin Agalarov, Goldstone wrote "I made sure I kept you and your father out of [t]his story,"761 and "[i]f contacted I can do a dance and keep you out of it."762 Goldstone added, "FBI now investigating ," and "I hope this favor was worth for your dad-it could blow up."763 On July 12, 2017 Emin Agalarov complained to Kaveladze that his father, Aras, "never listens" to him and that their 752 Goldstone 2/8/18 302, at 11; DJTJR00l 18 (11/28/16 Email, Goldstone to Graff). 753 754 755 756 RG000256 (6/2/17 Email, Goldstone to Garten). 757 758 RG000092 (6/27/17 Email, Goldstone to E. Agala rov). 760 OSC-KAV_01190 (6/27/17 Text Message, E. Agalarov to Kaveladze). 121 761 RG000286-87 (7/9/17 Text Messages, E. Agalarov & Goldstone); 122 U.S. Department of Justice Al4AFflf".1e' \l/AFlc PFnt=l1112J // ll4w· C'nR*RiR HR*m•iRI PFntP.12.*12.fl HRl'ifw J:Rt=I R C'rifl'l P Me) relationship with "mr T has been thrown down the drain."764 The next month, Goldstone commented to Emin Agalarov about the volume of publicity the June 9 meeting had generated, stating that his "reputation [was] basically destroyed by this dumb meeting which your father insisted on even though Ike and Me told him would be bad news and not to do."765 Goldstone added, "I am not able to respond out of courtesy to you and your father. So am painted as some mysterious link to Putin."766 After public reporting on the June 9 meeting began, representatives from the Trump Organization again reached out to participants. On July 10, 2017, Futerfas sent Goldstone an email with a proposed statement for Goldstone to issue, which read: As the person who arranged the meeting, I can definitively state that th statements I have read by Donald Trump Jr. are 100% accurate. The meeting was a complete waste of time and Don was never told Ms. Veselnitskaya' s name prior to the meeting. Ms. Veselnitskaya mostly talked about the Magnitsky Act and Russian adoption laws and the meeting lasted 20 to 30 minutes at most. There was never any follow up and nothing ever came of the meeting.767 lthe statement drafted by Trump Organization representatives was 768 He proposed a different statement, asserting that he had been as"kle"d" "!"bly""["h""is"]'!"cll'i"e!"n"t"i"n! "Ml""o"sco- w - Emin Agalarov - to facilitate a meeting between a Russian attorney (Natalia Veselnitzkaya [sic]) and Donald Trump Jr. The lawyer had apparently stated that she had some information regarding funding to the DNC from Russia, which she believed Mr. Trump Jr. might find interesting."769 Goldstone never released either statement.770 On the Russian end, there were also communications about what participants should say about the June 9 meeting. Specifically, the organization that hired Samochornov-an anti Magnitsky Act group controlled by Veselnitskaya and the owner of Prevezon-offered to pay $90,000 of Samochornov's legal fees.771 At Veselnitskaya's request, the organization sent Samochornov a transcript of a Veselnitskaya press interview, and Samochornov understood that the organization would pay his legal fees only if ·he made statements consistent with Veselnitskaya's.772 Samochornov declined, telling the Office that he did not want to perjure 764 OSC-KAV 01197 (7/11-12/17 Text Messages, Kaveladze & E. Agalarov); 765 Investigative Technique 766 Investigative Technique 767 7/10/17 Email, Goldstone to Futerfas & Garten. 768 769 7/10/17 Email, Goldstone to Futerfas & Garten. 770 772 U.S. Department of Justice 6 *to-"" lHArlf P.-ofi11ta.t II Mn..• C,AA*Aifl MtN;el'ie:I PrBtedecl Uncler Fecl. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) himself.773 The individual who conveyed Veselnitskaya' s request to Samochornov stated that he did not expressly condition payment on following Veselnitskaya' s answers but, in hindsight, recognized that by sending the transcript, Samochornov could have interpreted the offer of assistance to be conditioned on his not contradicting Veselnitskaya's account. 774 Volume II, Section ILG, infra, discusses interactions between President Trump, Trump Jr., and others in June and July 2017 regarding the June 9 meeting. 6. Events at the Republican National Convention Trump Campaign officials met with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak during the week of the Republican National Convention. The evidence indicates that those interactions were brief and non-substantive. During platform committee meetings immediately before the Convention, J.D. Gordon, a senior Campaign advisor on policy and national security, diluted a proposed amendment to the Republican Party platform expressing support for providing "lethal" assistance to Ukraine in response to Russian aggression. Gordon requested that platform committee personnel revise the proposed amendment to state that only "appropriate" assistance be provided to Ukraine. The original sponsor of the "lethal" assistance amendment stated that Gordon told her (the sponsor) that he was on the phone with candidate Trump in connection with his request to dilute the language. Gordon denied making that statement to the sponsor, although he acknowledged it was possible he mentioned having previously spoken to the candidate about the subject matter. The investigation did not establish that Gordon spoke to or was directed by the candidate to make that proposal. Gordon said that he sought the change because he believed the proposed language was inconsistent with Trump's position on Ukraine. a.Ambassador Kislyak's Encounters with Senator Sessions and J.D. Gordon the Week of the RNC In July 2016, Senator Sessions and Gordon spoke at the Global Partners in Diplomacy event, a conference co-sponsored by the State Department and the Heritage Foundation held in Cleveland, Ohio the same week as the Republican National Convention (RNC or " Convention").775 Approximately 80 foreign ambassadors to the United States, including Kislyak, were invited to the conference.776 On July 20, 2016, Gordon and Sessions delivered their speeches at the conference.777 In his speech, Gordon stated in pertinent part that the United States should have better relations with 773 Samochornov 7/13/17 302, at 1. 774 775 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 9; Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 22; Allan Smith, We Now Know More About why Jeff Sessions and a Russian Ambassador Crossed Paths at the Republican Convention, Business Insider (Mar. 2, 2017). 776 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 9; Laura DeMarco, Global Cleveland and Sen. Bob Corker Welcome International Republican National Convention Guests, Cleveland Plain Dealer (July 20, 2016). 777 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 9; Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 22. U.S. Department of Justice AttFlt'flfW }JJF1t•le PFAA11et // Mn ..• D.FlfltAifl MntePinl PPFlteetea l JnEler flea R Criffi P. 6(e) Russia.778 During Sessions's speech, he took questions from the audience, one of which may have been asked by Kislyak.779 · When the speeches concluded, several ambassadors lined up to greet the speakers.780 Gordon shook hands with Kislyak and reiterated that he had meant what he said in the speech about improving U.S.-Russia relations. 78 1 Sessions separately spoke with between six and 12 ambassadors, including Kislyak.782 Although Sessions stated during interviews with the Office that he had no specific recollection of what he discussed with Kislyak, he believed that the two spoke for only a few minutes and that they would have exchanged pleasantries and said some things about U.S.-Russia relations.783 Later that evening, Gordon attended a reception as part of the conference.784 Gordon ran into Kislyak as the two prepared plates of food, and they decided to sit at the same table to eat.785 They were joined at that table by the ambassadors from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, and by Trump Campaign advisor Carter Page.786 As they ate, Gordon and Kislyak talked for what Gordon estimated to have been three to five minutes, during which Gordon again mentioned that he meant what he said in his speech about improving U.S.-Russia relations.787 b. Change to Republican Party Platform In preparation for the 2016 Convention, foreign policy advisors to the Trump Campaign, working with the Republican National Committee, reviewed the 2012 Convention's foreign policy platform to identify divergence between the earlier platform and candidate Trump's positions.788 The Campaign team discussed toning down language from the 2012 platform that identified Russia as the country' s number one threat, given the candidate's belief that there needed to be better U.S. relations with Russia.789 The RNC Platform Committee sent the 2016 draft platform to the National Security and Defense Platform Subcommittee on July 10, 2016, the evening before its 778 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 9. 779 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 22; Luff 1/30/18 302, at 3. 780 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 9; Luff 1/30/18 302, at 3. 781 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 9. 782 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 22; Luff 1/30/18 302, at 3; see also Volume I, Section IV.A.4.b, supra (explaining that Sessions and Kislyak may have met three months before this encounter during a reception held on April 26, 2016, at the Mayflower Hotel). 783 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 22. 784 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 9-10. 785 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 9-10. 786 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 10; see also Volume I, Section IV.A.3.d, supra (explaining that Page acknowledged meeting Kislyak at this event). 787 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 10. 788 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 10. 789 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 10. U.S. Department of Justice A#Af'AP.v '.lJArk Pf'Atfoet // MA ... PAl'lfAiA ri.4Rfef'iR:I Prnteeted Under Fed R Crim P 6(e) first meeting to propose amendments.7 0 Although only delegates could participate in formal discussions and vote on the platform, the Trump Campaign could request changes, and members of the Trump Campaign attended committee meetings.791 John Mashburn, the Campaign's policy director, helped oversee the Campaign's involvement in the platform committee meetings. 792 He told the Office that he directed Campaign staff at the Convention, including J.D. Gordon, to take a hands-off approach and only to challenge platform planks if they directly contradicted Trump's wishes.793 On July 11, 2016, delegate Diana Denman submitted a proposed platform amendment that included provision of armed support for Ukraine.794 The amendment described Russia's "ongoing military aggression" in Ukraine and announced "supp01t" for "maintaining (and, if warranted, increasing) sanctions against Russia until Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity are fully restored" and for "providing lethal defensive weapons to Ukraine' s armed forces and greater coordination with NATO on defense planning."795 Gordon reviewed the proposed platform changes, including Denman's.796 Gordon stated that he flagged this amendment because of Trump's stated position on Ukraine, which Gordon personally heard the candidate say at the March 31 foreign policy meeting-namely, that the Europeans should take primary responsibility for any assistance to Ukraine, that there should be improved U.S.-Russia relations, and that he did not want to start World War III over that region.797 Gordon told the Office that Trump's statements on the campaign trail following the March meeting underscored those positions to the point where Gordon felt obliged to object to the proposed platform change and seek its dilution.798 On July 11, 2016, at a meeting of the National Security and Defense Platform Subcommittee , Denman offered her amendment.799 Gordon and another Campaign staffer, Matt Miller, approached a committee co-chair and asked him to table the amendment to permit further discussion.800 Gordon's concern with the amendment was the language about providing " lethal 790 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 10; Hoff 5/26/17 302, at 1-2. 791 Hoff 5/26/17 302, at 1; Gordon 9/7/17 302, at 10. 792 Mashburn 6/25/18 302, at 4; Manafort 9/20/18 302 , at 7-8. 793 Mashburn 6/25/18 302, at 4; Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 10. 794 DENMAN 000001-02, DENMAN 000012, DENMAN 000021-22; Denman 12/4/17 302, at 1; Denman 6/7/17 302, at 2. 795 DENMAN 000001-02, DENMAN 000012, DENMAN 000021-22. 796 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 10-11. 797 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 11; Gordon 9/7/17 302, at 11; Gordon 2/14/19 302, at 1-2, 5-6. 798 Gordon 2/14/19 302, at 5-6. 799 Denman 6/7/17 302, at 2; see DENMAN 000014. Denman 6/7/17 302, at 2; Denman 12/4/17 302, at 2; Gordon 9/7/17 302, at 11-12; see Hoff 800 5/26/17 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice AtFAt'RPN WArlc Pt1AA11t>J // MA•r Crn tAifl MAferiB:I Pt10teeted Under Fed. R. Griff! P 6(e) defensive weapons to Ukraine."801 Miller did not have any independent basis to believe that this language contradicted Trump's views and relied on Gordon's recollection of the candidate's views.802 According to Denman, she spoke with Gordon and Matt Miller, and they told her that they had to clear the language and that Gordon was "talking to New York."803 Denman told others that she was asked by the two Trump Campaign staffers to strike "lethal defense weapons" from the proposal but that she refused. 804 Demnan recalled Gordon saying that he was on the phone with candidate Trump, but she was skeptical whether that was true.805 Gordon denied having told Denman that he was on the phone with Trump, although he acknowledged it was possible that he mentioned having previously spoken to the candidate about the subject matter.806 Gordon ' s phone records reveal a call to Sessions's office in Washington that afternoon, but do not include calls directly to a number associated with Trump.807 And according to the President's written answers to the Office's questions, he does not recall being involved in the change in language of the platform amendment.808 Gordon stated that he tried to reach Rick Dearborn, a senior foreign policy advisor, and Mashburn, the Campaign policy director. Gordon stated that he connected with both of them (he could not recall if by phone or in person) and apprised them of the language he took issue with in the proposed amendment. Gordon recalled no objection by either Dearborn or Mashburn and that all three Campaign advisors supported the alternative formulation ("appropriate assistance"). 809 Dearborn recalled Gordon warning them about the amendment, but not weighing in because Gordon was more familiar with the Campaign's foreign policy stance. 810 Mashburn stated that Gordon reached him, and he told Gordon that Trump had not taken a stance on the issue and that the Campaign should not intervene.811 When the amendment came up again in the committee's proceedings, the subcommittee changed the amendment by striking the "lethal defense weapons" language and replacing it with 801 Denman 6/7/17 302, at 3. 802 M. Miller 10/25/17 302 at 3. 803 Denman 12/4/17 302, at 2; Denman 6/7/17 302, at 2. 804 Hoff 5/26/17 302, at 2. 805 Denman 6/7/17 302, at 2-3, 3-4; Denman 12/4/17 302, at 2. 806 Gordon 2/14/19 302, at 7. 807 Call Records of J.D. Gordon . Gordon stated to the Office that his calls with Sessions were unrelated to the platform change. Gordon 2/14/19 302, at 7. 808 Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 17 (Response to Question IV, Part (f)). 809 Gordon 2/14/19 302, at 6-7; Gordon 9/7/17 302, at 11-12; see Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 11. 810 Dearborn 11/28/17 302, at 7-8. 811 Mashburn 6/25/18 302, at 4. U.S. Department of Justice AF!aA-P'd 1.lJArk PFAAIIP.t //) 4w· PAR1-AiR MAfm•iAl P rnfP,P,f P,A ( nflerFefl R Gril'fl P l,(e) "appropriate assistance."812 Gordon stated that he and the subcommittee co-chair ultimately agreed to replace the language about armed assistance with "appropriate assistance."813 The subcommittee accordingly approved Denman's amendment but with the term "appropriate assistance." 814 Gordon stated that, to his recollection, this was the only change sought by the Campaign.815 Sam Clovis, the Campaign's national co-chair and chief policy advisor, stated he was surprised by the change and did not believe it was in line with Trump's stance.816 Mashburn stated that when he saw the word "appropriate assistance," he believed that Gordon had violated Mashburn's directive not to intervene.817 7. Post-Convention Contacts with Kislyak Ambassador Kislyak continued his efforts to interact with Campaign officials with responsibility for the foreign-policy portfolio-among them Sessions and Gordon-in the weeks after the Convention. The Office did not identify evidence in those interactions of coordination between the Campaign and the Russian government. a. Ambassador Kislyak Invites J.D. Gordon to Breakfast at the Ambassador's Residence On August 3, 2016, an official from the Embassy of the Russian Federation in the United States wrote to Gordon "[o]n behalf of' Ambassador Kislyak inviting Gordon "to have breakfast/tea with the Ambassador at his residence" in Washington, D.C. the following week.818 Gordon responded five days later to decline the invitation. He wrote, "[t]hese days are not optimal for us, as we are busily knocking down a constant stream of false media stories while also preparing for the first debate with HRC. Hope to take a raincheck for another time when things quiet down a bit. Please pass along my regards to the Ambassador."819 The investigation did not identify evidence that Gordon made any other arrangements to meet (or met) with Kislyak after this email. b. Senator Sessions's September 2016 Meeting with Ambassador Kislyak Also in August 2016, a representative of the Russian Embassy contacted Sessions's Senate office about setting up a meeting with Kislyak.820 At the time , Sessions was a member of the 812 Hoff 5/26/17 302, at 2-3; see Denman 12/4/17 302, at 2-3; Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 11. 813 Gordon 8/29/17 302, at 11; Gordon 9/7/17 302, at 12. 814 Hoff 5/26/17 302, at 2-3. 815 - Gordon 2/14/19 302, at 6. 816 Clovis 10/3/17 302, at 10-11. 817 Mashburn 6/25/18 302, at 4. 818 DJTFP00004828 (8/3/16 Email, Pchelyakov [embassy @russianembassy.org] to Gordon). 819 DJTFP00004953 (8/8/16 Email, Gordon to embassy@russianembassy.org). 820 Luff 1/30/18 302, at 5. U.S. Department of Justice 1 fatq•A@.or ll'Al'lc lll'Acl11P.t // 11.cJw.· f'AAtAiA 4AtP.l'iA1 llFAteetcrl l Jnrlel' Fed R Griffl P. 6(e) Senate Foreign Relations Committee and would meet with foreign officials in that capacity.821 But Sessions's staff reported, and Sessions himself acknowledged, that meeting requests from ambassadors increased substantially in 2016, as Sessions assumed a prominent role in the Trump Campaign and his name was mentioned for potential cabinet-level positions in a future Trump Administration.822 On September 8, 2016, Sessions met with Kislyak in his Senate office. 823 Sessions said that he believed he was doing the Campaign a service by meeting with foreign ambassadors, including Kislyak.824 He was accompanied in the meeting by at least two of his Senate staff: Sandra Luff, his legislative director; and Pete Landrum, who handled military affairs. 825 The meeting lasted less than 30 minutes.826 Sessions voiced concerns about Russia's sale of a missile defense system to Iran, Russian planes buzzing U.S. military assets in the Middle East, and Russian aggression in emerging democracies such as Ukraine and Moldova.827 Kislyak offered explanations on these issues and complained about NATO land forces in former Soviet-bloc countries that border Russia. 828 Landrum recalled that Kislyak referred to the presidential campaign as "an interesting campaign," 829 and Sessions also recalled Kislyak saying that the Russian government was receptive to the overtures Trump had laid out during his campaign.830 None of the attendees, though, remembered any discussion of Russian election interference or any request that Sessions convey information from the Russian government to the Trump Campaign.831 During the meeting, Kislyak invited Sessions to further discuss U.S.-Russia relations with him over a meal at the ambassador's residence.832 Sessions was non-committal when Kislyak extended the invitation. After the meeting ended, Luff advised Sessions against accepting the one on-one meeting with Kislyak, whom she assessed to be an "old school KGB guy."833 Neither Luff nor Landrum recalled that Sessions followed up on the invitation or made any further effort to dine 821 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 23-24; Luff 1/30/18 302, at 5. 822 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 23-24; Luff 1/30/18 302, at 5; Landrum 2/27/18 302, at 3-5. 823 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 23. 824 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 23. 825 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 23; Luff 1/30/18 302, at 5-6; Landrum 2/27/18 302, at 4-5 (stating he could not remember if election was discussed). 826 Luff 1/30/18 302, at 6; Landrum 2/27/18 302, at 5. 827 Luff 1/30/18 302, at 6; Landrum 2/27/18 302, at 4-5. 828 Luff 1/30/18 302, at 6; Landrum 2/27/18 302 at 4-5. 829 Landrum 2/27/18 302, at 5. 830 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 23. Sessions also noted that ambassadors came to him for information about Trump and hoped he would pass along information to Trump. Sessions 1/17118 302 , at 23-24. 831 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 23; Luff 1/30/18 302, at 6; Landrum 2/27/ l 8 302, at 5. 832 Luff 1/30/18 302, at 5; Landrum 2/27/18 302, at 4. 833 Luff 1/30/18 302, at 5. U.S. Department of Justice A#Al'Rev '.lJAl'lc Prncl11et // 4A, G.nRtAit MAteriAI Pl'Ateetecl l foclet' Feel R Gt'il'l'I P Me) or meet with Kislyak before the November 2016 election.834 Sessions and Landrum recalled that, after the election, some efforts were made to arrange a meeting between Sessions and Kislyak.835 According to Sessions, the request came through CNI and would have involved a meeting between Sessions and Kislyak, two other ambassadors, and the Governor of Alabama. 836 Sessions, however, was in New York on the day of the anticipated meeting and was unable to attend.837 The investigation did not identify evidence that the two men met at any point after their September 8 meeting. 8. Paul Manafort Paul Manafort served on the Trump Campaign, including a period as campaign chairman, from March to August 2016.838 Manafort had connections to Russia through his prior work for Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska and later through his work for a pro-Russian regime in Ukraine. Manafort stayed in touch with these contacts during the campaign period through Konstantin Kilimnik, a longtime Manafort employee who previously ran Manafort' s office in Kiev and who the FBI assesses to have ties to Russian intelligence. Manafort instructed Rick Gates, his deputy on the Campaign and a longtime employee,839 to provide Kilimnik with updates on the Trump Campaign-including internal polling data, although Manafort claims not to recall that specific instruction. Manafort expected Kilimnik to share that information with others in Ukraine and with Deripaska. Gates periodically sent such polling data to Kilimnik during the campaign. 834 Luff 1/30/18 302, at 6; Landrum 2/27/18 302, at 4-5. 835 Sessions 1/17/l 8 302, at 23. 836 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 23. 837 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 23. 838 On August 21, 2018, Manafo1t was convicted in the Eastern District of Virginia on eight tax, Foreign Bank Account Registration (FBAR), and bank fraud charges. On September 14, 2018, Manafort pleaded guilty in the District of Columbia to (1) conspiracy to defraud the United States and conspiracy to commit offenses against the United States (money laundering, tax fraud, FBAR, Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), and FARA false statements), and (2) conspiracy to obstruct justice (witness tampering). Manafort also admitted criminal conduct with which he had been charged in the Eastern District of Virginia, but as to which the jury hung. The conduct at issue in both cases involved Manafort ' s work in Ukraine and the money he earned for that work, as well as crimes after the Ukraine work ended. On March 7, 2019, Manafo1t was sentenced to 47 months of imprisonment in the Virginia prosecution. On March 13, the district court in D.C. sentenced Manafo1t to a total term of 73 months: 60 months on the Count 1 conspiracy (with 30 of those months to run concurrent to the Virginia sentence), and 13 months on the Count 1 conspiracy, to be served consecutive to the other two sentences. The two sentences resulted in a total term of 90 months. 839 As noted in Volume I, Section III.D.l .b, supra, Gates pleaded guilty to two criminal charges in the District of Columbia, including making a false statement to the FBI, pursuant to a plea agreement. He has provided information and in-court testimony that the Office has deemed to be reliable. See also Transcript at 16, United States v. Paul J Manafort, Jr., l:17-cr-201 (D.D.C. Feb. 13, 2019), Doc. 514 ("Manafort 2/13/19 Transcript") (court' s explanation of reasons to credit Oates's statements in one instance). U.S. Department of Justice 1 fitPl"FIP« ll'Al'lf Pt1AAIIP.t /,' ri.tJw.· <='.AFlfAiA ri.4AfettiRI Pt•f'lteetes llnset' Fes R Criffl P 6(e) Manafort also twice met Kilimnik in the United States during the campaign period and conveyed campaign information. The second meeting took place on August 2, 2016, in New York City. Kilimnik requested the meeting to deliver in person a message from former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, who was then living in Russia. The message was about a peace plan for Ukraine that Manafort has since acknowledged was a "backdoor" means for Russia to control eastern Ukraine. Several months later, after the presidential election, Kilimnik wrote an email to Manafort expressing the view-which Manafort later said he shared-that the pla n' s success would require U.S. support to succeed: "all that is required to start the process is a very minor ' wink' (or slight push) from [Donald Trump]." 840 The email also stated that if Manafort were designated as the U.S. representative and started the process, Yanukovych would ensure his reception in Russia "at the very top level." Manafort communicated with Kilimnik about peace plans for Ukraine on at least four occasions after their first discussion of the topic on August 2: December 2016 (the Kilimnik email described above); January 2017; February 2017; and again in the spring of 2018. The Office reviewed numerous Manafort email and text communications, and asked President Trump about the plan in written questions. 841 The investigation did not uncover evidence ofManafort's passing along information about Ukrainian peace plans to the candidate or anyone else in the Campaign or the Administration. The Office was not, however, able to gain access to all of Manafort' s electronic communications (in some instances, messages were sent using encryption applications). And while Manafort denied that he spoke to members of the Trump Campaign or the new Administration about the peace plan, he lied to the Office and the grand jury about the peace plan and his meetings with Kilimnik, and his unreliability on this subject was among the reasons that the district judge found that he breached his cooperation agreement.842 The Office could not reliably determine Manafort's ur ose in sharin with Kilimnik during the campaign period. Manafort did not see a downside to sharing campaign information, and told Gates that his role in the Campaign would 84( a" aranea DMP email acco g Investigative Technique 841 According to the President's written answers, he does not remember Manafort communicating to him any particular positions that Ukraine or Russia would want the United States to support. Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 16-17 (Response to Question IV, Part (d)). 842 Manafort made several false statements during debriefings. Based on that conduct, the Office determined that Manafort had breached his plea agreement and could not be a cooperating witness. The judge presiding in Manafort's D.C. criminal case found by a preponderance of the evidence that Manafort intentionally made multiple false statements to the FBI, the Office, and the grand jury concerning his interactions and communications with Kilimnik (and concerning two other issues). Although the report refers at times to Manafort's statements, it does so only when those statements are sufficiently corroborated to be trustworthy, to identify issues on which Manafort's untruthful responses may themselves be of evidentiary value, or to provide Manafort's explanations for certain events, even when we were unable to determine whether that explanation was credible. 130 U.S. Department of Justice A#AFRP.v WAt'k PPAA11P.t /,' HR« r_.,,RtRiR 4Rt@.FiRl Pmteeteti llntier Feel R Grit'l'I P Me) be "good for business" and potentially a way to be made whole for work he previously completed in the Ukraine. As to Deripaska, Manafort claimed that by sharing campaign information with him, Deripaska might see value in their relationship and resolve a "disagreement"-a reference to one or more outstanding lawsuits. Because of questions about Manafort' s credibility and our limited ability to gather evidence on what happened to the polling data after it was sent to Kilimnik, the Office could not assess what Kilimnik (or others he may have given it to) did with it. The Office did not identify evidence of a connection between Manafort' s sharing polling data and Russia's interference in the election, which had already been reported by U.S. media outlets at the time of the August 2 meeting. The investigation did not establish that Manafort otherwise coordinated with the Russian government on its election- interference efforts. a. Paul Manafort's Ties to Russia and Ukraine Manafort's Russian contacts during the campaign and transition periods stem from his consulting work for Deripaska from approximately 2005 to 2009 and his separate political consulting work in Ukraine from 2005 to 2015, including through his company Dl\1P International LLC (DMI). Kilimnik worked for Manafort in Kiev during this entire period and continued to communicate with Manafort through at least June 2018. Kilimnik, who speaks and writes Ukrain ian and Russian, facilitated many of Manafort's communications with Deripaska and Ukrainian oligarchs. i. Oleg Deripaska Consulting Work In approximately 2005, Manafort began working for Deripaska, a Russian oligarch who has a global empire involving aluminum and power companies and who is closely aligned with Vladimir Putin.843 A memorandum describing work that Manafort performed for Deripaska in 2005 regarding the post-Soviet republics referenced the need to brief the Kremlin and the benefits that the work could confer on "the Putin Government."844 Gates described the work Manafort did for Deripaska as "political risk insurance," and explained that Deripaska used Manafort to install friendly political officials in countries where Deripaska had business interests.845 Manafort's company earned tens of millions of dollars from its work for Deripaska and was loaned millions of dollars by Deripaska as well.846 In 2007, Deripaska invested through another entity in Pericles Emerging Market Partners L.P. ("Pericles"), an investment fund created by Manafort and former Manafort business partner Richard Davis. The Pericles fund was estab lished to pursue investments in Eastern Europe.847 Deripaska was the sole investor.848 Gates stated in interviews with the Office that the venture led 843 Pinchuk et al., Russian Tycoon Deripaska in Putin Delegation to China, Reuters (June 8, 2018). 844 6/23/05 Memo, Manafort & Davis to Deripaska & Rothchild. 845 Gates 2/2/18 302, at 7. 846 Manafort 9/20/18 302, at 2-5; Manafort Income by Year, 2005 - 2015; Manafort Loans from Wire Transfers, 2005 - 2015. 847 Gates 3/12/18 302, at 5. 848 Manafort 12/16/15 Dep., at 157:8-11. 131 U.S. Department of Justice Attrn•l'le:... \Vnl'lc Prntfoet // MRv <7nl'ltRit'I MRl-et'iAI Pt1Ateeh'l8 l Jneet' Fee R Criffl P Me) to a deterioration of the relationship between Manafort and Deripaska. 849 In pa1itcular, when the fund failed, litigation between Manafort and Deripaska ensued. Gates stated that, by 2009, Manafort's business relationship with Deripaska had " dried up."850 According to Gates, various interactions with Deripaska and his intermediaries over the past few years have involved trying to resolve the legal dispute.851 As described below, in 2016, Manafort, Gates, Kilimnik, and others engaged in efforts to revive the Deripaska relationship and resolve the litigation. ii. Political Consulting Work Through Deripaska, Manafort was introduced to Rinat Akhmetov, a Ukrainian oligarch who hired Manafort as a political consultan t. 852 In 2005, Akhmetov hired Manafort to engage in political work supporting the Party of Regions,853 a political party in Ukraine that was generally understood to align with Russia. Manafort assisted the Party of Regions in regaining power, and its candidate, Viktor Yanukovych, won the presidency in 2010. Manafort became a close and trusted political advisor to Yanukovych during his time as President of Ukraine. Yanukovych served in that role until 2014, when he fled to Russia amidst popular protests.854 iii. Konstantin Kilimnik Kilimnik is a Russian national who has lived in both Russia and Ukraine and was a longtime Manafort employee.855 Kilimnik had direct and close access to Yanukovych and his senior entourage, and he facilitated communications between Manafort and his clients, including Yanukovych and multiple Ukrainian oligarchs.856 Kilimnik also maintained a relationship with Deripaska's deputy, Viktor Boyarkin,857 a Russian national who previously served in the defense attache office of the Russian Embassy to the United States.858 849 Gates 2/2/18 302, at 9. 850 Gates 2/2/18 302, at 6. 851 Gates 2/2/18 302, at 9-10. 852 Manafort 7 /30/14 302, at 1; Manafort 9/20/18 302, at 2. 853 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 5-6. 854 Gates 3/16/18 302, at 1; Davis 2/8/18 302, at 9; Devine 7/6/18 302, at 2-3. 855 Patten 5/22/18 302, at 5; Gates 1/29/18 302, at 18-19; 10/28/97 Kilimnik Visa Record, U.S. Department of State. 856 Gates 1/29 /18 302, at 18-19; Patten 5/22/18 302, at 8; Gates 1/31/18 302, at 4-5; Gates 1/30/18 302, at 2; Gates 2/2/18 302, at 11. 857 Gates 1/29/18 302, at 18; Patten 5/22/18 302, at 8. 858 Boyarkin Visa Record, U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of Justice Atlflf'fH ,· WF>rl< Prfldt1et// MRv Dot1iRit1 M Rh wiRI Prflieeiecl lJt1cler Feel R Gril'fl P Me) 0 Manafort told the Office that he did not believe Kilimnik was working as a Russian 859 "spy ." The FBI, however, assesses that Kilimnik has ties to Russian intelligence.860 Several pieces of the Office' s evidence-including witness interviews and emails obtained through court authorized search warrants-support that assessment: • Kilimnik was born on April 27, 1970, in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, then of the Soviet Union, and attended the Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense from 1987 until 1992.861 Sam Patten, a business partner to Kilimnik,862 stated that Kilimnik told him that he was a translator in the Russian army for seven years and that he later worked in the Russian armament industry selling arms and military equipment. 863 • U.S. government visa records reveal that Kilimnik obtained a visa to travel to the United States with a Russian diplomatic passport in 1997.864 • Kilimnik worked for the International Republican Institute's (IRI) Moscow office, where he did translation work and general office management from 1998 to 2005.865 While another official recalled the incident differently,866 one former associate of Kilimnik's at TRI told the FBI that Kilimnik was fired from his post because his links to Russian intelligence were too strong. The same individual stated that it was well known at IRI that Kilimnik had links to the Russian government.867 • Jonathan Hawker, a British national who was a public relations consultant at FTI Consulting, worked with DMI on a public relations campaign for Yanukovych. After Hawker' s work for DMI ended, Kilimnik contacted Hawker about working for a Russian 859 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 5. 860 The Office has noted Kilimnik's assessed ties to Russian intelligence in public court filings. E.g., Gov't Opp. to Mot. to Modify, United States v. Paul J Manafort, Jr., 1:17-cr-201 (D.D.C. Dec. 4, 2017), Doc. 73, at 2 ("Manafort (D.D.C.) Gov't Opp. to Mot. to Modify"). 861 12/17/16 Kilimnik Visa Record, U.S. Department of State. 862 In August 2018, Patten pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement to violating the Foreign Agents Registration Act, and admitted in his Statement of Offense that he also misled and withheld documents from the Senate Select Committee on lntelligence in the course of its investigation of Russian election interference. Plea Agreement, United States v. W. Samuel Patten, 1:l 8-cr-260 (D.D.C. Aug. 31, 2018), Doc. 6; Statement of Offense, United States v. W. Samuel Patten, l:18-cr-260 (D.D.C. Aug. 31, 2018), Doc. 7. 863 Patten 5/22/18 302, at 5-6. 864 10/28/97 Kilimnik Visa Record, U.S. Department of State. 865 Nix 3/30/18 302, at 1-2. 866 Nix 3/30/18 302, at 2. 867 Lenzi 1/30/18 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice A ttArt=1e -.1 \l.ZArl< PrAtfoet /,' Mwv GAt=1fRit=1 MRtei•iRI PrAteeted Hnder Fed R Griffl P Me) government entity on a public-relations project that would promote, in Western and Ukrainian media, Russia's position on its 2014 invasion of Crimea.868 • Gates suspected that Kilimnik was a "spy," a view that he shared with Manafort, Hawker, and Alexander van der Zwaan,869 an attorney who had worked with DMI on a report for the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.870 Investigative Technique b. Contacts during Paul Manafort's Time with the Trump Campaign i. Paul Manafort Joins the Campaign Manafort served on the Trump Campaign from late March to August 19, 2016. On March 29, 2016, the Campaign announced that Manafort would serve as the Campaign's "Convention Manager."871 On May 19, 2016, Manafort was promoted to campaign chairman and chief strategist, and Gates, who had been assisting Manafort on the Campaign, was appointed deputy campaign chairman.872 Thomas Barrack and Roger Stone both recommended Manafort to candidate Trump.873 In early 2016, at Manafort's request, Barrack suggested to Trump that Manafort join the Campaign to manage the Republican Convention.874 Stone had worked with Manafort from approximately 1980 until the mid-l 990s through various consulting and lobbying firms. Manafort met Trump in 1982 when Trump hired the Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly lobbying firm.875 Over the years, Manafort saw Trump at political and social events in New York City and at Stone's wedding, and Trump requested VIP status at the 1988 and 1996 Republican conventions worked by Manafort.876 868 Hawker 1/9/18 302, at 13; 3/18/14 Email, Hawker & Tulukbaev. 869 van der Zwaan pleaded guilty in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to making false statements to the Special Counsel's Office. Plea Agreement, United States v. Alex van der Zwaan, 1:18-cr-31 (D.D.C. Feb. 20, 2018), Doc. 8. 870 Hawker 6/9/18 302, at 4; van der Zwaan 11/3/17 302, at 22. Manafort said in an interview that Gates had joked with Kilimnik about Kilimnik's going to meet with his KGB handler. Manafort 10/16/18 302, at 7. 871 Press Release-DonaldJ. Trump Announces Campaign Convention Manager PaulJ. Manafort, The American Presidency Project - U.C. Santa Barbara (Mar. 29, 2016). 872 Gates 1/29/18 302, at 8; Meghan Keneally, Timeline of Manafort's role in the Trump Campaign, ABC News (Oct. 20, 2017). 873 Gates 1/29/18 302, at 7-8; Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 1-2; Barrack 12/12/17 302, at 3. 874 Barrack 12/12/17 302, at 3; Gates 1/29/18 302, at 7-8. 875 Manafort 10/16/18 302, at 6. 876 Manafort 10/16/18 302, at 6. U.S. Department of Justice MterHe5 \Vefk Preclttet // P..4ey CetttoiH 4ftteria:l Proteetecl Utteler Fet1. R. Crim. P. 6(e) According to Gates, in March 2016, Manafort traveled to Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida to meet with Trump. Trump hired him at that time. 877 Manafort agreed to work on the Campaign without pay. Manafort had no meaningful income at this point in time, but resuscitating his domestic political campaign career could be financially beneficial in the future. Gates reported that Manafort intended, if Trump won the Presidency, to remain outside the Administration and monetize his relationship with the Administration.878 ii. Paul Manafort's Campaign-Period Contacts Immediately upon joining the Campaign, Manafort directed Gates to prepare for his review separate memoranda addressed to Deripaska, Akhmetov, Serhiy Lyovochkin, and Boris Kolesnikov,879 the last three being Ukrainian oligarchs who were senior Opposition Bloc officials.880 The memoranda described Manafort's appointment to the Trump Campaign and indicated his willingness to consult on Ukrainian politics in the future. On March 30, 2016, Gates emailed the memoranda and a press release announcing Manafort' s appointment to Kilimnik for translation and dissemination8.81 Manafort later followed up with Kilimnik to ensure his messages had been delivered, emailing on April 11, 2016 to ask whether Kilimnik had shown "our friends" the media coverage of his new role.882 Kilimnik replied, "Absolutely. Every article." Manafort further asked: "How do we use to get whole. Has Ovd [Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska] operation seen?" Kilimnik wrote back the same day, "Yes, I have been sending everything to Victor [Boyarkin, Deripaska's deputy], who has been forwarding the coverage directly to OVD."883 Gates reported that Manafort said that being hired on the Campaign would be "good for business" and increase the likelihood that Manafort would be paid the approximately $2 million he was owed for previous political consulting work in Ukraine. 884 Gates also explained to the Office that Manafort thought his role on the Campaign could help "confirm" that Deripaska had dropped the Pericles lawsuit, and that Gates believed Manafort sent polling data to Deripaska (as 877 Gates 2/2/18 302, at IO. 878 Gates 1/30/18 302, at 4. 879 Gates 2/2/18 302, at 11. 0 " See Sharon LaFraniere, Manafort's Trial Isn't About Russia, but It Will Be in the Air, New York Times (July 30, 2018); Tierney Sneed, Prosecutors Believe Manafort Made $60 Million Consulting in Ukraine, Talking Points Memo (July 30, 2018); Mykola Vorobiov, How Pro-Russian Forces_ Will Take Revenge on Ukraine, Atlantic Council (Sept. 23, 2018); Sergii Leshchenko, Ukraine's Oligarchs Are Still Calling the Shots, Foreign Policy (Aug. 14, 2014); Interfax-Ukraine, Kolesnikov: Inevitability of Punishment Needed for Real Fight Against Smuggling in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (June 23, 2018); Igor Kossov, Kyiv Hotel Industry Makes Room for New Entrants, Kyiv Post (Mar. 7, 2019); Markian Kuzmowycz, How the Kremlin Can Win Ukraine's Elections, Atlantic Council (Nov. 19, 2018). The Opposition Bloc is a Ukraine political party that largely reconstituted the Party of Regions. 881 3/30/16 Email, Gates to Kilimnik. 882 4/11/16 Email, Manafort & 883 Kilimnik. 4/11/16 Email, Manafort 884 & Kilimnik. Gates 2/2/18 302, at 10. U.S. Department of Justice o fctnVl'IP>< lFnvl, PPA llP.t // 4H-'> Gei, t8:in M8:teri8:I Preteeted Under Fee. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) 1 discussed further below) so that Deripaska would not move forward with his lawsuit against Manafort.885 Gates further stated that Deripaska wanted a visa to the United States, that Deripaska could believe that having Manafort in a position inside the Campaign or Administration might be helpful to Deripaska, and that Manafort's relationship with Trump could help Deripaska in other ways as well.886 Gates stated, however, that Manafort never told him anything specific about what, if anything, Manafort might be offering Deripaska.887 Gates also reported that Manafort instructed him in April 2016 or early May 2016 to send Kilimnik Campaign internal polling data and other updates so that Kilimnik, in turn, could share it with Ukrainian oli archs. 888 Gates understood that the information would also be shared with Deripaska .889 Gates reported to the Office that he did not know why Manafort wanted him to send polling information , but Gates thought it was a way to showcase Manafort's work, and Manafort wanted to open doors to jobs after the Trump Campaign ended.890 Gates said that Manafort's instruction included sending internal polling data prepared for the Trump Campaign by pollster Tony Fabrizio.891 Fabrizio had worked with Manafort for years and was brought into the Campaign by Manafort. Gates stated that, in accordance with Manafort's instructio n, he periodically sent Kilimnik polling data via WhatsApp; Gates then deleted the communications on a daily basis.892 Gates further told the Office that, after Manafort left the Campaign in mid-August, Gates sent Kilimnik polling data less frequently and that the data he sent was more publicly available information and less internal data.893 with multiple emails that Kilimnik sent to U.S. associates and press contacts between late July and mid-August of 2016. Those emails referenced "internal polling," described the status of the Trump Campaign and 885 Gates 2/2/18 302, at 11; Gates 9/27/18 302 (serial 740), at 2. 886 Gates 2/2/18 302, at 12. 887 Gates 2/2/18 302, at 12. 888 Gates 1/31/18 302, at 17; Gates 9/27/18 302 (serial 740), at 2. In a later interview with the Office, Gates stated that Manafmt directed him to send polling data to Kilimnik after a May 7, 2016 meeting between Manafmt and Kilimnik in New York, discussed in Volume I, Section IV.A.8.b.iii, infra. Gates 11/7/18 302, at 3. 889 Gates 9/27/18 302, Part II, at 2; 890 Gates 2/12/18 302, at 10; Gates 1/31/18 302, at 17. 891 Gates 9/27/18 302 (serial 740), at 2; Gates 2/7/18 302, at 15. 892 Gates 1/31/18 302, at 17. 893 Gates 2/12/18 302, at 11-12. According to Gates, his access to internal polling data was more limited because Fabrizio was himself distanced from the Campaign at that point. 894 U.S. Department of Justice Attm•Flf'H WMlr Pt>AA11eJ // !J!lv GofltB:ifl Materifll Preteetea Unaer Fee. R. Crim. P. 6(e) and assessed Trump' s prospects for Gates to send Kilimnik internal data2 The Office also obtained contemporaneous emails that shed light on the purpose of the communications with Deripaska and that are consistent with Gates' s account. For example, in response to a July 7, 20 I6, email from a Ukrainian reporter about Manafort 's failed Deripaska backed investment, Manafort asked Kilimnik whether there had been any movement on "this issue with our friend."897 Gates stated that "our friend" likely referred to Deripaska,898 and Manafort told the Office that the "issue" (and "our biggest interest," as stated below) was a solution to the Deripaska-Pericles issue.899 Kilimnik replied: I am carefully optimistic on the question of our biggest interest. Our friend [Boyarkin] said there is lately significantly more attention to the campaign in his boss' [Deripaska' s] mind, and he will be most likely looking for ways to reach out to you pretty soon, understanding all the time sensitivity. I am more than sure that it will be resolved and we will get back to the original relationship with V.'s boss [Deripaska].900 Eight minutes later, Manafort replied that Kilimnik should tell Boyarkin's " boss," a reference to Deripaska, "that if he needs private briefings we can accommodate."901 Manafort has alleged to the Office that he was willing to brief Deripaska only on public campaign matters and gave an example: why Trump selected Mike Pence as the Vice-Presidential running mate. 902 Manafort said he never gave Deripaska a briefing. 903 Manafort noted that if Trump won, Deripaska would want to use Manafort to advance whatever interests Deripaska had in the United States and elsewhere.904 895 8/18/16 Email, Kilimnik to Dirkse; 8/18/16 Email, Kilimnik to Schultz; 8/18/16 Email, Kilimnik to Marson; 7/27/16 Email, Kilimnik to Ash; 8/18/16 Email, Kilimnik to Ash; 8/18/ 16 Email, Kilimnik to Jackson; 8/18/16 Email, Kilimnik to Mendoza-Wilson; 8/19/16 Email, Kilimnik to Patten. 896 897 7/7/16 Email, Manafort to Kilimnik . 898 Gates 2/2/18 302, at 13. 899 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 6. 900 7/8/16 Email, Kilimnik to Manafort. 901 7/8/16 Email, Kilimnik to Manafort; Gates 2/2/18 302, at 13. 902 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 6. 903 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 6. 904 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 6. U.S. Department of Justice AttAFFHw l}JAt'lc Pt1Ad11et // HA" rm tAiA •JAteFiAI PrAteeted H11Eler J:' ur,,,.,1, Pt10 AIIP.f // 4fw Gm'lfaifl MMeriH:I P1•0teetea Unser Fea. R. Griffl p Me) Third, according to Gates and what Kilimnik told Patten, Manafort and Kilimnik discussed two sets of financial disputes related to Manafort's previous work in the region. Those consisted of the unresolved Deripaska lawsuit and the funds that the Opposition Bloc owed to Manafort for his political consulting work and how Manafort might be able to obtain payment.933 After the meeting, Gates and Manafort bo.th stated that they left separately from Kilimnik because they knew the media was tracking Manafort and wanted to avoid media reporting on his connections to Kilimnik.934 c. Post-Resignation Activities Manafort resigned from the Trump Campaign in mid-August 2016, approximately two weeks after his second meeting with Kilimnik, amidst negative media reporting about his political consulting work for the pro-Russian Party of Regions in Ukraine. Despite his resignation, Manafort continued to offer advice to various Campaign officials through the November election. Manafort told Gates that he still spoke with Kushner, Bannon, and candidate Trump,935 and some of those post-resignation contacts are documented in emails. For example, on October 21, 2016, Manafort sent Kushner an email and attached a strategy memorandum proposing that the Campaign make the case against Clinton "as the failed and corrupt champion of the establishment" and that "Wikileaks provides the Trump campaign the ability to make the case in a very credible way - by using the words of Clinton, its campaign officials and DNC members."936 Later, in a November 5, 2016 email to Kushner entitled "Securing the Victory," Manafort stated that he was "really feeling good about our prospects on Tuesday and focusing on preserving the victory," and that he was concerned the Clinton Campaign would respond to a loss by " mov[ing]immediately to discredit the [Trump] victory and claim voter fraud and cyber- fraud, including the claim that the Russians have hacked into the voting machines and tampered with the results."937 Trump was elected President on November 8, 2016. Manafort told the Office that, in the wake of Trump's victory, he was not interested in an Administration job. Manafort instead preferred to stay on the "outside," and monetize his campaign position to generate business given his familiarity and relationship with Trump and the incoming Administration.938 Manafort appeared to follow that plan, as he traveled to the Middle East, Cuba, South Korea, Japan, and China and was paid to explain what a Trump presidency would entaii.939 Manafort's activities in early 2017 included meetings relating to Ukraine and Russia. The 933 Gates 1/30/18 302, at 2-4; Patten 5/22/18 302, at 7. 934 Gates 1/30/18 302, at 5; Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 5. 935 Gates 2/12/18 302, at 12. 936 NOSC000215 l 7-20 (10/21/16 Email, Manafo11 to Kushner). 937 NOSC00021573-75 (11/5/16 Email, Manafort to Kushner) . 938 Manafort 9/12/18 302, at 1, 4-5; Gates 1/30/18 302, at 4. 141 939 Manafo119/12/18 302, at 1. 142 U.S. Department of Justice AtfaAPt1e:¥ WAPlc Pt•Atiue:t ,',' MAv C'.11t1tAi1 ,!:Ate:riAI Pt·Ate:etefl l l t1fler Fefl R Griffl P Me) first meeting, which took place in Madrid, Spain in January 2017, was with Georgiy Oganov. Oganov, who had previously worked at the Russian Embassy in the United States, was a senior executive at a Deripaska company and was believed to report directly to Deripaska.940 Manafort initially denied attending the meeting. When he later acknowledged it, he claimed that the meeting had been arranged by his lawyers and concerned only the Pericles lawsuit.941 Other evidence, however, provides reason to doubt Manafort's statement that the sole topic of the meeting was the Pericles lawsuit. In particular, text messages to Manafort from a number associated with Kilimnik suggest that Kilimnik and Boyarkin-not Manafort's counsel-had arranged the meeting between Manafort and Oganov.942 Kilimnik's message states that the meeting was supposed to be "not about money or Pericles" but instead "about recreating [the] old friendship"-ostensibly between Manafort and Deripaska-"and talking about global politics." 943 Manafort also replied by text that he "need[s] this finished before Jan. 20,"944 which appears to be a reference to resolving Pericles before the inauguration. On January 15, 2017, three days after his return from Madrid, Manafort emailed K.T. McFarland, who was at that time designated to be Deputy National Security Advisor and was formally appointed to that position on January 20, 2017.945 Manafort's January 15 email to McFarland stated: " I have some important information I want to share that I picked up on my travels over the last month."946 Manafort told the Office that the email referred to an issue regarding Cuba, not Russia or Ukraine, and Manafort had traveled to Cuba in the past month.947 Either way, McFarland- who was advised by Flynn not to respond to the Manafort inquiry appears not to have responded to Manafort.948 Manafort told the Office that around the time of the Presidential Inauguration in January, he met with Kilimnik and Ukrainian oligarch Serhiy Lyovochkin at the Westin Hotel in Alexandria, Virginia.949 During this meeting, Kilimnik again discussed the Yanukovych peace plan that he had broached at the August 2 meeting and in a detailed December 8, 2016 message found in Kilimnik' s DMP email account.950 In that December 8 email, which Manafort 94 ° Kalashnikova 5/17/18 302, at 4; Gary Lee, Soviet Embassy's Identity Crisis , Washington Post (Dec. 20, 1991); Georgy S. Oganov Executive Profile & Biography, Bloomberg (Mar. 12, 2019). 941 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 7. 942 Text Message, Manafort & Kilimnik. 943 Text Message, Manafort & Kilimnik; Manafort 9/12/18 302, at 5. 944 Text Message, Manafort & Kilimnik. 945 1/15/17 Email, Manafort, McFarland, & Flynn. 946 1/15/17 Email, Manafort, McFarland, & Flynn. 947 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 7. 948 1/15/17 Email, Manafort, McFarland , & Flynn; McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 18-19. 949 llll!l!l!llll!!l!l!llll!!!ll lllll!l!l!!!l!l!l!!lll!!ll!ll!'!'!lllllll!f!lfllllll!!!!!!!ll!!!lllll!!!!l-111111!11 • Manafort 9/11/18302, at 7; Manafort 9/21/18 302, at 3; 1/19/17 & 1/22/17 Kilimnik CBP Records, Jan. 19 and 22, 2017; 2016-17 Text Messages, Kilimnik & Patten, at 1-2. 950 Investigative Technique U.S. Department of Justice At±APHe'v '.llerk Pt1edt1et /,' MR••· GoHf8:il'l 48:tet1i8:I Pt1eteeted Under Fee. R. Ct·iffl P 6(e) acknowledged having read, 951 Kilimnik wrote, "[a]ll that is required to stait the process is a very minor 'wink' (or slight push) from DT"-an apparent reference to President-elect Trump-"and a decision to authorize you to be a 'special representative' and manage this process." Kilimnik assured Manafort, with that authority, he "could start the process and within 10 days visit Russia [Yanukovych] guarantees your reception at the very top level," and that "DT could have peace in Ukraine basically within a few months after inauguration." 952 and statements to the Office_,_ Manafort sou On February 26, 2017, Manafort met Kilimnik in Madrid, where Kilimnik had flown from Moscow.956 In his first two interviews with the Office, Manafort denied meeting with Kilimnik on his Madrid trip and then-after being confronted with documentary evidence that Kilimnik was in Madrid at the same time as him- recognizedthat he met him in Madrid. Manafort said that Kilimnik had updated him on a criminal investigation into so-called " black ledger" payments to Manafort that was being conducted bv Ukraine's National Anti-Corruption Bureau.957 Manafort remained in contact with Kilimnik throughout 2017 and into the spring of 2018. 951 Manafort 9/11/18 302, at 6; 952 Investigative Technique 956 2/21/17 Email, Zatynaiko to Kilimnik. 957 Manafort 9/13/18 302, at I. In resolv ing whether Manafort breached 958 his cooperation plea agreement by lying to the Office, the district court found that Manafort lied about, among other things, his contacts with Kilimnik regarding the peace plan, including the meeting in Madrid. Manafort 2/13/19 Transcript, at 29-31, 40. U.S. Department of Justice AtfAt'Ae•, 'Jlol'k Pt'Btit1et // M RT,1 GAAlAiA 4Afet'ial Pl'oteeteti UAtier Feti R Crittt P 6(e) Those contacts included matters pertaining to the criminal charges brought by the Office ,959 and the Ukraine peace plan. In early 2018, Manafort retained his longtime polling firm to craft a draft poll in Ukraine, sent the pollsters a three-page primer on the plan sent by Kilimnik, and worked with Kilimnik to formulate the polling questions.960 The primer sent to the pollsters specifically called for the United States and President Trump to support the Autonomous Republic of Donbas with Yanukovych as Prime Minister,961 and a series of questions in the draft poll asked for opinions on Yanukovych's role in resolving the conflict in Donbas. 962 (The poll was not solely about Donbas; it also sought participants' views on leaders apart from Yanukovych as they pertained to the 2019 Ukraine presidential election.) The Office has not uncovered evidence that Manafort brought the Ukraine peace plan to the attention of the Trump Campaign or the Trump Administration. Kilimnik continued his efforts to promote the peace plan to the Executive Branch (e.g., U.S. Department of State) into the summer of 2018.963 B. Post-Election and Transition-Period Contacts Trump was elected President on November 8, 2016. Beginning immediately after the election, individuals connected to the Russian government started contacting officials on the Trump Campaign and Transition Team through multiple channels-sometimes through Russian Ambassador Kislyak and at other times through individuals who sought reliable contacts through U.S. persons not formally tied to the Campaign or Transition Team. The most senior levels of the Russian government encouraged these efforts. The investigation did not establish that these efforts reflected or constituted coordination between the Trump Campaign and Russia in its election interference activities. 1. Immediate Post-Election Activity As soon as news broke that Trump had been elected President, Russian government officials and prominent Russian businessmen began trying to make inroads into the new Administration. They appeared not to have preexisting contacts and struggled to connect with senior officials around the President-Elect. As explained below , those efforts entailed both official contact through the Russian Embassy in the United States and outreaches-sanctioned at high leve ls of the Russian government-through business rather than political contacts. Manafort (D.D.C.) Gov't Opp. to Mot. to Modify, at 2; Superseding Indictment ,r,r 48- 51, 959 United States v. Paul J Manafort, Jr., 1:17-cr-201 (D.D.C. June 8, 2018), Doc. 318. 2/12/18 Email, Fabrizio to Manafort & Ward; 2/16/18 Email, Fabrizio to Manafort; 2/19/18 960 Email, Fabrizio to Ward; 2/21/18 Email, Manafort to Ward & Fabrizio. 961 2/21/18 Email, Manafort to Ward & Fabrizio (7:16:49 a.m.) (attachment). 962 3/9/18 Email, Ward to Manafort & Fabrizio (attachment). U.S. Department of Justice AUAf'l"IP."'' lJJ:Atilf PtiAAIJBt // MA•,· GofltA:ifl MA:terittl Preteetea Unaer Feel . R. Criffl. P. 6(e) a. Outreach from the Russian Government At approximately 3 a.m. on election night, Trump Campaign press secretary Hope Hicks received a telephone call on her personal cell phone from a person who sounded foreign but was calling from a number with a DC area code.964 Although Hicks had a hard time understanding the person, she could make out the words "Putin call."965 Hicks told the caller to send her an 966 email. The following morning, on November 9, 2016, Sergey Kuznetsov, an official at the Russian Embassy to the United States, emailed Hicks from his Gmail address with the subject line, "Message from Putin." 967 Attached to the email was a message from Putin, in both English and Russian, which Kuznetsov asked Hicks to convey to the President-Elect. 968 In the message, Putin offered his congratulations to Trump for his electoral victory, stating he "look[ed] forward to 969 working with [Trump] on leading Russian-American relations out of crisis." Hicks forwarded the email to Kushner, asking, "Can you look into this? Don't want to get ° duped but don't want to blow off Putin!" 97 Kushner stated in Congressional testimony that he believed that it would be possible to verify the authenticity of the forwarded email through the 971 Russian Ambassador, whom Kushner had previously met in April 2016. Unable to recall the Russian Ambassador's name, Kushner emailed Dimitri Simes of CNI, whom he had consulted previously about Russia, see Volume I, Section IV.A.4, supra, and asked, "What is the name of Russian ambassador?"972 Kushner forwarded Simes' s response-which identified Kislyak by name-to Hicks9. 73 After checking with Kushner to see what he had learned, Hicks conveyed Putin's letter to transition officials.974 Five days later, on November 14, 2016, Trump and Putin spoke by phone in the presence of Transition Team members, 975 including incoming National Security Advisor Michael Flynn. 964 Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 3. 965 Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 3. 966 Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 3. 967 NOSC00044381 (11/9/16 Email, Kuznetsov to Hicks (5:27 a.m.)). 968 NOSC00044381-82 (11/9/16 Email, Kuznetsov to Hicks (5:27 a.m.)). 969 NOSC00044382 (11/9/16 Letter from Putin to President-Elect Trump (Nov. 9, 2016) (translation)). 970 NOSC00044381 (11/9/16 Email, Hicks to Kushner (10:26 a.m.)). 971 Statement of Jared C. Kushner to Congressional Committees, at 4 (Jul. 24, 2017). 972 NOSC00000058(11/9/16 Email, Kushner to Simes (10:28 a.m.)); Statement of Jared Kushner to Congressional Committees, at 4 (Jul. 24, 2017). 973 NOSC00000058 (11/9/16 Email, Kushner to Hicks (11:05:44 a.m.)). 974 Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 3-4. 975 Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 8-10; see Doug G. Ware, Trump, Russia's Putin Talk about Syria, Icy Relations in Phone Call, UPI (Nov. 14, 2016). U.S. Department of Justice A flt'fle·,r \lha,t1lc Pt'edt:1et ,'/ 11.,4R•,· D.mai*RiFI 11.,4R*Pt'iRI Pf'f'ltPPtPrl l JF1rlet1 f.erl R Gt1ilfl P Me) b. High-Level Encouragement of Contacts through Alternative Channels As Russian officials in the United States reached out to the President-Elect and his team, a number of Russian individuals working in the private sector began their own efforts to make contact. Petr Aven, a Russian national who heads Alfa-Bank, Russia's largest commercial bank, described to the Office interactions with Putin during this time period that might account for the tlurry of Russian activity.976 · Aven told the Office that he is one of approximately 50 wealthy Russian businessmen who regularly meet with Putin in the Kremlin; these 50 men are often referred to as "oligarchs."977 Aven told the Office that he met on a quarterly basis with Putin, including in the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2016, shortly after the U.S. presidential election.978 Aven said that he took these meetings seriously and understood that any suggestions or critiques that Putin made during these meetings were implicit directives, and that there would be consequences for Aven if he did not follow through.979 As was typical, the 2016 Q4 meeting with Putin was preceded by a preparatory meeting with Putin's chief of staff, Anton Vaino.980 According to Aven, at his Q4 2016 one-on-one meeting with Putin,981 Putin raised the prospect that the United States would impose additional sanctions on Russian interests, including sanctions against Aven and/or Alfa-Bank.982 Putin suggested that Aven needed to take steps to protect himself and Alfa-Bank. 983 Aven also testified that Putin spoke of the difficulty faced by the Russian government in getting in touch with the incoming Trump Administration9.84 According to Aven, Putin indicated that he did not know with whom formally to speak and generally did not know the people around the President-Elect.985 976 Aven rovided information to the Office in an interview and through an attorney proffer, Ill 977 Aven 8/2/18 302, at 7. 978 979 Aven 8/2/18 302, at2-3. and interview with the . . - - - -- - - - - - - - - 980 Office, ers (e.g., Official 1, A ven refe rred to the high-ranking Ru ssi an go ve rnm e nt off ici als us Official in g n 2).umutinband Official 2 Aven sep arately confirmed th.rough an atto rney proffer that Official 1 was P was Putin's chiefofstaff, Vaino. See Affidavit of Ryan Junck (Aug. 2, 2018) (hard copy on file). 981 At the time of his Q4 2016 meeting with Putin, Aven was generally aware of the press coverage about Russian interference in the U.S. election. According to Aven, he did not discuss that topic with Putin at any point, and Putin did not mention the rationale behind the threat of new sanctions. Aven 8/2/18 302, at 5-7. 982 983 984 985 U.S. Department of Justice A ttAt'Ri>Y Ulm•lc Pl'l'lrlnl'lt ,',' 48¥ Ge,f!t!l:ifl M!!:t-eri11:I Preteetea Unaer Fea. R. Crim p 6(e) Aven told Putin he would take steps to protect himself and the Alfa-Bank shareholders from potential sanctions, and one of those steps would be to try to reach out to the incoming Administration to establish a line of communicat io n.986 Aven described Putin responding with skepticism about Aven's prospect for success. 987 According to Aven, although Putin did not expressly direct him to reach out to the Trump Transition Team, Aven understood that Putin expected him to try to respond to the concerns he had raised. 988 Aven's efforts are described in Volume I, Section IV.B.5, infra. 2. Kirill Dmitriev' s Transition-Era Outreach to the Incoming Administration Aven's description of his interactions with Putin is consistent with the behavior of Kirill Dmitriev, a Russian national who heads Russia's sovereign wealth fund and is closely connected to Putin. Dmitriev undertook efforts to meet members of the incoming Trump Administration in the months after the election. Dmitriev asked a close business associate who worked for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) royal court, George Nader, to introduce him to Trump transition officials, and Nader eventually arranged a meeting in the Seychelles between Dmitriev and Erik Prince, a Trump Campaign supporter and an associate of Steve Bannon.989 In addition, the UAE national security advisor introduced Dmitriev to a hedge fund manager and friend of Jared Kushner, Rick Gerson, in late November 2016. In December 2016 and January 2017, Dmitriev and Gerson worked on a proposal for reconciliation between the United States and Russia , which Dmitriev implied he cleared through Putin. Gerson provided that proposal to Kushner before the inaugu ration, and Kushner later gave copies to Bannon and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson. a. Background Dmitriev is a Russian national who was appointed CEO of Russia' s sovereign wealth fund, the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), when it was founded in 2011.990 Dmitriev reported directly to Putin and frequently referred to Putin as his " boss."991 RDIF has co-invested in various projects with UAE sovereign wealth funds.992 Dmitriev regularly interacted with Nader, a senior advisor to UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed 986 987 988 Aven 8/2/18 302, at 4-8; 989 Nader provided information to the Office in multi le interviews, all but one of which were conducted under a proffer agreement . The investi ators also interviewed Prince under a proffer agreement. Bannon was interviewed by the Office, under a proffer agreement. 99 ° Kirill Dmitriev Biography, Russian Direct Investment Fund, available at https://rdif.ru/Eng_person_dmitriev_kiriII/. See also Overview , Russian Direct Investment Fund, available at https://rdif.ru/Eng_About/. Gerson 6/15/18 302, at 1. See also, e.g., 12/14/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Gerson; 1/9/17 99 1 Text Message, Dmitriev to Gerson. 992 U.S. Department of Justice 1 j:tp-p,r 'l7A .. lr Prnflwa.t ,',' 4fl¥ f'.Al'lfflil'I MRiel'ifll Pl'Ateetefl HAaer F ea. R Criffl P 6(e) (Crown Prince Mohammed), in connection with RDIF' s dealings with the UAE.993 Putin wanted Dmitriev to be in charge of both the financial and the political relationship between Russia and the Gulf states, in part because Dmitriev had been educated in the West and spoke English fluently.994 Nader considered Dmitriev to be Putin's interlocutor in the Gulf region, and would relay Dmitriev's views directly to Crown Prince Mohammed9.95 Nader developed contacts with both U.S. presidential campaigns during the 2016 election, and kept Dmitriev abreast of his efforts to do so.996 According to Nader, Dmitriev said that his and the government of Russia's preference was for candidate Trump to win, and asked Nader to assist him in meeting members of the Trump Campaign.997 Nader did not introduce Dmitriev to anyone associated with the Trump Campaign before the electio n.999 Erik Prince is a businessman who had relationships with various individuals associated with the Trump Campaign, including Steve Bannon, Donald Trump Jr., and Roger Stone.1005 Prince did not have a formal role in the Campaign, although he offered to host a fundraiser for 993 Nader 1/22/18 302,, at 1-2; Nader 1/23/18 302, at 2-3; 5/3/16 Email, Nader to Phares; .. 994 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 1-2. 995 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 3. 996 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 3; 998 999 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 3. 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 Prince 4/4/18 302, at 1-5; Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 21. U.S. Department of Justice AttAn1fw WAt1k Pt1Ad!let // MF11t Gm=ttFtiA Mn*et1inl Pnlteeted lJAcler Fecl. R. Criffl P 6(e) Trump and sent unsolicited policy papers on issues such as foreign policy, trade, and Russian election interference to Bannon.1006 After the election, Prince frequently visited transition offices at Trump Tower, primarily to meet with Bannon but on occasion to meet Michael Flynn and others. 1007 Prince and Bannon would discuss, inter alia, foreign policy issues and Prince's recommendations regarding who should be appointed to fill key natio sitions.1008 Although affiliated with the transition, Nader--- received assurance-s that the incoming Administration considered Prince a trusted associate.10 b. Kirill Dmitriev's Post-Election Contacts With the Incoming Administration oc ctmght C 0 C ,.gea Investigative Technique g to Ott ona ◄ 0 DIC ihN4Mt•6ilti GAiDli•ut C 0 D C . ae rat1c or• 0 \..,Ila1n IC 01 0 Investigative Technique O h14H1- GAiTiJm W MIN ◄ Investigative Technique ,.pprc ,.a callee aQ LlQ < 0 D to CO D" o aQ . .. - ... Investigative Techniqu <111a 1aaTQ • ' Investigative Technique ote to D 0 1006 Prince 4/4/18 302, at l, 3-4; Prince 5/3/18 302, at 2; Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 19-20; 10/18/16 Email, Prince to Bannon. 1007 Flynn 11/20/17 302, at 6; Flynn 1/11/18 302, at 5; Flynn 1/24/18 302, at 5-6; Flynn 5/1/18 302, at 11; Prince 4/4/18 302, at 5, 8; Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 20-21; 11/12/16 Email, Prince to Corallo. 1008 Prince 4/4/18 302, at 5; Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 21. Nader 1/22/18 302, at 5-6; 1111 1011 Investigative Technique l0 12 Investigative Technique • Investigative Technique 1014 Investigative Technique 1015 Investigative Technique U.S. Department of Justice AttAFAe..· \Vork PrAduet // 4A"' r.m tAiA MAteriAI PrAteeted HAder Fe d.. R Criffl P 6(e) Later that morning, Dmitriev contacted Nader, who was in New York, to request a meeting with the "key people" in the incoming Administration as soon as possible in light of the "[g]reat results."1016 He asked Nader to convey to the incoming Administration that "we want to start rebuilding the relationship in whatever is a comfortable pace for them. We understand all of the sensitivities and are not in a rush."1017 Dmitriev and Nader had previously discussed Nader introducing him to the contacts Nader had made within the Trump Campaign.10 18 Dmitriev also told Nader that he would ask Putin for permission to travel to the United States, where he would be able to speak to media outlets about the positive impact of Trump's election and the need for 1019 reconciliation between the United States and Russia. Later that day, Dmitriev flew to New York, where Peskov was separately traveling to attend the chess tournament.1020 Dmitri ev invited Nader to the opening of the tournament and noted that, if there was "a chance to see anyone key from Trump camp," he "would love to start building for the future." 102 1 Dmitriev also asked Nader to invite Kushner to the event so that he (Dmitriev) could meet him.1022 Nader did not pass along Dmitriev' s invitation to anyone connected with the incoming Administration. 1023 Although one World Chess Federation official recalled hearing from an attendee that President-Elect Trump had stopped by the tournament, the investigation did not establish that Trump or any Campaign or Transition Team official attended the event.1024 And the President's written answers denied that he had.1025 Nader stated that Dmitriev continued to press him to set up a meeting with transition officials, and was particularly focused on Kushner and Trump Jr.1026 Dmitriev told Nader that 1027 Putin would be verv grateful to Nader and that a meeting would make history. 1016 11/9/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (9:34 a.m.); Nader 1/22/18 302, at 4. 1017 11/9/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (11:58 p.m.). 1018 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 3. 11/9/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (10:06 a.m.); 11/9/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to 1019 Nader (10:10 a.m.); 1020 11/9/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (10:08 a.m.); 11/9/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (3:40 p.m.); Nader 1/22/18 302, at 5. 1021 11/9/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (7:10 p.m.). 1022 11/10/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (5:20 a.m.). 1023 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 5-6. 1024 Marinello 5/31/18 302, at 2-3; Nader 1/22/18 302, at 5-6. 1025 Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 17-18 (Response to Question V, Part (a). 1111 150 1026 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 6; 1027 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 6; 150 U.S. Department of Justice 1 fhp1qw WAFl< PPArl11e.t // Mil... Cott flil'I. fo erit1l Preteetetl Utttler Fee. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) According to Nader, Dmitriev was very anxious to connect with the incoming Administration and told Nader that he would try other routes to do so besides Nader himself. 1030 Nader did not ultimately introduce Dmitriev to anyone associated with the incoming Administration during Dmitriev' s post-election trip to New York.1031 In early December 2016, Dmitriev again broached the topic of meeting incoming Administration officials with Nader in January or February.1032 Dmitriev sent Nader a list of publicly available quotes of Dmitriev speaking positively about Donald Trump "in case they [were] helpful."1033 c. Erik Prince and Kirill Dmitriev Meet in the Seychelles i. George Nader and Erik Prince Arrange Seychelles Meeting with Dmitriev Nader traveled to New York in early January 2017 and had lunchtime and dinner meetings with Erik Prince· on January 3, 2017.1034 Nader and Prince discussed Dmitriev. 1035 Nader informed Prince that the Russians were looking to build a link with the incoming Trump Administration.1036 he told Prince that Dmitriev had been ushin Nader to .e incoming Administration ..,,..,.....,....,.........,... ,,.....,_.1037 Nader suggested, in light of Prince's Team officials, that Prince and Dmitriev meet to discuss issues of mutual concern.1038 Prince told Nader that he needed to think further about it and to check with Transition Team officials.1039 After his dinner with Prince, Nader sent Prince a link to a Wikipedia entry about Dmitriev, and sent Dmitriev a message stating that he had just met "with some key people within the family and inner circle"- a reference to Prince-and that he had spoken at length and positively about 1028 1029 1030 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 6. 1031 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 5-7. 1032 12/8/16 Text Messages, Dmitriev to Nader (12:10:31 a.m.); Nader 1/22/18 302, at 11. 1033 12/8/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (12:10:31 a.m.); 12/8/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (12:10:57 a.m.). 1034 Prince 4/4/18 302, at 8. 1036 1037 1038 151 10 39 U.S. Department of Justice ,c\Uflt1fle'o' '.V:flt'k Pt'fldt1et // MRv Gm'ltR:iH Mffiet>ie:1 Pt1flteeted Hndet1 Fed R. Criffl. P. Me) Dmitriev.1040 Nader told Dmitriev that the people he met had asked for Dmitriev's bio, and Dmitriev replied that he would update and send it. 1041 Nader later received from Dmitriev two files concerning Dmitriev: one was a two-page biography, and the other was a list of Dmitriev's positive quotes about Donald Trump.1042 The next morning, Nader forwarded the message and attachments Dmitriev had sent him to Prince.1043 Nader wrote to Prince that these documents were the versions "to be used with some additional details for them" (with "them" referring to members of the incoming Administration)1. 044 Prince opened the attachments at Trump Tower within an hour of receiving them.1045 Prince stated that, while he was at Trump Tower that day, he spoke with Kellyanne Conway, Wilbur Ross, Steve Mnuchin, and others while waiting to see Bannon.1046 Cell-site location data for Prince's mobile phone indicates that Prince remained at Trump Tower for approximately three hours.1047 Prince said that he could not recall whether, during those three 1048 hours2 he met with Bannon and discussed Dmitriev with him. Prince booked a ticket to the Seychelles on January 7, 2017. 1050 The following day, Nader wrote to Dmitriev that he had a "pleasant surprise" for him, namely that he had arranged for Dmitriev to meet "a Special Guest" from "the New Team," referring to Prince.1051 Nader asked Dmitriev if he could come to the Seychelles for the meeting on January 12 , 2017, and Dmitriev agreed. 1052 The f9llowing day, urance from Nader that the Seychelles meeting would be worthwhile.1053 ---Dmitriev was not enthusiastic about the idea of meeting with Prince, and that Nader assured him that Prince wielded influence with the incoming 1040 1/4/17 Text Message, Nader to Prince; 1/4/17 Text Messa es, Nader to Dmitriev (5:24 a.m. - 5:26 a.m.); Nader 1/22/18 302, at 8-9; 1041 1/4/17 Text Messages, Nader & Dmitriev (7:24:27 a.m.). 1042 1/4/17 Text Messages, Dmitriev to Nader (7:25-7:29 a.m.) 1043 1/4/17 Text Messages, Nader to Prince. 1044 1/4/17 Text Messages, Nader to Prince; 1045 Prince 5/3/18 302, at 1-3. 1046 Prince 5/3/18 302, at 2-3. 1047 Cell-site location data for Prince's mobile phone Invest igative Technique 1048 Prince 5/3/18 302, at 3. 1049 1050 1/5/17 Email, Kasbo to Prince. 1051 1/8/17 Text Messages, Nader to Dmitriev (6:05 - 6:10 p.m.). 1052 1/8/17 Text Messages, Nader & Dmitriev (6:10 - 7:27 p.m.). 1053 1/9/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader. U.S. Department of Justice AttfH'Re,., \\Lot k Pt1od1-1et // 4A · D.nR*Aif'I 4A*Pct'iA1 Pt>oteetet'I l JRFlew Fed Gt•ifl'I P e) Administration.10 54 Nader wrote to Dmitriev, "This guy [Prince] is designat·ed by Steve [Bannon] to meet you! I know him and he is very very well connected and trusted by the New Team. His sister is now a Minister of Education." 1055 According to Nader, Prince had led him to believe that Bannon was aware of Prince's upcoming meeting with Dmitriev , and Prince acknowledged that it was fair for Nader to think that Prince would pass information on to the Transition Team.1056 Bannon, however, told the Office that Prince did not tell him in advance about his meeting with Dmitriev.1057 ii. The Seychelles Meetings Dmitriev arrived with his wife in the Seychelles on January 11, 2017, and checked into the Four Seasons Resort where Crown Prince Mohammed and Nader were staying.1058 Prince arrived that same day.1059 Prince and Dmitriev met for the first time that afternoon in Nader's villa, with Nader present.1060 The initial meeting lasted approximately 30-45 minutes.1061 Prince described the eight years of the Obama Administration in negative terms, and stated that he was looking forward to a new era of cooperation and conflict resolution. 1063 According to Prince, he told Dmitriev that Bannon was effective if not conventional, and that Prince provided policy papers to Bannon.1064 1054 1055 1/9/17 Text Message, Nader to Dmitriev (2:12:56 p.m.); Nader 1/19/18 302, at 13; Ill 1056 Nader 1/19/18 302, at 13; Prince 5/3/18 302, at 3. 1057 Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 25-26. 1058 1/10/17 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Nader (2:05:54 - 3:30:25 p.m.); 1/11/17 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Nader (2:16:16 - 5:17:59 p.m.). 1059 1/7/17 Email, Kasbo to Prince. 1060 1/11/17 Text Messages, Nader & Dmitriev (5:18:24 - 5:37:14 p.m.); 1062 1063 1064 Prince 5/3/18 302, at 4. 1065 U.S. Department of Justice AffAf'FlfW '.VAf'lc Pt1Ad1let ,',' HA« DAAfAiA MAtet1iAI P,Ateel'ea Unser Fes. R.Criffi P 6(e) topic of Russian interference in the 2016 election did not come up. Prince added tnat he would inform Bannon about his meeting with Dmitriev, and thafifthere was interest in continuing the discussion, Bannon or someone else on the Transition Team would do so.1011 Afterwards, Prince returned to his room, where he learned that a Russian aircraft carrier had sailed to Libya, which led him to call Nader and ask him to set up another meeting with Dmitriev.1073 According to Nader, Prince called and said he had checked with his associates back 1074 home and needed to convey to Dmitriev that Libya was "off the table." Nader wrote to Dmitriev that Prince had " received an urgent message that he needs to convey to you immediately," and arranged for himself, Dmitriev, and Prince to meet at a restaurant on the Four Seasons property.101s At the second meeting, Prince told Dmitriev that the United States could not acce Russian involvement in Libya because it would make the 1066 1067 1068 1069 Prince 5/3/18 302, at 4-5. 1070 1072 1073 Prince 4/4/18 302, at 10; Prince 5/3/18 302, at 4; 1074 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 14; 1075 1/11/17 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Nader (9:13:54 - 10:24:25 p.m.), ------------ Pr1nce, ho wever, denied that and recalled that he was making these remarks to Dmitriev not in an official capacity for the transition but based on his experience as a former naval officer. Prince 5/3/18 302, at 4. U.S. Department of Justice Alatot'flP.¥ '.Vnrk Pt1AA11et // 4nor rAl'ltniA +'.4nfet1inl PrAteeted Ht1der Fed R Cri1tt P 6(e) 1077 After the brief second meeting concluded, Nader and Dmitriev discussed what had transpired. 1078 Dmitriev told Nader that he was disappointed in his meetings with Prince for two reasons: first, he believed the Russians needed to be communicating with someone who had more authority within the incoming Administration than Prince had.1079 Second, he had hoped to have a discussion of greater substance, such as outlinin a strate ic roadmap for both countries to follow.1080 Dmitriev told Nader that Prince's comments - 108 1 were insulting Hours after the second meeting, Prince sent two text messages to Bannon from the Seychelles.1082 As described further below, investigators were unable to obtain the content of these or other messages between Prince and Bannon, and the investigation also did not identify evidence of any further communication between Prince and Dmitriev after their meetings in the Seychelles. iii. Erik Prince's Meeting with Steve Bannon after the Seychelles Trip After the Seychelles meetings, Prince told Nader that he would inform Bannon about his discussion with Dmitriev and would convey that someone within the Russian power structure was interested in seeking better relations with the incoming Administration1.083 On January 12, 2017, Prince contacted Bannon's personal assistant to set up a meeting for the following week.1084 Several days later, Prince messaged her again asking about Bannon' s schedule. 1085 Prince said that he met Bannon at Bannon's home after returning to the United States in mid-January and briefed him about several topics, includin g his meeting with Dmitriev.1086 Prince told the Office that he explained to Bannon that Dmitriev was the head of a Russian sovereign wealth fund and was interested in improving relations between the United States and Russia.1087 Prince had on his cellphone a screenshot ofDmitriev's Wikipedia page dated January 16, 2017, 1077 - 1079 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 9, 15; 1080 Nader 1/22/18 302, at 15. 1081 1083 Prince 4/4/18 302, at 10; Prince 5/3/18 302, at 4; 1084 1/12/17 Text Messages, Prince to Preate. 1085 1/15/17 Text Message, Prince to Preate. 1086 Prince 4/4/18 302, at 11; Prince 5/3/18 302, at 5. 1087 Prince 4/4/18 302, at 11; Prince 5/3/18 302, at 5. U.S. Department of Justice Atte,rne•,· '.\le,rlc PrAd1::1et/,' Metv Cot1tetit1 Material Proteeted Ut1der Fed. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) and Prince told the Office that he likely showed that image to Bannon.1088 Prince also believed he provided Bannon with Dmitriev's contact information.1089 According to Prince, Bannon instructed Prince not to follow up with Dmitriev, and Prince had the impression that the issue was not a priority for Bannon.1090 Prince related that Bannon did not appear angry, just relatively uninterested. 1091 Bannon, by contrast, told the Office that he never discussed with Prince anything regarding Dmitriev, RDIF, or any meetings with Russian individuals or people associated with Putin.1092 Bannon also stated that had Prince mentioned such a meeting, Bannon would have remembered it, and Bannon would have objected to such a meeting having taken place.1093 The conflicting accounts provided by Bannon and Prince could not be independently clarified by reviewing their communications , because neither one was able to produce any of the messages they exchanged in the time period surrounding the Seychelles meeting. Prince's phone contained no text messages prior to March 2017, though provider records indicate that he and Bannon exchanged dozens of messages.1094 Prince denied deleting any messages but claimed he did not know why there were no messages on his device before March 2017.1095 Bannon's devices similarly contained no messages in the relevant time period, and Bannon also stated he did not know why messages did not appear on his device.1096 Bannon told the Office that, during both the months before and after the Seychelles meeting, he regularly used his personal Blackberry and personal email for work-related communications (including those with Prince), and he took no steps to preserve these work communications. 1097 d. Kirill Dmitriev's Post-Election Contact with Rick Gerson Regarding U.S. Russia Relations Dmitriev's contacts during the transition period were not limited to those facilitated by Nader. In approximately late November 2016, the UAE national security advisor introduced Dmitriev to Rick Gerson, a friend of Jared Kushner who runs a hedge fund in New York.1098 Gerson stated he had no formal role in the transition and had no involvement in the Trump 1088 Prince 5/3/18302, at 5; 1/16/17 Image on Prince Phone (on file with the Office). 1089 Prince 5/3/18 302, at 5. 1090 Prince 5/3/18 302, at 5. 1091 Prince 5/3/18 302, at 5. 1092 Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 10-11. 1093 Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 10-11. 1094 Call Records of Erik Prince 1095 Prince 4/4/18 302, at 6. 1096 Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 11; Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 36. 1097 Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 11. 1098 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 1, 3; 11/26/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Gerson; 1/25/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader. 156 U.S. Department of Justice AUrHt'1e ,1 1 W:1•wk Pt1Ad11et // Mll-'I Gm tS:iti Mff:teriS:I Prnfoeefoed lJtider Fee . R. Griffi. P. Me) Campaign other than occasional casual discussions about the Campaign with Kushner.1099 After the election, Gerson assisted the transition by arranging meetings for transition officials with former UK prime minister Tony Blair and a UAE delegation led by Crown Prince Mohammed.1100 When Dmitriev and Gerson met, they principally discussed potential joint ventures between Gerson's hedge fund and RDIF.1101 Dmitriev was interested in improved economic cooperation between the United States and Russia and asked Gerson who he should meet with in the incoming Administration who would be helpful towards this goal.1102 Gerson replied that he would try to figure out the best way to arrange appropriate introductions, but noted that confidentiality would be required because of the sensitivity of holding such meetings before the new Administration took power, and before Cabinet nominees had been confirmed by the Senate.1103 Gerson said he would ask Kushner and Michael Flynn who the " key person or people" were on the topics of reconciliation with Russia, joint security concerns, and economic matters.1104 Dmitriev told Gerson that he had been tasked by Putin to develop and execute a reconciliation plan between the United States and Russia. He noted in a text message to Gerson that if Russia was "approached with respect and willingness to understand our position, we can have Major Breakthroughs quickly."1105 Gerson and Dmitriev exchanged ideas in December 2016 about what such a reconciliation plan would include.1106 Gerson told the Office that the Transition Team had not asked him to engage in these discussions with Dmitriev, and that he did so on his own initiative and as a private citizen.1107 On January 9, 2017, the same day he asked Nader whether meeting Prince would be worthwhile, Dmitriev sent his biography to Gerson and asked him if he could "share it with Jared (or somebody else very senior in the team) - so that they know that we are focused from our side on improving the relationship and my boss asked me to play a key role in tha t."1108 Dmitriev also asked Gerson if he knew Prince, and if Prince was somebody important or worth spending time 1099 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 1. 1100 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 1-2; Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 21. 1101 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 3-4; see, e.g., 12/2/16 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Gerson; 12/14/16 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Gerson; 1/3/17 Text Message, Gerson to Dmitriev; 12/2/16 Email, Tolokonnikov to Gerson. 1102 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 3; 12/14/16 Text Message, Dmitriev to Gerson. 1103 12/14/16 Text Message, Gerson to Dmitriev. 1104 12/14/16 Text Message, Gerson to Dmitriev. 1105 12/14/16 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Gerson; Gerson 6/15/18 302, at 1. 1106 12/14/16 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Gerson. 1107 Gerson 6/15/18 302, at I. 1108 1/9/17 Text Messages, Dmitriev to Gerson; 1/9/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nad er. U.S. Department of Justice Attf'll'nev '.l.Zf'lt'k Pt'Rdttet // Mttv GRntt1:in M!itet'it1:I Pt'Ateeted Under Fed. R. Grim. P. Me) with.1109 After his trip to the Seychelles, Dmitriev told Gerson that Bannon had asked Prince to meet with Dmitriev and that the two had had a positive meeting. 1110 On January 16, 2017, Dmitriev consolidated the ideas for U.S.-Russia reconciliation that he and Gerson had been discussing into a two-page document that listed five main points: (1) jointly fighting terrorism; (2) jointly engaging in anti-weapons of mass destruction efforts; (3) developing "win-win" economic and investment initiatives; (4) maintaining an honest, open, and continual dialogue regarding issues of disagreement; and (5) ensuring proper communication and trust by "key people" from each country.1111 On January 18, 2017, Gerson gave a copy of the document to Kushner.1112 Kushner had not heard of Dmitriev at that time.1113 Gerson explained that Dmitriev was the head of RDIF, and Gerson may have alluded to Dmitriev' s being well connected.1114 Kushner placed the document in a file and said he would get it to the right people.1115 Kushner ultimately gave one copy of the document to Bannon and another to Rex Tillerson; according to Kushner, neither of them followed up with Kushner about it.1116 On January 19, 2017, Dmitriev sent Nader a copy of the two-page document, telling him that this was "a view from our side that I discussed in my meeting on the islands and with you and with our friends. Please share with them - we believe this is a good foundation to start from." 1117 Gerson informed Dmitriev that he had given the document to Kushner soon after delivering it.1118 On January 26, 2017, Dmitriev wrote to Gerson that his " boss"- an apparent reference to Putin-was asking if there had been any feedback on the proposal.1119 Dmitriev said, "[w]e do not want to rush things and move at a comfortable speed. At the same time, my boss asked me to try to have the key US meetings in the next two weeks if possible."1120 He informed Gerson that Putin and President Trump would speak by phone that Saturday, and noted that that information was " very confidential."1121 The same day, Dmitriev wrote to Nader that he had seen his "boss" again yesterday who had "emphas ize d that this is a great priority for us and that we need to build this communication 1109 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 4. 1110 1/18/17 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Gerson. 1111 1/16/17 Text Messages; Dmitriev & Gerson. 1112 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 3; Gerson 6/15/18 302, at 2. 1113 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 3. 1114 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 3; Gerson 6/15/18.302, at 1-2; Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 22. 1115 Gerson 6/5/18 302, at 3. 1116 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 32. 1117 1/19/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (11:11:56 a.m.). 1118 1/18/17 Text Message, Gerson to Dmitriev; Gerson 6/15/18 302, at 2. 1119 1/26/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Gerson. 1120 1/26/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Gerson. 1121 1/26/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Gerson. U.S. Department of Justice AttAPl'lf'.Yd l.llAPle Pt>Atimit /,' 4A• • DA, tAil'I ).4Afflt'iA1 Prntflflteti l fotier Feel R Griff! P R e) channel to avoid bureaucracy."1122 On January 28, 2017, Dmitriev texted Nader that he wanted "to see if I can confirm to my boss that your friends may use some of the ideas from the 2 pager I sent you in the telephone call that will happen at 12 EST," 1123 an apparent reference to the call scheduled between President Trump and Putin. Nader replied, "Definitely paper was so submitted to Team by Rick and me. They took it seriously!"1124 After the call between President Trump and Putin occurred, Dmitriev wrote to Nader that "the call went very well. My boss wants me to continue making some public statements that us [sic] Russia cooperation is good and important." 1125 Gerson also wrote to Dmitriev to say that the call had gone well, and Dmitriev replied that the document they had drafted together "played an important role."1126 Gerson and Dmitriev appeared to stop communicating with one another in approximately March 2017, when the investment deal they had been working on together showed no signs of progressing.1127 3. Ambassador Kislyak' s Meeting with Jared Kushner and Michael Flynn m Trump Tower Following the Election On November 16, 2016, Catherine Vargas, an executive assistant to Kushner, received a request for a meeting with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak.1128 That same day, Vargas sent Kushner an email with the subject, "MISSED CALL: Russian Ambassador to the US, Sergey Ivanovich Kislyak "112T9he text of the email read, " RE: setting up a time to meet w/you on 12/1. LMK how to proceed." Kushner responded in relevant part, "I think I do this one -- confirm with Dimitri [Simes of CNI] that this is the right guy." 1130 After reaching out to a colleague of Simes at CNI, Vargas reported back to Kushner that Kislyak was "the best go-to guy for routine matters in the US," while Yuri Ushakov, a Russian foreign policy advisor, was the contact for "more direct/substantial matters."1131 Bob Foresman, the UBS investment bank executive who had previously tried to transmit to candidate Trump an invitation to speak at an economic forum in Russia, see Volume I, Section IV.A.l. d.ii, supra, may have provided similar information to the Transition Team. According to 1122 1/26/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (10:04:41 p.m.). 1123 1/28/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (I'l:05:39 a.m.). 1124 1/28/17 Text Message, Nader to Dmitriev (11:11:33 a.m.). 1125 1/29/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Nader (11:06:35 a.m.). 1126 1/28/17 Text Message, Gerson to Dmitriev; 1/29/17 Text Message, Dmitriev to Gerson. 1127 Gerson 6/15/18 302, at 4; 3/21/17 Text Message, Gerson to Dmitriev. 1128 Statement of Jared C. Kushner to Congressional Committees ("Kushner Stmt."), at 6 (7/24/17) (written statement by Kushner to the Senate Judiciary Committee). 1129 NOSC00004356 (11/16/16 Email, Vargas to Kushner (6:44 p.m.)). 1130 NOSC00004356 (11/16/16 Email, Kushner to Vargas (9:54 p.m.)). 1131 11/17/16 Email, Brown to Simes (10:41 a.m.); Brown 10/13/17 302, at 4; 11/17/16 Email, Vargas to Kushner (12:31:18). U.S. Department of Justice Af*Af'flf'.V l.VArlc Pt'AA11et //} 4A"' DAA*Ai, } 4A*Pl'iAI Pt'AtP.ntP.A I +Afln,· :r::ncl R ('.piffl P MP.) Foresman, at the end of an early December 2016 meeting with incoming National Security Advisor Michael Flynn and his designated deputy (K.T. McFarland) in New York, Flynn asked Foresman for his thoughts on Kislyak. Foresman had not met Kislyak but told Flynn that, while Kislyak was an important person, Kislyak did not have a direct line to Putin.1132 Foresman subsequently traveled to Moscow, inquired of a source he believed to be close to Putin, and heard back from that source that Ushakov would be the official channel for the incoming U.S. national security advisor.1133 Foresman acknowledged that Flynn had not asked him to undertake that inquiry in Russia but told the Office that he nonetheless felt obligated to report the information back to Flynn, and that he worked to get a face-to-face meeting with Flynn in January 2017 so that he could do so.1134 Email correspondence suggests that the meeting ultimately went forward,1135 but Flynn has no recollection of it or of the earlier December meeting.1136 (The investigation did not identify evidence of Flynn or Kushner meeting with Ushakov after being given his name.1137) In the meantime , although he had already formed the impression that Kislyak was not necessarily the right point of contact,1138 Kushner went forward with the meeting that Kislyak had requested on November 16. It took place at Trump Tower on November 30, 2016.1139 At Kushner's invitation , Flynn also attended; Bannon was invited but did not attend.1140 During the meeting, which lasted approximately 30 minutes, Kushner expressed a desire on the part of the incoming Administration to start afresh with U.S.-Russian relatio ns.1141 Kushner also asked Kislyak to identify the best person (whether Kislyak or someone else) with whom to direct future discussions-someone who had contact with Putin and the ability to speak for him.1142 The three men also discussed U.S. policy toward Syria, and Kislyak floated the idea of having Russian generals brief the Transition Team on the topic using a secure communications line.1143 After Flynn explained that there was no secure line in the Transition Team offices, 1132 Foresman 10/17/18 302, at 17. 1133 Foresman 10/17/18 302, at 17-18. 1134 Foresman 10/17/18 302, at 18. 1135 RMF-SCO-00000015 (1/5/17 Email, Foresman to Atencio & Flaherty); RMF-SCO-00000015 (1/5/17 Email, Flaherty to Foresman & Atencio). 1136 9/26/18 Attorney Proffer from Covington & Burling LLP (reflected in email on file with the Office). 1137 Vargas 4/4/18 302, at 5. 1138 Kushner 11/1/17 302, at 4. 1139 AKIN_GUMP_BERKOWITZ_0000016-019 (11/29/16 Email, Vargas to Kuznetsov). 114 ° Flynn 1/11/18 302, at 2; NOS00004240 (Calendar Invite, Vargas to Kushn er & Flynn). 1141 Kushner Strut. at 6. 1142 Kushner Strut. at 6; Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 18. 160 1143 Kushner Stmt. at 7; Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 18; Flynn 1/11/18 302, at 2. 160 U.S. Department of Justice (;AA1'Rifl MMet•ie:I Preteeted Under Fed. R. Cri1•1•1. P. 6(e) A Uta1r"'"'.,. Wta1.,lr p.,AA11"'.t // MR.,. Kushner asked Kislyak if they could communicate using secure facilities at the Russian Embassy.1144 Kislyak quickly rejected that idea.1145 4. Jared Kushner's Meeting with Sergey Gorkov On December 6, 2016, the Russian Embassy reached out to Kushner's assistant to set up a second meeting between Kislyak and Kushner. 1146 Kushner declined several proposed meeting dates, but Kushner's assistant indicated that Kislyak was very insistent about securing a second meeting.1147 Kushner told the Office that he did not want to take another meeting because he had already decided Kislyak was not the right channel for him to communicate with Russia, so he arranged to have one of his assistants, Avi Berkowitz, meet with Kislyak in his stead.1148 Although embassy official Sergey Kuznetsov wrote to Berkowitz that Kislyak thought it " important" to "continue the conversation with Mr. Kushner in person,"1149 Kislyak nonetheless agreed to meet · instead with Berkowitz once it became apparent that Kushner was unlikely to take a meeting. Berkowitz met with Kislyak on December 12, 2016, at Trump Tower. 1150 The meeting lasted only a few minutes, during which Kislyak indicated that he wanted Kushner to meet someone who had a direct line to Putin: Sergey Gorkov, the head of the Russian-government owned bank Vnesheconombank (VEB). Kushner agreed to meet with Gorkov.1151 The one-on-one meeting took place the next day, December 13, 2016, at the Colony Capital building in Manhattan, where Kushner had previously scheduled meetings. 1152 VEB was (and is) the subject of Department of Treasury economic sanctions imposed in response to Russia' s annexation of Crimea.1153 Kushner did not, however, recall any discussion during his meeting with Gorkov about the sanctions against VEB or sanctions more generally.1154 Kushner stated in an interview that he did not engage in any preparation for 1144 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 18. 1145 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 18. 1146 Kushner Strut. at 7; NOSC00000123 (12/6/16 Email, Vargas to Kushner (12:11:40 p.m.)). 1147 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 19; NOSC00000130 (12/12/16 Email, Kushner to Vargas (10:41 p.m.)). 1148 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 19; Kushner Stmt. at 7; DJTFP_SCO_01442290 (12/6/16 Email, Berkowitz to 1149 DJTFP_sco_0 1442290 (12/7/16 Email to Berkowitz (12:31:39 p.m.)). 1150 Berkowitz 1/12/18 302, at 7; AKIN_GUMP_BERKOWITZ_O0 000l-04 (12/12/16 Text Messages, Berkowitz & 202-701-8532). 1151 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 19; NOSC00000130-135 (12/12/16 Email, Kushner to Berkowitz). 1152 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 19; NOSC00000130-135 (12/12/16 Email, Kushner to Berkowitz). 1153 Announcement of Treasury Sanctions on Entities Within the Financial Services and Energy Sectors of Russia, Against Arms or Related Materiel Entities, and those Undermining Ukraine's Sovereignty, United States Department of the Treasury (Jul. 16, 2014). 161 1154 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 20. 162 U.S. Department of Justice A 14AFl'IA I WAFk P1•Afim 'lt // Mn ..• DAl'ltnil'I MRfel'inl Prf'lteded lJ!'lae, red. R. Crim p 6 e) the meeting and that no one on the Transition Team even did a Google search for Gorkov' s name.1155 At the start of the meeting, Gorkov presented Kushner with two gifts: a painting and a bag of soil from the town in Belarus where Kushner's family originated.1156 The accounts from Kushner and Gorkov differ as to whether the meeting was diplomatic or business in nature. Kushner told the Office that the meeting was diplomatic , with Gorkov expressing disappointment with U.S.-Russia relations under President Obama and hopes for improved relations with the incoming Administration. 1157 According to Kushner, although Gorkov told Kushner a little bit about his bank and made some statements about the Russian economy, the two did not discuss Kushner's companies or private business dealings of any kind.1158 (At the time of the meeting, Kushner Companies had a debt obligation coming due on the building it owned at 666 Fifth Avenue, and there had been public reporting both about efforts to secure lending on the property and possible conflicts of interest for Kushner arising out of his company' s borrowing from ) foreign lenders.1159 In contrast, in a 2017 public statement, VEB suggested Gorkov met with Kushner in Kushner's capacity as CEO of Kushner Companies for the purpose of discussing bus iness, rather than as part of a diplomatic effort. In particular, VEB characterized Gorkov's meeting with Kushner as part of a series of "roadshow meetings" with "representatives of major US banks and business circles," which included " negotiations" and discussion of the "most promising business lines and sectors."1160 Foresman, the investment bank executive mentioned in Volume l, Sections IV.A. I and IV.B.3, supra, told the Office that he met with Gorkov and VEB deputy chairman Nikolay Tsekhomsky in Moscow just before Gorkov left for New York to meet Kushner.1161 According to Foresman, Gorkov and Tsekhomsky told him that they were traveling to New York to discuss post election issues with U.S. financial institutions, that their trip was sanctioned by Putin, and that they would be reporting back to Putin upon their return.1162 1155 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 19. Berkowitz, by contrast, stated to the Office that he had googled Gorkov' s name and told Kushner that Gorkov appeared to be a banker. Berkowitz 1/12/18 302, at 8. 1156 Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 19-20. 1157 Kushner Stmt. at 8. 1158 Kushner Stmt. at 8. 1159 See, e.g., Peter Grant, Donald Trump Son-in-Law Jared Kushner Could Face His Own Conflict of-Interest Questions, Wall Street Journal (Nov. 29, 2016). Patrick Reevell & Matthew Mosk, Russian Banker SergeyGorkov Brushes off Questions 1160 About Meeting with Jared Kushner, ABC News (June 1, 201 7). 1161 Foresman 10/17/18 302, at 14-15. 1162 Foresman 10 /17 /18 302, at 15-16. U.S. Department of Justice AttAt'RP.v JJ/ot'k Pt'oti11P.t // MA•>' CoAfA:iA MA:1'efial PrAteeted Undef Fed R Crill'l P Me) The investigation did not resolve the apparent conflict in the accounts of Kushner and Gorkov or determine whether the meeting was diplomatic in nature (as Kushner stated), focused on business (as VEB's public statement indicated), or whether it involved some combination of those matters or other matters. Regardless, the investigation did not identify evidence that Kushner and Gorkov engaged in any substantive follow-up after the meeting. Rather, a few days after the meeting, Gorkov's assistant texted Kushner' s assistant, "Hi, please inform your side that the information about the meeting had a very positive response!"' 163 Over the following weeks, the two assistants exchanged a handful of additional cordial texts.1164 On February 8, 2017, Gorkov's assistant texted Kushner' s assistant (Berkowitz) to try to set up another meeting, and followed up by text at least twice in the days that followed.1165 According to Berkowitz, he did not respond to the meeting request in light of the press coverage regarding the Russia investigation, and did not tell Kushner about the meeting request.1166 5. Petr Aven's Outreach Efforts to the Transition Team In December 2016, weeks after the one-on-one meeting with Putin described in Volume I, Section IV.B.1.b, supra, Petr Aven attended what he described as a separate "all-hands" oligarch meeting between Putin and Russia's most prominent businessmen1.167 As in Aven's one- on-one meeting, a main topic of discussion at the oligarch meeting in December 2016 was the prospect of forthcoming U.S. economic sanctions.1168 After the December 2016 all-hands meeting, Aven tried to establish a connection to the Trump team. Aven instructed Richard Burt to make contact with the incoming Trump Administration. Burt was on the board of directors for LetterOne (L1), another company headed by Aven, and had done work for Alfa-Bank.1169 Burt had previously served as U.S. ambassador to Germany and Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs, and one of his primary roles with Alfa-Bank and Ll was to facilitate introductions to business contacts in the United States and other Western countries.1170 While at a Ll board meeting held in Luxembourg in late December 2016, Aven pulled Burt aside and told him that he had spoken to someone high in the Russian government who expressed 1163 AKIN_G UMP_BERKOWITZ_00000ll (12/19/16 Text Message, Ivanchenko to Berkowitz (9:56 a.m.)). 1164 AKIN_GUMP_BERKOWITZ_00000ll-15 (12/19/16 - 2/16/17 Text Messages, lvanchenko & Berkowitz). 1165 AKIN_GUMP_BERKOWITZ_0000015 (2/8/17 Text Message, Ivanchenko to Berkowitz (10:41 a.m.)). 1 166 Berkowitz 3/22/18 302, at 4-5. 1168 1169 117 0 Aven 8/2/18 302, at 6; Burt 2/9/18 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice 11;.J;Arl'IP>, nrAPI< P1•Afl11f'.t // Mnv C'.m11'nil'I Mnf.eri8:I PrAteetet'I Ht1d.er Fed. R Criffl P 6(e) interest in establishing a communications channel between the Kremlin and the Trump Transition Team.1171 Aven asked for Burt's help in contacting members of the Transition Team. 1172 Although Burt had been responsible for helping Aven build connections in the past, Burt viewed Aven's request as unusual and outside the normal realm of his dealings with Aven.1173 Burt, who is a member of the board of CNI (discussed at Volume I, Section IV.A.4, supra),1174 decided to approach CNI president Dimitri Simes for help facilitating Aven's request, recalling that Simes had some relationship with Kushner. 1175 At the time, Simes was lobbying the Trump Transition Team, on Burt's behalf, to appoint Burt U.S. ambassador to Russia.1176 Burt contacted Simes by telephone and asked if he could arrange a meeting with Kushner to discuss setting up a high-level communications channel between Putin and the incoming Administration. 1177 Simes told the Office that he declined and stated to Burt that setting up such a channel was not a good idea in light of the media attention surrounding Russian influence in the U.S. presidential election.1178 According to Simes, he understood that Burt was seeking a secret channel, and Simes did not want CNI to be seen as an intermediary between the Russian government and the incoming Administration. 1179 Based on what Simes had read in the media, he stated that he already had concerns that Trump's business connections could be exploited by Russia, and Simes said that he did not want CNI to have any involvement or apparent involvement in facilitating any connection.1180 In an email dated December 22, 2016, Burt recounted for Aven his conversation with Simes: Through a trusted third party, I have reached out to the very influential person I mentioned in Luxembourg concerning Project A. There is an interest and an understanding for the need to establish such a channel. But the individual emphasized that at this moment, with so much intense interest in the Congress and the media over the question of cyber-hacking (and who ordered what), Project A was too explosive to discuss. The individual agreed to discuss it again after the New Year. I trust the individual 's instincts on this. 1172 1173 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 4. 1174 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 5. 1175 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 3. 1176 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 3. 1177 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 3; Simes 3/27/18 302, at 4. 1178 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 3; Simes 3/27/18 302, at 4. 1179 Simes 3/27/18 302, at 5. 1180 Simes 3/27/18 302, at 5. U.S. Department of Justice AttAt1Ae1;· WAt1lf Pt1ABttet // M w.· <='.AR*AiR MMet1i1il Pt1Ateetea Httaer Fea. R. Criffl P. 6(e) If this is unclear or you would like to discuss, don't hesitate to call.1181 According to Burt, the "very influential person" referenced in his email was Simes, and the reference to a " trusted third party" was a fabrication, as no such third party existed. "Project A" was a term that Bmt created for Aven's effort to help establish a communications channel between Russia and the Trump team, which he used in light of the sensitivities surrounding what Aven was requesting, especially in light of the recent attention to Russia ' s influence in the U.S. presidential election.1182 According to Burt, his repo rt that there was " interest" in a communications channel reflected Simes's views, not necessarily those of the Transition Team, and in any event , Burt acknowledged that he added some "hype" to that sentence to make it sound like there was more interest from the Transition Team than may have actually existed.1183 Aven replied to Burt' s email on the same day, saying "Thank you. All clear."1184 According to Aven, this statement indicated that he did not want the outreach to continue.1185 Burt spoke to Aven some time thereafter about his attempt to make contact with the Trum team, h ttcurrent environment made it impossible, 1186 Burt did not recall discussing Aven's request with Simes again, nor did he recall speaking to anyone else about the request.1187 In the first quarter of 2017, Aven met again with Putin and other Russian officials.1188 At that meeting, Putin asked about Aven' s attempt to build relations with the Trumo Administration and Aven recounted his lack of success.1189 - 1190 Putin continued to inquire- a"l"b-uo-t- A'!"'v-e-n""'!-s- ef f!i""o-rt-s- to_ c_o_n_n_e_ct_-o--i-theTrump Administration in several subsequent quarterly meetings.1191 Aven also told Putin's chief of staff that he had been subpoenaed by the FBI.1192 As part of that conversation, he reported that he had been asked by the FBI about whether he had worked to create a back channel between the Russian government and the Trump Administration. 1193 1181 12/22/16 Email, Burt to Aven (7:23 p.m.). 1182 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 3. 1183 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 3-4. 1184 12/22/16 Email, Aven to Butt (4:58:22 p.m.). 1185 Aven 8/2/18 302, at 7. 1186 1187 Burt 2/9/18 302, at 3-4. 1188 I 189 I 190 1191 1192 Aven 8/2/18 302, at 8. 1193 Aven 8/2/18 302, at 8; U.S. Department of Justice Atti;n11ql"l,.. 1Ji o t'k llt'AA11f'.t ,',' 4R,.. D.mitRil'I 4Rtl"lriRI PrAfl"lf'.tecl T l Acle r Feel R G,i1'¥'! P Me) According to Aven, the official showed no emotion in response to this report and did not appear to care.1194 6. Carter Page Contact with Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich D{ D" C C 0 ovec C Da10 "c Da1c "c DO aC D a' "'C 0 0 D ODDO Ct According to Konstantin Kilimnik, Paul-Manafort's associate, Page also gave some individuals in Russia the impression that he had maintained his connections to President-Elect Trump. In a December 8, 2016 email intended for Manafort, Kilimnik wrote, "Carter Page is in Moscow today, sending messages he is authorized to talk to Russia on behalf of DT on a range of issues of mutual interest, including Ukraine."1197 On December 9, 2016, Page went to dinner with NES employees Shlomo Weber and Andrej Krickovic.1198 Weber had contacted Dvorkovich to let him know that Page was in town and to invite him to stop by the dinner if he wished to do so, and Dvorkovich came to the restaurant for a few minutes to meet with Page.1199 Dvorkovich congratulated Page on Trump's election and expressed interest in starting a dialogue between the United States and Russia. 1200 Dvorkovich asked Page if he could facilitate connecting Dvorkovich with individuals involved in the transition to begin a discussion of future cooDeration. 1201 1194 Aven 8/2/18 302, at 8; 1195 Page 3/10/17 302, at 4; Page 3/16/17 302, at 3; Among other meetings, Page contacted Andrey Baranov, head of investor relations at Rosneft, the sale of Rosneft and meetings Baranov had attended with Rosneft CEO Igor Sechin. ---- 9 Investigative Technique 1198 Page 3/16/17 302, at 3; Page 3/30/17 302, at 8. 1199 Weber 7/28 /17 302, at 4; Page 3/16/17 302, at 3; 1200 Page 3/16/17 302, at 3; 02 1203 U.S. Department of Justice c\ 1-1-f'llr l'I@.>• W:Arlc PrAA11At // Mw,r DAl'ltRil'I 4RtAPiRI Pt1Ateeted l Jnder Fed R. Griffl P 6(e) 7. Contacts With and Through Michael T. Flynn Incoming National Security Advisor Michael Flynn was the Transition Team' s primary conduit for communications with the Russian Ambassador and dealt with Russia on two sensitive matters during the transition period: a United Nations Security Council vote and the Russian government's reaction to the United States' s imposition of sanctions for Russian interference in the 2016 election. 1207 Despite Kushner' s conclusion that Kislyak did not wield influence inside the Russian government, the Transition Team turned to Flynn's relationship with Kislyak on both issues. As to the sanctions, Flynn spoke by phone to K.T. McFarland, his incoming deputy, to prepare for his call to Kislyak; McFarland was with the President-Elect and other senior members of the Transition Team at Mar-a-Lago at the time. Although transition officials at Mar a-Lago had some concern about possible Russian reactions to the sanctions, the investigation did not identify evidence that the President-Elect asked Flynn to make any request to Kislyak. Flynn asked Kislyak not to escalate the situation in response to U.S. sanctions imposed on December 29, 2016, and Kislyak later reported to Flynn that Russia acceded to that request. a. United Nations Vote on Israeli Settlements On December 21, 2016, Egypt submitted a resolution to the United Nations Security Council calling on Israel to cease settlement activities in Palestinian territory'.1208 The Security Council, which includes Russia, was scheduled to vote on the resolution the following day.1209 There was speculation in the media that the Obama Administration would not oppose the resolution.1210 1204 1205 1206 1207 As discussed further in Volume I, Section V.C.4, infra, Flynn pleaded guilty to making false statements to the FBI, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001, about these communications with Ambassador Kislyak. Plea Agreement, United States v. Michael T Flynn, No. l:17-cr-232 (D.D.C. Dec. 1, 2017), Doc. 3. Flynn' s plea agreement required that he cooperate with this Office, and the statements from Flynn in this report reflect his cooperation over the course of multiple debriefings in 2017 and 2018. 1208 Karen DeYoung, How the US Came to Abstain on a UN. Resolution Condemning Israeli Settle'!1ents, Washjngfon Post (Dec. 28, 2016). 1209 Karen DeYoung, How the US. Came to Abstain on a UN. Resolution Condemning Israeli Settlements, Washington Post (Dec. 28, 2016). 1210 Michelle Nichols & Lesley Wroughton, US Intended to Allow Passage of UN. Draft Critical of Israel, Reuters (Dec. 21, 2016). U.S. Department of Justice Attnl'nP.v \lJn!'lc PFAAIIP.f /,' 4R · CA1qtRi1q l>.4RfP.l'iRI PPAfP.P.tP.cl l Jm4er Fefl R Gl'iM P Me') According to Flynn, the Transition Team regarded the vote as a significant issue and wanted to support Israel by opposing the resolution.1211 On December 22, 2016, multiple members of the Transition Team, as well as President-Elect Trump, communicated with foreign government officials to determine their views on the resolution and to rally support to delay the vote or defeat the resolution.1212 Kushner led the effort for the Transition Team; Flynn was responsible for the Russian government. 1213 Minutes after an early morning phone call with Kushner on December 22, Flynn called Kislyak. 1214 According to Flynn, he informed Kislyak about the vote and the Transition Team's opposition to the resolution, and requested that Russia vote against or delay the resolution.1215 Later that day, President-Elect Trump spoke with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi about the vote. 1216 Ultimately , Egypt postponed the vote.1217 On December 23, 2016, Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela resubmitted the resolution.1218 Throughout the day, members of the Transition Team continued to talk with foreign leaders about the resolution, with Flynn continuing to lead the outreach with the Russian government through Kislyak.1219 When Flynn again spoke with Kislyak, Kislyak informed Flynn that if the resolution came to a vote, Russia would not vote against it.1220 The resolution later passed 14-0, with the United States abstaining.1221 b. U.S. Sanctions Against Russia Flynn was also the Transition Team member who spoke with the Russian government when the Obama Administration imposed sanctions and other measures against Russia in response to Russia's interference in the 2016 presidential election. On December 28, 2016, then- President Obama signed Executive Order 13757, which took effect at 12:01 a.m. the following day and 1211 Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 12; Flynn 11/17117 302, at 2. 1212 Flym1 11/16/17 302, at 12-14; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 2. 1213 Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 12-14; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 2; Kushner 11/1/17 302, at 3; 12/22/16 Email, Kushner to Flynn; 12/22/16 Email, McFarland to et al. 1214 Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 13; Call Records of Michael T. Flynn 1215 Statement of Offense 13( d), United States v. Michael T. Flynn, No. 1:l 7-cr-232 (D.D.C. Dec. 1, 2017), Doc. 4 ("Flynn Statement of Offense"); Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 12-13. 1216 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 2; Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 13. 1217 UN Vote on Israeli Settlement Postponed, " Potentially Indefinitely", Reuters (Dec. 22, 2016). 1218 Somini Sengupta & Rick Gladstone, Rebuffing Israel, U.S. Allows Censure Over Settlements, New York Times (Dec. 23, 2016). 1219 Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 12-14; Kushner 11/1/17 302, at 3; 12/23/16 Email, Flynn to Kushner et al. 122 ° Flynn Statement of Offense 1 3(g). 1221 Israel's Settlements Have No Legal Validity, Constitute Flagrant Violation of International Law, Security Council Reaffirms, 7853rd Meeting (PM), United Nations Security Council (Dec. 23, 2016). U.S. Department of Justice AffAt'RP.',f WAFlt MR:feri1tl Jlreteetea Unaer Fea. R. Criffl p 6(e) Pt'AAlll'lf ,',' Mw,1 Gm1tR:iA imposed sanctions on nine Russian individuals and entities. 1222 On December 29, 2016, the Obama Administration also expelled 35 Russian government officials and closed two Russian government-owned compounds in the United States. 1223 During the rollout of the sanctions, President-Elect Trump and multiple Transition Team senior officials, including McFarland, Steve Bannon, and Reince Priebus, were staying at the Mar a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida. Flynn was on vacation in the Dominican Republic, 1224 but was in daily contact with McFarland.1225 The Transition Team and President-Elect Trump were concerned that these sanctions would harm the United States's relationship with Russia.1226 Although the details and timing of sanctions were unknown on December 28, 2016, the media began reporting that retaliatory measures from the Obama Administration against Russia were forthcoming.1227 When asked about imposing sanctions on Russia for its alleged interference in the 2016 presidential election, 1228 President-Elect Trump told the media, " I think we ought to get on with our lives." Russia initiated the outreach to the Transition Team. On the evening of December 28, 2016, Kislyak texted Flynn, "can you kindly call me back at your convenience." 1229 Flynn did not respond to the text message that evening. Someone from the Russian Embassy also called Flynn the next morning, at 10:38 a.m., but they did not talk.1230 The sanctions were announced publicly on December 29, 2016.1231 At 1 :53 p.m. that day, McFarland began exchanging emails with multiple Transition Team members and advisors about the impact the sanctions would have on the incoming Administration. 1232 At 2:07 p.m., a Transition Team member texted Flynn a link to a New York Times article about the sanctions.1233 At 2:29 1222 Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities, The White House, Office ofthe Press Secretary (Dec. 29, 2016). Statement by the President on Actions in Response to Russian Malicious Cyber Activity 1223 and Harassment, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Dec. 29, 2016). 1224 Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 14; McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 3-8; Bannon 2/12/18 302, at 5. 1225 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 5; Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 1; McFarland 11/22/17 302, at 3-9. 1226 Flynn 11/17/l 7 302, at 3. 1227 Christine Wang, US to announce new sanctions against Russia in responseto electionhacking, CNBC (Dec. 28, 2016). 1228 John Wagner, Trump on alleged election interference by Russia: "Get on with our lives" , Washington Post (Dec. 29, 2016). 122 9 SF000006 (12/28/16 Text Message, Kislyak to Flynn). 123 ° Call Records of Michael T. Flynn 1231 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 2-3; McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 4-5. 1232 12/29/16 Email, McFarland to O'Brien et al.; 12/29/16 Email, McFarland to Flynn et al. 1233 SF00000t (12/29/16 Text Message, Flaherty to Flynn). U.S. Department of Justice A ttAfflf'\> I lHAFk P1'Ach1e.t // Mit•v Gm1fB:il'I MttteriB:I Preifeetea U!'laer Feel. R Crim p 6(e) p.m., McFarland called Flynn, but they did not talk.1234 Shortly thereafter, McFarland and Bannon discussed the sanctions. 1235 According to McFarland, Bannon remarked that the sanctions would hurt their ability to have good relations with Russia, and that Russian escalation would make things more difficult.1236 McFarland believed she told Bannon that Flynn was scheduled to talk to Kislyak later that night.1237 McFarland also believed she may have discussed the sanctions with Priebus, and likewise told him that Flynn was scheduled to talk to Kislyak that night.1238 At 3:14 p.m., Flynn texted a Transition Team member who was assisting McFarland, "Time for a call???"1239 The Transition Team member responded that McFarland was on the phone with Tom Bossert, a Transition Team senior official, to which Flynn responded, "Tit for tat w Russia not good. Russian AMBO reaching out to me today."1240 Flynn recalled that he chose not to communicate with Kislyak about the sanctions until he had heard from the team at Mar-a-Lago. 1241 He first spoke with Michael Ledeen,1242 a Transition Team member who advised on foreign policy and national security matters, for 20 minutes. 1243 Flynn then spoke with McFarland for almost 20 minutes to discuss what, if anything, to communicate to Kislyak about the sanctions.1244 On that call, McFarland and Flynn discussed the sanctions, including their potential impact on the incoming Trump Administration's foreign policy goals.1245 McFarland and Flynn also discussed that Transition Team members in Mar-a-Lago did not want Russia to escalate the situation.1246 They both understood that Flynn would relay a message to Kislyak in hopes of making sure the situation would not get out of hand.1247 1234 Call Records of K.T. McFarland 1235 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 5-6. 1236 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 5-6. 1237 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 6. 1238 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 6. 1239 SF0O000l (12/29/16 Text Message, Flynn to Flaherty). 1240 SF0O000l (12/29/16 Text Message, Flynn to Flaherty). 1241 Flynn 11/20/17 302, at 3. 1242 Michael Ledeen is married to Barbara Ledeen, the Senate staffer whose 2016 efforts to locate Hillary Clinton' s missing emails are described in Volume I, Section III.D.2, supra. 1243 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 3; Call Records of Michael Ledeen 1244 Fl nn 11/17/17 302, at 3-4; Flynn Statement of Offense ; Call Records of Michael T. Flynn 1245 Flynn 11/17117 302, at 3-4 1246 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 3-4; Flynn Statement of Offense ,r 3( c); McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 6- 7. 170 1247 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 4; McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 6-7. 170 U.S. Department of Justice i<\ttAF+'IEW \\lm•k PfAA11et // 4w,r DmitRiA MRtefiAI PfAteetefl T JAder Feel R Griffi P Me) Immediately after speaking with McFarland, Flynn called and spoke with Kislyak.1248 Flynn discussed multiple topics with Kislyak, including the sanctions, scheduling a video teleconference between President-Elect Trump and Putin, an upcoming terrorism conference, and Russia's views about the Middle East. 1249 With respect to the sanctions, Flynn requested that Russia not escalate the situation, not get into a "tit for tat," and only respond to the sanctions in a reciprocal manner.1250 Multiple Transition Team members were aware that Flynn was speaking with Kislyak that day. In addition to her conversations with Bannon and Reince Priebus, at 4:43 p.m., McFarland sent an email to Transition Team members about the sanctions, informing the group that "Gen [F]lynn is talking to russian ambassador this evening."1251 Less than an hour later, McFarland briefed President-Elect Trump. Bannon, Priebus, Sean Spicer, and other Transition Team members were present.1252 During the briefing, President-Elect Trump asked McFarland if the Russians did "it," meaning the intrusions intended to influence the presidential election. 1253 McFarland said yes, and President-Elect Trump expressed doubt that it was the Russians.1254 McFarland also discussed potential Russian responses to the sanctions, and said Russia's response would be an indicator of what the Russians wanted going forward.1255 President-Elect Trump opined that the sanctions provided him with leverage to use with the Russians.1256 McFarland recalled that at the end of the meeting, someone may have mentioned to President- Elect Trump that Flynn was speaking to the Russian ambassador that evening.1257 After the briefing, Flynn and McFarland spoke over the phone. 1258 Flynn reported on the substance of his call with Kislyak, including their discussion of the sanctions. 1259 According to McFarland, Flynn mentioned that the Russian response to the sanctions was not going to be escalatory because they wanted a good relationship with the incoming Administration .1260 McFarland also gave Flynn a summary of her recent briefing with President-Elect Trump.1261 1248 Flynn Statement of Offense ,r 3(d). 1249 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 3-4; Flynn Statement of Offense ,r 3(c); 12/30/16 Email, Flynn to McFarland. 125 ° Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 1; Flynn Statement of Offense ,r 3(d). 1251 12/29/16 Email, McFarland to Flynn et al. 1252 12/29/16 Email, Westerhoutto Flaherty; McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7. 1253 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7. 1254 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7. 1255 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7. 1256 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7. 1257 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7. 1258 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7. Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 4; Flynn Statement of Offense ,r 3(e). 1259 1260 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 8. 1261 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 8. 171 U.S. Department of Justice ,<\j;j;flf'flffl>' '.llnrk Prfldt:tet // Mw,· DflflfAifl 4AteriAI Prflteetes l Jflser Pea R Crifl'l P Me) The next day, December 30, 2016, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov remarked that Russia would respond in kind to the sanctions.1262 Putin superseded that comment two hours later, releasing a statement that Russia would not take retaliatory measures in response to the sanctions at that time.1263 Hours later President-Elect Trump tweeted, "Great move on delay (by V. Putin)."1264 Shortly thereafter, Flynn sent a text message to McFarland summarizing his call with Kislyak from the day before, which she emailed to Kushner, Bannon, Priebus, and other Transition Team members.1265 The text message and email did not include sanctions as one of the topics discussed with Kislyak. 1266 Flynn told the Office that he did not document his discussion of sanctions because it could be perceived as getting in the way of the Obama Administration's foreign policy.1267 On December 31, 2016, Kislyak called Flynn and told him the request had been received at the highest levels and that Russia had chosen not to retaliate to the sanctions in response to the request.1268 Two hours later, Flynn spoke with McFarland and relayed his conversation with Kislyak.1269 According to McFarland, Flynn remarked that the Russians wanted a better ° relationship and that the relationship was back on track. 127 Flynn also told McFarland that he believed his phone call had made a difference. 1271 McFarland recalled congratulating Flynn in response. 1272 Flynn spoke with other Transition Team members that day, but does not recall whether they discussed the sanctions.1273 Flynn recalled discussing the sanctions with Bannon the next day and that Bannon appeared to know about Flynn's conversation with Kislyak.1274 Bannon, 1262 Comment by Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on recent US sanctions and the expulsion of Russian diplomats, Moscow, December 20, 2016,The Ministry ofForeign Affairs of the Russian Federation (Dec. 30, 2016 (5:32 a.m.)). Statement of the President of the Russian Federation, Kremlin, Office of the President (Dec. 1263 30, 2016 (7:15 a.m.)). 1264 @realDonaldTrump 12/30/16 (11:41 a.m.) Tweet. 1265 12/30/16 Email, Flynn to McFarland; 12/30/16 Email, McFarland to Kushner et al. 1266 12/30/16 Email, McFarland to Kushner et al. - --- 1267 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 4. ; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at l ; 1268 Call Records of Michael T. Flynn Flynn 1/19/17 302, at 3; Flynn Statement of O ffen se iJ3 (g), ; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 5; 1269 Call Records of Michael T. Flynn Flynn 1/19/17 302, at 3; McFarland 12/22/17 302---;-atTd. 1270 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 10. 127 1 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 10. 1272 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 10. 1273 Flynn 11/17/17 302, !1t 5 -6. 1274 Flynn 11/21/17 302, at 1; Flynn 11/20/17 302, at 3; Flynn 1/19/17 302, at 5; Flynn Statement of Offense ,r 3(h). U.S. Department of Justice Atk •.-RP'd \V:Arlc PrA.PiRI PPAt i>.Rt @.rl l+AAl'lf' FRA R DFifl'I P Me) Tower arm o ngoing a er ---;-Constituted prosecutable violations of the campaign-finance laws. The Office determined that the evidence was not sufficient to charge either incident as a criminal violation. a. Overview Of Governing Law "[T]he United States has a compelling interest ... in limiting the participation of foreign citizens in activities of democratic self-government, and in thereby preventing foreign influence over the U.S. political process." Bluman v. FEC, 800 F. Supp. 2d 281, 288 (D.D.C. 2011) (Kavanaugh, J., for three-judge court), ajf'd, 565 U.S. 1104 (2012). To that end, federal campaign finance law broadly prohibits foreign nationals from making contributions, donations, expenditures, or other disbursements in connection with federal, state, or local candidate elections, and prohibits anyone from soliciting, accepting, or receiving such contributions or donations. As relevant here, foreign nationals may not make- and no one may "solicit,' accept, or receive" from them- " a contribution or donation of money or other thing of value" or "an express or implied promise to make a contribution or donation, in connection with a Federal, State, or local election." 52 U.S.C. § 30121(a)(l)(A), (a)(2).1283 The term " contribution," which is used throughout the campaign-finance law, "includes" "any gift, subscription, loan, advance, or deposit of money or anything of value made by any person for the purpose of influencing any election for Federal office." 52 U.S.C. § 30101(8)(A)(i). It excludes, among other things, "the value of [volunteer] services." 52 U.S.C. § 30101(8)(B)(i). Foreign nationals are also barred from making "an expenditure, independent expenditure , or disbursement for an electioneering communication." 52 U.S.C. § 30121(a)(l)(C). The term "expenditure" " includes" "any purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit, or gift of money or anything of value, made by any person for the purpose of influencing any election for Federal office." 52 U.S.C. §_30101(9)(A)(i). It excludes, among other things, news stories and non-partisan get-out-the-vote activities. 52 U.S.C. § 3010 I(9)(B)(i)-(ii). An " independent expenditure" is an expenditure "expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate" and made independently of the campaign. 52 U.S.C. § 30101(17). An "electioneering communication" is a broadcast communication that "refers to a clearly identified candidate for Federal office" and is made within specified time periods and targeted at the relevant electorate. 52 u.s.c. § 30104(f)(3). The statute defines "foreign national" by reference to FARA and the Immigration and Nationality Act, with minor modification . 52 U.S.C. § 30121(b) (cross-referencing 22 U.S.C. § 61l(b)(l)-(3) and 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(20), (22)). That definition yields five, sometimes overlapping categories of foreign nationals, which include all of the individuals and entities relevant for present purposes-namely, foreign governments and political parties, individuals 1283 Campaign-finance law also places financial limits on contributions, 52 U.S.C. § 30116(a), and prohibits contributions from corporations, banks, and labor unions, 52 U.S.C. § 3011S(a); see Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 320 (2010). Because the conduct that the Office investigated involved possible electoral activity by foreign nationals, the foreign-contributions ban is the most readily applicable provision. U.S. Department of Justice AttAFAfw WAt1k Pt1Ad,iet ,',' MAv Cm=itAit'l M!iterial Pt1of;eef;ed Under Fed K Criffl. P. 6(e) outside of the U.S. who are not legal permanent residents, and certain non-U.S. entities located outside of the U.S. □ A " knowing and willful[]" violation involving an aggregate of $25,000 or more in a calendar year is a felony. 52 U.S.C. § 30109(d)(l)(A)(i); see Bluman, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 292 (noting that a willful violation will require some "proof of the defendant's knowledge of the law"); United States v. Danielczyk, 917 F. Supp. 2d 573, 577 (E.D. Va. 2013) (applying willfulness standard drawn from Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184, 191-92 (1998)); see also Wagner v. FEC, 793 F.3d 1, 19 n.23 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (en bane) (same). A"knowing[]and willful[]" violation involving an aggregate of $2,000 or more in a calendar year, but less than $25,000, is a misdemeanor. 52 U.S.C. § 30109(d)(l)(A)(ii). b. Application to June 9 Trump Tower Meeting The Office considered whether to charge Trump Campaign officials with crimes in connection with the June 9 meeting described in Volume I, Section IV.A.5, supra. The Office concluded that, in light of the government's substantial burden of proof on issues of intent ("knowing" and " willful"), and the difficulty of establishing the value of the offered information, criminal charges would not meet the Justice Manual standard that "the admissible evidence will probably be sufficient to obtain and sustain a conviction." Justice Manual§ 9-27.220. In brief, the key facts are that, on June 3, 2016, Robert Goldstone emailed Donald Trump Jr., to pass along from Emin and Aras Agalarov an "offer" from Russia's "Crown prosecutor" to "the Trump campaign" of "official documents and information that would incriminate Hillary and her dealings with Russia and would be very useful to [Trump Jr.' s] father." The email described this as "very high level and sensitive information" that is "part of Russia and its government's support to Mr. Trump-helped along by Aras and Emin." Trump Jr. responded: " if it's what you say I love it especially later in the summer." Trump Jr. and Emin Agalarov had follow-up conversations and, within days, scheduled a meeting with Russian representatives that was attended by Trump Jr., Manafort, and Kushner. The communications setting up the meeting and the attendance by high-level Campaign representatives support an inference that the Campaign anticipated receiving derogatory documents and information from official Russian sources that could assist candidate Trump's electoral prospects. This series of events could implicate the federal election-law ban on contributions and donations by foreign nationals, 52 U.S.C. § 3012l(a)(l)(A). Specifically, Goldstone passed along an offer purportedly from a Russian government official to provide "official documents and information" to the Trump Campaign for the purposes of influ encing the presidential election. Trump Jr. appears to have accepted that offer and to have arranged a meeting to receive those materials. Documentary evidence in the form of email chains supports the inference that Kushner and Manafort were aware of that purpose and attended the June 9 meeting anticipating the receipt of helpful information to the Campaign from Russian sources. The Office considered whether this evidence would establish a conspiracy to violate the foreign contributions ban, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; the solicitation of an illegal foreign source contribution; or the acceptance or receipt of "an express or implied promise to make a U.S. Department of Justice ,\ ttm•l'IPP lVAFlr PFAFh1PJ // Mwv Gt1t=1t1tifl M!tfefittl P,eteeteEI Unser FeEI. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) [foreign-source] contribution," both in violation of 52 U.S.C. § 3012l(a)(l)(A), (a)(2). There are reasonable arguments that the offered information would constitute a "thing of value" within the meaning of these provisions, but the Office determined that the government would not be likely to obtain and sustain a conviction for two other reasons: first, the Office did not obtain admissible evidence likely to meet the government's burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that these individuals acted "willfully," i.e., with general knowledge of the illegality of their conduct; and, second, the government would likely encounter difficulty in proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the value of the promised information exceeded the threshold for a criminal violation, see 52 U.S.C. § 30109(d)(l)(A)(i). i. Thing-of Value Element A threshold legal question is whether providing to a campaign "documents and information" of the type involved here would constitute a prohibited campaign contribution. The foreign contribution ban is not limited to contributions of money. It expressly prohibits "a contribution or donation of money or other thing of value." 52 U.S.C. § 3012l(a)(l)(A), (a)(2) (emphasis added). And the term "contribution" is defined throughout the campaign-finance laws to "include[]" "any gift, subscription, loan, advance, or deposit of money or anything of value." 52 U.S.C. § 30101(8)(A)(i) (emphasis added). The phrases "thing of value" and "anything of value" are broad and inclusive enough to encompass at least some forms of valuable information. Throughout the United States Code, these phrases serve as "term[s] of art" that are construed " broad[ly]." United States v. Nilsen, 967 F.2d 539, 542 (11th Cir. 1992) (per curiam) ("thing of value" includes "both tangibles and intangibles "); see also, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 20l(b)(l), 666(a)(2) (bribery statutes); id. § 641 (theft of government property). For example, the term "thing of value" encompasses law enforcement reports that would reveal the identity of informants, United States v. Girard, 601 F.2d 69, 71 (2d Cir. 1979); classified materials, United States v. Fowler, 932 F.2d 306, 310 (4th Cir. 1991); confidential information about a competitive bid, United States v. Matzkin, 14 F.3d 1014, I020 (4th Cir. 1994); secret grand jury information, United States v. Jeter, 775 F.2d 670, 680 (6th Cir. 1985); and information about a witness's whereabouts, United States v. Sheker, 618 F.2d 607, 609 (9th Cir. 1980) (per curiam). And in the public corruption context, "'thing of value' is defined broadly to include the value which the defendant subjectively attaches to the items received." United States v. Renzi, 769 F.3d 731,744 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). Federal Election Commission (FEC) regulations recognize the value to a campaign of at least some forms of information, stating that the term "anything of value" includes "the provision of any goods or services without charge," such as " membership lists" and " mailing lists." 11 C.F.R. § 100.52(d)(l). The FEC has concluded that the phrase includes a state-by-state list of activists. See Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington v. FEC, 475 F.3d 337, 338 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (describing the FEC's findings). Likewise, polling data provided to a campaign constitutes a "contribution." FEC Advisory Opinion 1990-12 (Strub), 1990 WL 153454 (citing 11 C.F.R. § 106.4(b)). And in the specific context of the foreign-contributions ban, the FEC has concluded that "election materials used in previous Canadian campaigns," including "flyers, advertisements, door hangers, tri-folds, signs, and other printed material," constitute "anything of U.S. Department of Justice A tt At'l'IP . lFoplf PrAAIIP.t /,' 4R'e rAl'ltAil'l 411i-eriAl p,,....teetea Unser Fed. R Cfiffl p 1 6( e) value," even though "the value of these materials may be nominal or difficult to ascertain." FEC Advisory Opinion 2007-22 (Hurysz), 2007 WL 5172375, at *5. These authorities would support the view that candidate-related opposition research given to a campaign for the purpose of influencing an election could constitute a contribution to which the foreign-source ban could apply. A campaign can be assisted not only by the provision offunds, but also by the provision of derogatory information about an opponent. Political campaigns frequently conduct and pay for opposition research. A foreign entity that engaged in such research and provided resulting information to a campaign could exert a greater effect on an election, and a greater tendency to ingratiate the donor to the candidate, than a gift of money or tangible things of value. At the same time, no judicial decision has treated the voluntary provision of uncompensated opposition research or similar information as a thing of value that could amount to a contribution under campaign -finance law. Such an interpretation could have implications beyond the foreign-source ban, see 52 U.S.C. § 30116(a) (imposing monetary limits on campaign contributions), and raise First Amendment questions. Those questions could be especially difficult where the information consisted simply of the recounting of historically accurate facts. It is uncertain how courts would resolve those issues. ii. Willfulness Even assuming that the promised "documents and information that would incriminate Hillary" constitute a "thing of value" under campaign-finance law, the government would encounter other challenges in seeking to obtain and sustain a conviction. Most significantly, the government has not obtained admissible evidence that is likely to establish the scienter requirement beyond a reasonable doubt. To prove that a defendant acted "knowingly and willfully," the government would have to show that the defendant had general knowledge that his conduct was unlawful. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses 123 (8th ed. Dec. 2017) ("Election Offenses"); see Bluman, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 292 (noting that a willful violation requires "proof of the defendant's knowledge of the law"); Danielczyk, 917 F. Supp. 2d at 577 ("knowledge of general unlawfulness"). "This standard creates an elevated scienter element requiring, at the very least, that application of the law to the facts in question be fairly clear. When there is substantial doubt concerning whether the law applies to the facts of a particular matter, the offender is more likely to have an intent defense." Election Offenses 123. · On the facts here, the government would unlikely be able to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the June 9 meeting participants had general knowledge that their conduct was unlawful. The investigation has not developed evidence that the participants in the meeting were familiar with the foreign-contribution ban or the application of federal law to the relevant factual context. The government does not have strong evidence of surreptitious behavior or effo11s at concealment at the time of the June 9 meeting. While the government has evidence of later efforts to prevent disclosure of the nature of the June 9 meeting that could circumstantially provide support for a showing of scienter, see Volume II, Section II.G, infra, that concealment occurred more than a year later, involved individuals who did not attend the June 9 meeting, and may reflect an intention to avoid political consequences rather than any prior knowledge of illegality. Additionally, in light of the unresolved legal questions about whether giving "documentsand information" of the sort offered here constitutes a campaign contribution, Trump Jr. could mount a factual defense that he U.S. Department of Justice AtlflFnev Wflrlc PFfldttet // Ms,v Cftnt1tin MH:teri1tl PreteeteEI UnEler Fee.. R. Criffi. P. 6(e) did not believe his response to the offer and the June 9 meeting itself violated the law. Given his less direct involvement in arranging the June 9 meeting, Kushner could likely mount a similar defense. And, while Manafort is experienced with political campaigns, the Office has not developed evidence showing that he had relevant knowledge of these legal issues. iii. Difficulties in Valuing Promised Information The Office would also encounter difficulty proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the value of the promised documents and information exceeds the $2,000 threshold for a criminal violation, as well as the $25,000 threshold for felony punishment. See 52 U.S.C. § 30109(d)(l). The type of evidence commonly used to establish the value of non-monetary contributions-such as pricing the contribution on a commercial market or determining the upstream acquisition cost or the cost of distribution-would likely be unavailable or ineffective in this factual setting. Although damaging opposition research is surely valuable to a campaign , it appears that the information ultimately delivered in the meeting was not valuable. And while value in a conspiracy may well be measured by what the participants expected to receive at the time of the agreement, see, e.g., United States v. Tombrello, 666 F.2d 485,489 (11th Cir. 1982), Goldstone's description of the offered material here was quite general. His suggestion of the information's value-i.e., that it would "incriminate Hillary" and "would be very useful to [Trump Jr.'s] father"- was non specific and may have been understood as being of uncertain worth or reliability, given Goldstone's lack of direct access to the original source. The uncertainty over what would be delivered could be reflected in Trump Jr.'s response ("if it's what you say I love it") (emphasis added). Accordingly, taking into account the high burden to establish a culpable mental state in a campaign-finance prosecution and the difficulty in establishing the required valuation, the Office decided not to pursue criminal campaign-finance charges against Trump Jr. or other campaign officials for the events culminating in the June 9 meeting. c. Application to Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter U.S. Department of Justice At1:erttey Werk Predttet // MttY CetttftiH MB.teria:l Preteeted Uttder Fed R Criffi P 6(e) Harm to Ongoing Matter .i er U.S. Department of Justice Atlflf'RB'i \VAf'IC Pf'Adttet // 114An C'nR*AiR ll 4A*P.ri AI P roh o*·"'Fl T lnFlflr Jspf'l C'ril'l'I P f(.(p _) ii. Willfulness As discussed, to establish a criminal campaign-finance violation, the government must prove that the defendant acted "knowinglyand willfully." 52 U.S.C. § 30109(d)(l)(A)(i). That standard requires proof that the defendant knew generally that his conduct was unlawful. Election Offenses 123. Given the uncertainties noted above, the "willfulness" requirement would pose a substantial barrier to prosecution. iii. Constitutional Considerations he First Amendment could oose constraints on a iv. Analysis as tomllllll 190 U.S. Department of Justice A**APRPH lJJArlc Pl'AAll@.f // UR" f'AR1'AiR MAf@,l'iAI Prn1a@.@.f@.A Ht1fle12 Fetal R Gt'iffl P Me) 4. False Statements and Obstruction of the Investigation The Office determined that certain individuals associated with the Campaign lied to investigators about Campaign contacts with Russia and have taken other actions to interfere with the investigation. As explained below, the Office therefore charged some U.S. persons connected to the Campaign with false statements and obstruction offenses. a. Overview Of Governing Law False Statements. The principal federal statute criminalizing false statements to government investigators is 18 U.S.C. § 1001. As relevant here, under Section 1001(a)(2), it is a crime to knowingly and willfully "make[] any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation" "in any matter within the jurisdiction of the executive ... branch of the Government." An FBI investigation is a matter within the Executive Branch's jurisdiction. United States v. Rodgers, 466 U.S. 475, 479 (1984). The statute also applies to a subset of legislative branch actions-viz., administrative matters and "investigation[s] or review[s]" conducted by a congressional committee or subcommittee. 18 U.S.C. § 1001(c)(l) and (2); see United States v. Pickett, 353 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2004). Whether the statement was made to law enforcement or congressional investigators, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt the same basic non-jurisdictional elements: the statement was false, fictitious, or fraudulent; the defendant knew both that it was false and that it was unlawful to make a false statement; and the false statement was material. See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 831 F.3d 1207, 1222 n.27 (9th Cir. 2017) (listing elements); see also Ninth Circuit Pattern Instruction 8.73 & cmt. (explaining that the Section 1001 jury instruction was modified in light of the Department of Justice's position that the phrase"knowingly and willfully" in the statute requires the defendant's knowledge that his or her conduct was unlawful). In the D.C. Circuit, the government must prove that the statement was actually false; a statement that is misleading but "literally true" does not satisfy Section 1001(a)(2). See United States v. Milton, 8 F.3d 39, 45 191 U.S. Department of Justice Atl0 r!'le >, \V0rlc Prfldttet /,'} 4A•• Dm=11'Ai1=1 4A*P.l'iAI p.,A*nn*nf'l l +nAP.1' i::.:nf'l R Dl'iffl P 1 n) (D.C. Cir. 1993); United States v. Dale, 991 F.2d 819, 832-33 & n.22 (D.C. Cir. 1993). For that false statement to qualify as "material," it must have a natural tendency to influence, or be capable of influe ncing, a discrete decision or any other function of the agency to which it is addressed. See United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506, 509 (1995); United States v. Moore, 612 F.3d 698 , 701 (D.C. Cir. 2010). Perjury. Under the federal perjury statutes, it is a crime for a witness testifying under oath before a grand jury to knowingly make any false material declaration. See 18 U.S.C. § 1623. The government must prove four elements beyond a reasonable doubt to obtain a conviction under Section 1623(a): the defendant testified under oath before a federal grand jury; the defendant's testimony was false in one or more respects; the false testimony concerned matters that were material to the grand jury investigation; and the false testimony was knowingly given. United States v. Bridges, 717 F.2d 1444, 1449 n.30 (D.C. Cir. 1983). The general perjury statute , 18 U.S.C. § 1621, also applies to grand jury testimony and has similar elements, except that it requires that the witness have acted willfully and that the government satisfy "strict common-law requirements for establishing falsity." See Dunn v. United States, 442 U.S. 100, 106 & n.6 (1979) (explaining "the two-witness rule" and the corroboration that it demands). Obstruction of Justice. Three basic elements are common to the obstruction statutes pertinent to this Office's charging decisions: an obstructive act; some form of nexus between the obstructive act and an official proceeding; and criminal (i.e.,corrupt) intent. A detailed discussion of those elements, and the law governing obstruction of justice more generally, is included in Volume II of the report. b. Application to Certain Individuals i. George Papadopoulos Investigators approached Papadopoulos for an interview based on his role as a foreign policy advisor to the Trump Campaign and his suggestion to a foreign government representative that Russia had indicated that it could assist the Campaign through the anonymous release of information damaging to candidate Clinton. On January 27, 2017, Papadopoulos agreed to be interviewed by FBI agents, who informed him that the interview was part of the investigation into potential Russian government interference in the 2016 presidential election . During the interview, Papadopoulos lied about the timing, extent, and nature of his communications with Joseph Mifsud, Olga Polonskaya, and Ivan Timofeev. With respect to timing, Papadopoulos acknowledged that he had met Mifsud and that Mifsud told him the Russians had "dirt" on Clinton in the form of "thousands of emails." But Papadopoulos stated multiple times that those communications occurred before he joined the Trump Campaign and that it was a "very strange coincidence" to be told of the "dirt" before he started working for the Campaign. This account was false. Papadopoulos met Mifsud for the first time on approximately March 14, 2016, after Papadopoulos had already learned he would be a foreign policy advisor for the Campaign. Mifsud showed interest in Papadopoulos only after learning of his ro le on the Campaign. And Mifsud told Papadopoulos about the Russians possessing "dirt" on candidate Clinton in late April 2016, more than a month after Papadopoulos had joined the Campaign and U.S. Department of Justice AttAt1t1P."' l,V:At1I< Pt1Afl111,J // MFPe' C'.Afl*Aifl MA*L'WiAI P t1A*f'lt>.*t>.A T Jflfle.r Ff'lA R. Dri . P r:;ifo'l been publicly announced by candidate Trump. Statement of Offense ,r,r 25-26, United States v. George Papadopoulos, No. 1:17-cr-182 (D.D.C. Oct. 5, 2017), Doc. 19 ("Papadopoulos Statement of Offense"). Papadopoulos also made false statements in an effort to minimize the extent and importance of his communications with Mifsud. For example, Papadopoulos stated that "[Mifsud]'s a nothing," that he thought Mifsud was "just a guy talk[ing] up connections or something," and that he believed Mifsud was "BS'ing to be completely honest with you." In fact, however, Papadopoulos understood Mifsud to have substantial connections to high-level Russian government officials and that Mifsud spoke with some of those officials in Moscow before telling Papadopoulos about the "dirt." Papadopoulos also engaged in extensive communications over a period of months with Mifsud about foreign policy issues for the Campaign, including efforts to arrange a "history making" meeting between the Campaign and Russian government officials. In addition, Papadopoulos failed to inform investigators that Mifsud had introduced him to Timofeev, the Russian national who Papadopoulos understood to be connected to the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite being asked if he had met with Russian nationals or "[a]nyone with a Russian accent" during the campaign. Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,r,r 27-29. Papadopoulos also falsely claimed that he met Polonskaya before he joined the Campaign, and falsely told the FBI that he had "no" relationship at all with her. He stated that the extent of their communications was her sending emails-"Just, 'Hi, how are you?' That's it." In truth, however , Papadopoulos met Polonskaya on March 24, 2016, after he had joined the Campaign; he believed that she had connections to high-level Russian government officials and could help him arrange a potential foreign policy trip to Russia. During the campaign he emailed and spoke with her over Skype on numerous occasions about the potential foreign policy trip to Russia. Papadopoulos Statement of Offense ,r,r 30-31. Papadopoulos' s false statements in January 2017 impeded the FBI's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election. Most immediately, those statements hindered investigators' ability to effectively question Mifsud when he was interviewed in the lobb y of a Washington, D.C. hotel on February 10, 2017. See Gov't Sent. Mem. at 6, United States v. George Papadopoulos, No. 1:17-cr-182 (D.D.C. Aug. 18, 2017), Doc. 44. During that interview , Mifsud admitted to knowing Papadopoulos and to having introduced him to Polonskaya and Timofeev. But Mifsud denied that he had advance knowledge that Russia was in possession of emails damaging to candidate Clinton, stating that he and Papadopoulos had discussed cybersecurity and hacking as a larger issue and that Papadopoulos must have misunderstood their conversation. Mifsud also falsely stated that he had not seen Papadopoulos since the meeting at which Mifsud introduced him to Polonskaya, even though emails, text messages, and other information show that Mifsud met with Papadopoulos on at least two other occasions-April 12 and April 26, 2016. In addition, Mifsud omitted that he had drafted (or edited) the follow-up message that Polonskaya sent to Papadopoulos following the initial meeting and that, as reflected in the language of that email chain ("Baby, thank you!"), Mifsud may have been involved in a personal relationship with Polonskaya at the time. The false information and omissions in Papadopoulos's January 2017 interview undermined investigators' ability to challenge Mifsud when he made these inaccurate statements. U.S. Department of Justice Attot'!'leiv Wo¥1< PFodt1et // M,w Gol'lfRil'I MRte,ial Prnteeted l J!'lde, Fed R Ct1iffl P 6 e) Given the seriousness of the lies and omissions and their effect on the FBI' s investigation, the Office charged Papadopoulos with making false statements to the FBI, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001. Information, United States v. George Papadopoulos, No. l :17-cr-182 (D.D.C. Oct. 3, 2017), Doc. 8. On October 7, 2017, Papadopoulos pleaded guilty to that charge pursuant to a plea agreement. On September 7, 2018, he was sentenced to 14 days of imprisonment, a $9,500 fine, and 200 hours of community service. ii. - iii. Michael Flynn Michael Flynn agreed to be interviewed by the FBI on January 24, 2017, four days after he had officially assumed his duties as National Security Advisor to the President. During the interview, Flynn made several false statements pertaining to his communications with the Russian ambassador. First, Flynn made two false statements about his conversations with Russian Ambassador Kislyak in late December 2016, at a time when the United States had imposed sanctions on Russia for interfering with the 2016 presidential election and Russia was considering its response. See Flynn Statement of Offense. Flynn told the agents that he did not ask Kislyak to refrain from escalating the situation in response to the United States's imposition of sanctions. That statement was false. On December 29, 2016, Flynn called Kislyak to request Russian restraint. Flynn made the call immediately after speaking to a senior Transition Team official (K.T. McFarland) about what to communicate to Kislyak. Flynn then spoke with McFarland again after the Kislyak call to report on the substance of that conversation. Flynn also falsely told the FBI that he did not remember a follow-up conversation in which Kislyak stated that Russia had chosen to moderate its response to the U.S. sanctions as a result of Flynn's request. On December 31, 2016, Flynn in fact had such a conversation with Kislyak, and he again spoke with McFarland within hours of the call to relay the substance of his conversation with Kislyak. See Flynn Statement of Offense ,r 3. U.S. Department of Justice A.Uorne•, lJ.[ork Prodt1et // Mt¥. Contain Materiel Preteeted Under Fed. R. Criffl. P. e(e) 1 Second, Flynn made false statements about calls he had previously made to representatives of Russia and other countries regarding a resolution submitted by Egypt to the United Nations Security Council on December 21, 2016. Specifically, Flynn stated that he only asked the countries' positions on how they would vote on the resolution and that he did not request that any of the countries take any particular action on the resolution. That statement was false. On December 22, 2016, Flynn called Kislyak, informed him of the incoming Trump Administration's opposition to the resolution, and requested that Russia vote against or delay the resolution. Flynn also falsely stated that Kislyak never described Russia's response to his December 22 request regarding the resolution. Kislyak in fact told Flynn in a conversation on December 23, 2016, that Russia would not vote against the resolution if it came to a vote. See Flynn Statement of Offense ,r 4. Flynn made these false statements to the FBI at a time when he was serving as National Security Advisor and when the FBI had an open investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, including the nature of any links between the Trump Campaign and Russia. Flynn's false statements and omissions impeded and otherwise had a material impact on that ongoing investigation. Flynn Statement of Offense ,r,r 1-2. They also came shortly before Flynn made separate submissions to the Depa1tment of Justice, pursuant to FARA, that also contained materially false statements and omissions. Id. ,r 5. Based on the totality of that conduct, the Office decided to charge Flynn with making false statements to the FBI, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § l00l(a). On December 1, 2017, and pursuant to a plea agreement, Flynn pleaded guilty to that charge and also admitted his false statements to the Department in his FARA filing. See id.; Plea Agreement, United States v. Michael T Flynn, No. l:17-cr-232 (D.D.C. Dec. 1, 2017), Doc. 3. Flynn is awaiting sentencing. iv. Michael Cohen Michael Cohen was the executive vice president and special counsel to the Trump Organization when Trump was president of the Trump Organization. Information ,r 1, United States v. Cohen, No. 1:18-cr-850 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2018), Doc. 2 ("Cohen Informatio n"). From the fall of 2015 through approximately June 2016, Cohen was involved in a project to build a Trump-branded tower and adjoining development in Moscow. The project was known as Trump Tower Moscow. In 2017, Cohen was called to testify before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI), both of which were investigating Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election and possible links between Russia and the presidential campaigns. In late August 2017, in advance of his testimony , Cohen caused a two-page statement to be sent to SSCI and HPSCI addressing Trump Tower Moscow. Cohen Information ,r,r 2-3. The letter contained three representations relevant here. First, Cohen stated that the Trump Moscow project had ended in January 2016 and that he had briefed candidate Trump on the project only three times before making the unilateral decision to terminate it. Second, Cohen represented that he never agreed to travel to Russia in connection with the project and never considered asking Trump to travel for the project. Third, Cohen stated that he did not recall any Russian government contact about the project, including any response to an email that U.S. Department of Justice A1'fAf'flfW \l/orlc Pt'ncluet // )..4,w D.At1*Rit1 )..ofR*ef'iRl Pf'nteetecl I it1cler Feel R Gi•it1 P e) he had sent to a Russian government email account. Cohen Information ,i 4. Cohen later asked that his two-page statement be incorporated into his testimony's transcript before SSCI, and he ultimately gave testimony to SSCI that was consistent with that statement. Cohen Information ,i 5. Each of the foregoing representations in Cohen's two-page statement was false and misleading. Consideration of the project had extended through approximately June 2016 and included more than three progress reports from Cohen to Trump. Cohen had discussed with Felix Sater his own travel to Russia as part of the project, and he had inquired about the possibility of Trump traveling there-both with the candidate himself and with senior campaign official Corey Lewandowski. Cohen did recall that he had received a response to the email that he sent to Russian government spokesman Dmitry Peskov-in particular, that he received an email reply and had a follow-up phone conversation with an English-speaking assistant to Peskov in mid-January 2016. Cohen Information ,i 7. Cohen knew the statements in the letter to be false at the time, and admitted that he made them in an effort (1) to minimize the links between the project and Trump (who by this time was President), and (2) to give the false impression that the project had ended before the first vote in the Republican Party primary process, in the hopes of limiting the ongoing Russia investigations. Id. Given the nature of the false statements and the fact that he repeated them during his initial interview with the Office, we charged Cohen with violating Section 1001. On November 29, 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement to a single-count information charging him with making false statements in a matter within the jurisdiction of the legislative branch, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 100l(a)(2) and (c). Cohen Information. The case was transferred to the district judge presiding over the separate prosecution of Cohen pursued by the Southern District of New York (after a referral from our Office). On December 7, 2018, this Office submitted a letter to that judge recommending that Cohen's cooperation with our investigation be taken into account in sentencing Cohen on both the false-statements charge and the offenses in the Southern District prosecution. On December 12, 2018, the judge sentenced Cohen to two months of imprisonment on the false-statements count, to run concurrently with a 36-month sentence imposed on the other counts. v. litialllll U.S. Department of Justice AtlflFnev Welflc PFfldt:1et //} 4iw P Pl *Ritl } 4R*rat'iR I Prn*f\f\*f\A T+nclf\r ¥f',A R . r ..itl'I P fi(P.) vi. Jeff Sessions As set forth in Volume I, Section IV.A.6, supra, the investigation established that, while a U.S. Senator and a Trump Campaign advisor, former Attorney General Jeff Sessions interacted with Russian Ambassador Kislyak during the week of the Republican National Convention in July 2016 and again at a meeting in Sessions' s Senate office in September 2016. The investigation also established that Sessions and Kislyak both attended a reception held before candidate Trump's U.S. Department of Justice Atfnl"t-1P.•.,r \l.ZAPI< :PPAA11e.t // 4Rv f'.01-1*Rit-1 MR*P.l"iRI PPAfeefeci T l1-1cie12 Fefl R f'.12im _ :P_ A{e) foreign policy speech at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C., in April 2016, and that it is possible that they met briefly at that reception. The Office considered whether, in light of these interactions, Sessions committed perjury before, or made false statements to, Congress in connection with his confirmation as Attorney General. In January 2017 testimony during his confirmation hearing, Sessions stated in response to a question about Trump Campaign communications with the Russian government that he had "been called a surrogate at a time or two in that campaign and I didn't have - did not have communications with the Russians." In written responses submitted on January 17, 2017, Sessions answered "[n]o" to a question asking whether he had "been in contact with anyone connected to any part of the Russian government about the 2016 election, either before or after election day." And, in a March 2017 supplement to his testimony, Sessions identified two of the campaign-period contacts with Ambassador Kislyak noted above, which had been reported in the media following the January 2017 confirmation hearing. Sessions stated in the supplemental response that he did "not recall any discussions with the Russian Ambassador , or any other representatives of the Russian government, regarding the political campaign on these occasions or any other occasion." Although the investigation established that Sessions interacted with Kislyak on the occasions described above and that Kislyak mentioned the presidential campaign on at least one occasion, the evidence is not sufficient to prove that Sessions gave knowingly false answers to Russia-related questions in light of the wording and context of those questions. With respect to Sessions' s statements that he did "not recall any discussions with the Russian Ambassador . . . regarding the political campaign" and he had not been in contact with any Russian official " about the 2016 election," the evidence concerning the nature of Sessions's interactions with Kislyak makes it plausible that Sessions did not recall discussing the campaign with Kislyak at the time of his statements. Similarly, while Sessions stated in his January 2017 oral testimony that he "did not have communications with Russians," he did so in response to a question that had linked such communications to an alleged "continuing exchange of information" between the Trump Campaign and Russian government intermediaries. Sessions later explained to the Senate and to the Office that he understood the question as narrowly calling for disclosure of interactions with Russians that involved the exchange of campaign information, as distinguished from more routine contacts with Russian nationals. Given the context in which the question was asked, that understanding is plausible. Accordingly, the Office concluded that the evidence was insufficient to prove that Sessions was willfully untruthful in his answers and thus insufficient to obtain or sustain a conviction for perjury or false statements. Consistent with the Principles of Federal Prosecution, the Office therefore determined not to pursue charges against Sessions and informed his counsel of that decision in March 2018. vii. Others Interviewed During the Investigation The Office considered whether, during the course of the investigation, other individuals interviewed either omitted material information or provided information determined to be false. Applying the Principles of Federal Prosecution, the Office did not seek criminal charges against any individuals other than those listed above. In some instances , that decision was due to U.S. Department of Justice Attormw \\'Ari£ PrAcitiet // ).411, 1 · r.m h1it1 ).411*@,ri11I PrA*eei-et=I { Jmhwf:et=I R Gt'il'l'I P Me) evidentiary hurdles to proving falsity. In others, the Office determined that the witness ultimately provided truthful information and that considerations of culpability, deterrence, and resource- 1reservation weighed against prosecution. See Justice Manual && 9-27.220-1 9-27 .230. - U.S. Department of Justice AttFnflev '.llfirlc Pf'Afl11et // Mav CARtB:ifl M1ttet'i1tl Pl'Afeef'efl llRflet' Pefl. R. '7Fi P.1', e) Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election Volume II of II Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III Submitted Pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 600.B(c) Washington, D.C. March 2019 U.S. Department of Justice Af'1if'll'flfW WAl'lt PPflAHet // M1w G ARtR iR MRteFi11l PFflteeteA I lRAeF 17es JL C:Fim P . Me) TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOLUME II INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME IT........................................................................................................1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TO VOLUME JI.............................................................................................. 3 I. BACKGROUND LEGAL AND E VIDENTIARY PRINCIPLES........................................................................... 9 A. Legal Framework of Obstruct i_on of Justice .. 9 B. Investigative and Evidentiary Considerations............................................................12 II. FACTUAL RESULTS OF THE OBSTRUCTION INVESTIGATION 15 A. The Campaign's Response to Reports About Russian Support for Trump 15 1. Press Reports Allege Links Between the Trump Campaign and Russia 16 2. The Trump Campaign Reacts to WikiLeaks's Release of Hacked Emails..........17 3. The Trump Campaign Reacts to Allegations That Russia was Seeking to Aid Candidate Trump . 18 4. After the Election, Trump Continues to Deny Any Contacts or Connections with Russia or That Russia Aided his Election...............................21 B. The President's Conduct Concerning the Investigation of Michael Flynn.................24 1. Incoming National Security Advisor Flynn Discusses Sanctions on Russia with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak...............................................................24 2. President-Elect Trump is Briefed on the Intelligence Community's Assessment of Russian Interference in the Election and Congress Opens Electio n-Interference Investigations....................................................... 27 3. Flynn Makes False Statements About his Communications with Kislyak to Incoming Administration Officials, the Media, and the FBI 29 4. DOJ Officials Notify the White House of Their Concerns About Flynn 31 5. McGahn has a Follow-Up Meeting About Flynn with Yates; President Trump has Dinner with FBI Director Corney .......... 32 6. Flynn's Resignation ................................................. 36 7. The President Discusses Flynn with FBI Director Corney .. 38 8. The Media Raises Questions About the President's Delay in Terminating Flynn........ ............................................................................ 41 9. The President Attempts to Have K.T. McFarland Create a Witness Statement Denying that he Directed Flynn's Discussions with Kislyak...............42 C. The President's Reaction to Public Confirmation of the FBl ' s Russia Investigation...............................................................................................................48 I. Attorney General Sessions Recuses From the Russia Investigation....................48 U.S. Department of Justice AUAt'flfW WAf'I{ Pt•Asuet //) 4w · C'f'1RtRiR ) 4RtP.FiRl P,otP.P.fP.fl T tRflP.f efl r,iffl P Me) 2. FBIDirector Corney Publicly Confirms the Existence of the 52 Russia Investigation in Testimony Before HPSCI 3. The President Asks Intelligence Community Leaders to Make 55 Public Statements that he had No Connection to Russia ................ 4. The President Asks Corney to "Li ft the Cloud" Created by the 57 Russia Investigation............................. D. Events Leading Up To and Surrounding the Termination of FBI ...... 62 Director Corney 1. Corney Testifies Before the Senate Judiciary Committee and Declines to Answer Questions About Whether the President is Under Investigation.............62 2. The President Makes the Decision to Terminate Corney.....................................64 E. The President's Efforts to Remove the Special Counsel.............................................77 1. The Appointment of the Special Counsel and the President's Reaction 78 2. The President Asserts that the Special Counsel has Conflicts oflnterest.............80 3. The Press Reports that the President is Being Investigated for Obstruction of Justice and the President Directs the White House Counsel to Have the Special Counsel Removed .. 84 F. The President's Efforts to Curtail the Special Counsel Investigation .. 90 1. The President Asks Corey Lewandowski to Deliver a Message to Sessions to Curtail the Special Counsel Investigation 90 2. The President Follows Up with Lewandowski .............. 92 3. The President Publicly Criticizes Sess ions in a New York Times Interview............93 4. The President Orders Priebus to Demand Sessions's Resigna tion......................94 G. The President's Efforts to Prevent Disclosure of Emails About the June 9, 2016 Meeting Between Russians and Senior Campaign Officials..............................98 1. The President Learns About the Existence of Emails Concerning the June 9, 2016 Trump Tower Meeting ............................. 98 2. The President Directs Communications Staff Not to Publicly Disclose Information About the June 9 Meeting...................... 100 3. The President Directs Trump Jr.'s Response to Press Inquiries About the June 9 Meeting ......................................... .................. 101 4. The Media Reports on the June 9, 2016 Meeting ................. 103 H. The President's Further Efforts to Have the Attorney General Take Over the Investigation 107 1. The President Again Seeks to Have Sessions Reverse his Recusal...................107 2. Additional Efforts to Have Sessions Unrecuse or Direct Investigatio ns Covered by his Recusal.......... 109 II U.S. Department of Justice AftflfHev \1/Flflc PPmh-1et // :Di4n,r Cm,tni .. lli4ntPrinl PtoAtPPtPFl I J,.FlPto ►P.Fl C'riRI P MP.) I. The President Orders McGahn to Deny that the President Tried to Fire the Special Counsel 113 1. _T he Press Reports that the President Tried to Fire the Special Counsel..............113 2. The President Seeks to Have McGahn Dispute the Press Reports.....................114 J. The President's Conduct Towards Flynn, Manafort, litlllll···· ...........................120 1. Conduct Directed at Michael Flynn...................................................................120 2. Conduct Directed at Paul Manafort...................................................................122 3. li6ifoiiil•lU•fillIDl1:1tttB4................................................................................ 128 K. The President's Conduct Involving Michael Cohen..................................................134 l. Candidate Trump' s Awareness of and Involvement in the Trump Tower Moscow Project.................................................................................................134 2. Cohen Determines to Adhere to a "Party Line" Distancing Candidate Trump From Russia...........................................................................................138 3. Cohen Submits False Statements to Congress Minimizing the Trump Tower Moscow Project in Accordance with the Party Line...............................139 4. The President Sends Messages of Support to Cohen.........................................144 5. The President's Conduct After Cohen Began Cooperating with the Government.......................................................................................................148 L. Overarching Factual Issues 156 III. LEGAL DEFENSES To THE APPLICATION OF O BSTRUCTION- O F-J USTICE STATUTES To THE P RESIDENT................................................................................................................................................... 159 A. Statutory Defenses to the Application of Obstruction-Of-Justice Provisions to the Conduct Under Investigation..........................................................................160 1. The Text of Section 1512(c)(2) Prohibits a Broad Range of Obstructive Acts....................................................................................................................160 2. Judicial Decisions Support a Broad Reading of Section 1512(c)(2)..................162 3. The Legislative History of Section 1512(c)(2) Does Not Justify Narrowing Its Text...............................................................................................................164 4. General Principles of Statutory Construction Do Not Suggest That Section 1512(c)(2) is Inapplicable to the Conduct in this Investigation. 165 5. Other Obstruction Statutes Might Apply to the Conduct in this Investigation......................................................................................................167 B. Constitutional Defenses to Applying Obstruction-Of-Justice Statutes to Preside nt ial Conduct.............................................................................................................168 1. The Requirement of a Clear Statement to Apply Statutes to Presidential Conduct Does Not Limit the Obstruction Statutes ................ 169 iii U.S. Department of Justice A#Al'RP...' }J.'Arlf Pl'AAIIP.f // ll 4A· • DARtAiR 11 4At0 1'i A' I PFAtP.P.tP.A l lRAP.I' J:.P.A R rl'iffi P Me'\ 2. Separation-of -P owers Principles Support the Conclusion that Congress May Validly Prohibit Corrupt Obstructive Acts Carried Out 171 Through the President's Official Powers............................................ a. The Supreme Court's Separation-of-Powers Balancing Test Applies 172 In This Context b. The Effect of Obstruction-of-Justice Statutes on the President's Capacity to Perform His Article II Responsibilities is Limited....................173 c. Congress Has Power to Protect Congressional, Grand Jury, and Judicial Proceedings Against Corrupt Acts from Any Source...................................176 3. Ascertaining Whether the President Violated the Obstruction Statutes Would Not Chill his Performance of his Article II Duties .............. 178 IV. CONCLUSION ......... 182 IV U.S. Department of Justice A 1atl'1rRPI' nr.,.,l, p.,.,rfop,J // Ma, Gf'lfltllifl Mlltet'illl Pt'of:eef:ed lJHeeF Fed R- CFiffl P 6(e) INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME II This report is submitted to the Attorney General pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 600.8(c), which states that, "[a]t the conclusion of the Special Counsel's work, he ... shall provide the Attorney General a confidential report explaining the prosecution or declination decisions [the Special Counsel] reached ." Beginning in 2017, the President of the United States took a variety of actions towards the ongoing FBI investigation into Russia's interference in the 2016 presidential election and related matters that raised questions about whether he had obstructed justice. The Order appointing the Special Counsel gave this Office jurisdiction to investigate matters that arose directly from the FBI's Russia inve stigation, including whether the President had obstructed justice in connection with Russia-related investigations. The Special Counsel' s jurisdiction also covered potentially obstructive acts related to the Special Counsel's investigation itself. This Volume of our report summarizes our obstruction-of-justice investigation of the President. We first describe the considerations that guided our obstruction-of-justice investigation, and then provide an overview of this Volume: First, a traditional prosecution or declination decision entails a binary determination to initiate or decl ine a prosecution, but we determined not to make a traditional prosecutorial judgment. The Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) has issued an opinion finding that " the indictment or criminal prosecution of a sitting President would impermissibly undermine the capacity of the executive branch to perform its constitutionally assigned functions" in violation of "the constitutional separation of powers."1 Given the role of the Special Counsel as an attorney in the Department of Justice and the framework of the Special Counsel regulations, see 28 U.S.C. § 515; 28 C.F.R. § 600.7(a), this Office accepted OLC's legal conclusion for the purpose of exercising prosecutorial jurisdiction. And apart from OLC's constitutional view, we recognized that a federal criminal accusation against a sitting President would place burdens on the President's capacity to govern and potentially preempt constitutional processes for addressing presidential misconduc t.2 Second, while the OLC opinion concludes that a sitting President may not be prosecuted, it recognizes that a criminal investigation during the President's term is permissible.3 The OLC opinion also recognizes that a President does not have immunity after he leaves office.4 And if individuals other than the President committed an obstruction offense, they may be prosecuted at this time. Given those considerations, the facts known to us, and the strong public in terest in 1 A Sitting President's Amenability to Indictment and Criminal Prosecution, 24 Op. O.L.C. 222, 222, 260 (2000) (OLC Op.). 2 See U.S. CONST. Art. I § 2, cl. 5; § 3, cl. 6; cf OLC Op. at 257-258 (discussing relationship between impeachment and criminal prosecution of a sitting President). 3 OLC Op. at 257 n.36 ("A grand jury could continue to gather evidence throughout the period of immunity"). 4 OLC Op. at 255 (" Recognizing an immunity from prosecution for a sittin g President would not preclude suc h prosecution once the President's term is over or he is otherwise removed from office by resignation or impeachment" ). U.S. Department of Justice AfatAl'FIP.',' WArlc PrAfhmt // 4A.. D,:n:,tAiFI 4AtniAI PrAte:Qtrel l TFI F'PI .F PFI A r'l'iffl P A e:) safeguarding the integrity of the criminal justice system, we conducted a thorough factual investigation in order to preserve the evidence when memories were fresh and documentary materials were available. Third, we considered whether to evaluate the conduct we investigated under the Justice Manual standards governing prosecution and declination decisions, but we determined not to apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes. The threshold step under the Justice Manual standards is to assess whether a person's conduct "constitutes a federal offense." U.S. Dep't of Justice, Justice Manual§ 9-27.220 (2018) (Justice Manual). Fairness concerns counseled against potentially reaching that judgment when no charges can be brought. The ordinary means for an individual to respond to an accusation is through a speedy and public trial, with all the procedural protections that surround a criminal case. An individual who believes he was wrongly accused can use that process to seek to clear his name. In contrast, a prosecutor's judgment that crimes were committed, but that no charges will be brought, affords no such adversarial opportunity for public name-clearing before an impartial adjudicato r.5 The concerns about the fairness of such a determination would be heightened in the case of a sitting President, where a federal prosecutor's accusation of a crime, even in an internal report, could carry consequences that extend beyond the realm of criminal justice. OLC noted similar concerns about sealed indictments. Even if an indictment were sealed during the President's term, OLC reasoned, "it would be very difficult to preserve [an indictment 's] secrecy," and if an indictment became public, "[t]he stigma and opprobrium" could imperil the President's ability to govern."6 Although a prosecutor's internal report would not represent a formal public accusation akin to an indictment, the possibility of the report' s public disclosure and the absence of a neutral adjudicatory forum to review its findings counseled against potentially determining "that the person's conduct constitutes a federal offense." Justice Manual § 9-27.220. Fourth, if we had confidence after a thorough investigation of the facts that the President clearly did not commit obstruction of justice, we would so state. Based on the facts and the applicable legal standards , however, we are unable to reach that judgment. The evidence we obtained about the President' s actions and intent presents difficult issues that prevent us from conclusively determining that no criminal conduct occurred. Accordingly, while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him. * * * This report on our investigation consists of four parts. Section I provides an overview of obstruction-of-justice principles and summarizes certain investigatory and evidentiary considerations. Section II sets forth the factual results of our obstruction investigation and analyzes the evidence. Section III addresses statutory and constitutional defenses. Section IV states our conclusion. 5 For that reason, criticisms have been lodged against the practice of naming unindicted co conspirators in an indictment. See United States v.Briggs,514 F.2d 794,802 (5th Cir. 1975) ("The courts 2 have struck down with strong language efforts by grand juries to accuse persons of crime while affording them no forum in which to vindicate themselves."); see also Justice Manual § 9-11.130. 6 OLC Op. at 259 & n.38 (citation omitted). 3 U.S. Department of Justice AttArRt=w WArl< Proti11et // 4w • C'ARtRiR i>4Rtflf'iRI P,AtfleteA l JRAeF :Peti Griffl P (e) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TO VOLUME II Our obstruction -of-justice inquiry focused on a series of actions by the President that related to the Russian -interference investigations, including the President's conduct towards the law enforcement officials overseeing the investigations and the witnesses to relevant events. FACTUAL RESULTS OF THE OBSTRUCTION INVESTIGATION The key issues and events we examined include the following: The Campaign's response to reports about Russian support for Trump. During the 2016 presidential campaign, questions arose about the Russian government's apparent support for candidate Trump. After WikiLeaks released politically damaging Democratic Party emails that were reported to have been hacked by Russia, Trump publicly expressed skepticism that Russia was responsible for the hacks at the same time that he and other Campaign officials privately sought information Harm to Ongoing Matter about any further planned WikiLeaks releases. Trump also denied having any business in or connections to Russia, even though as late as June 2016 the Trump Organization had been pursuing a licensing deal for a skyscraper to be built in Russia called Trump Tower Moscow. After the election , the President expressed concerns to advisors that reports of Russia's election interference might lead the public to question the legitimacy of his elect ion. Conduct involving FBI Director Comey and Michael Flynn. In mid-January 2017, incoming National Security Advisor Michael Flynn falsely denied to the Vice President, other administration officials, and FBI agents that he had talked to Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about Russia' s response to U.S. sanctions on Russia for its election interference. On January 27, the day after the President was told that Flynn had lied to the Vice President and had made similar statements to the FBI, the President invited FBI Director Corney to a private dinner at the White House and told Corney that he needed loyalty. On February 14, the day after the President requested Flynn's resignation, the President told an outside advisor, "Now that we fired Flyn n, the Russia thing is over." The advisor disagreed and said the investigations would continue. Later that afternoon, the President cleared the Oval Office to have a one-on-one meeting with Corney. Referring to the FBI's investigation of Flynn, the President said, "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go. He is a good guy. T hope you can let this go." Shortly after requesting Flynn's resignation and speaking privately to Corney, the President sought to have Deputy National Security Advisor K.T. McFarland draft an internal letter stating that the President had not directed Flynn to discuss sanctions with Kislyak. McFarland declined because she did not know whether that was true, and a White House Counsel's Office attorney thought that the request would look like a quid pro quo for an ambassadorship she had been offered. The President's reaction to the continuing Russia investigation. Tn February 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions began to assess whether he had to recuse himself from campaign related investigations because of his role in the Trump Campaign. Tn early March, the President told White House Counsel Donald McGahn to stop Sessions from recusing. And after Sessions announced his recusal on March 2, the President expressed anger at the decision and told advisors that he should have an Attorney General who would protect him. That weekend, the President took Sessions aside at an event and urged him to "unrecuse." Later in March, Corney publicly U.S. Department of Justice A JatAl'l'IP.11\l/ o rk P l"AAlle .t // 114 R>< C'ARtA iR ll4 At Pl"iAI Pr tf>f>t f>.A l TAAP!l' µf'l,I rl"iffl p Me) disclosed at a congressional hearing that the FBI was investigating " the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election," including any links or coordination between the Russian government and the Trump Campaign. In the following days, the President reached out to the Director of National Intelligence and the leaders of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA) to ask them what they could do to publicly dispel the suggestion that the President had any connection to the Russian election-interference effort. The President also twice called Corney directly, notwithstanding guidance from McGahn to avoid direct contacts with the Department of Justice. Corney had previously assured the President that the FBI was not investigating him personally, and the President asked Corney to " lift the cloud" of the Russia investigation by saying that publicly. The President's termination of Comey. On May 3, 2017, Corney testified in a congressional hearing, but declined to answer questions about whether the President was personally under investigation. Within days, the President decided to terminate Corney. The President insisted that the termination letter, which was written for public release, state that Corney had informed the President that he was not under investigation. The day of the firing, the White House maintained that Corney's termination resulted from independent recommendations from the Attorney General and Deputy Attorney General that Corney should be discharged for mishandling the Hillary Clinton email investigation. But the President had decided to fire Corney before hearing from the Department of Justice. The day after firing Corney, the President told Russian officials that he had " faced great pressure because of Russia," which had been "taken off' by Corney's firing. The next day, the President acknowledged in a television interview that he was going to fire Corney regardless of the Department of Justice's recommendation and that when he "decided to just do it," he was thinking that "this thing with Trump and Russia is a made-up story." In response to a question about whether he was angry with Corney about the Russia investigation, the President said, "As far as I'm concerned, I want that thing to be absolutely done properly," adding that firing Corney "might even lengthen out the investigation." The appointment of a Special Counsel and efforts to remove him. On May 17, 2017 , the Acting Attorney General for the Russia investigation appointed a Special Counsel to conduct the investigation and related matter s. The President reacted to news that a Special Counsel had been appointed by telling advisors that it was "the end of his presidency" and demanding that Sessions resign. Sessions submitted his resignation, but the President ultimately did not accept it. The President told aides that the Special Counsel had conflicts of interest and suggested that the Special Counsel therefore could not serve. The President's advisors told him the asserted conflicts were meritless and had already been considered by the Department of Justice. On June 14, 2017, the media reported that the Special Counsel's Office was investigating whether the President had obstructed justice. Press reports called this "a major turning point " in the investigation: while Corney had told the President he was not under investigation , following Corney's firing, the President now was under inve stiga tion. The President reacted to this news with a series of tweets criticizing the Department of Justice and the Special Counsel's investigation. On June 17, 2017, the President called McGahn at home and directed him to call the Acting Attorney General and say that the Special Counsel had conflicts of interest and must be removed. McGahn did not carry out the direction , however, deciding that he would resign rather than trigger what he regarded as a potential Saturday Night Massacre. U.S. Department of Justice A 1'tAf'RP• U'nrlr PrA r-fop,t II M11,., PARtRiR 411tPFi11l Pf'Afp,p,fp,A TfRAer Pefl R Griffi P A(e) Efforts to curtail the Special Counsel's investigation. Two days after directing McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed, the President made another attempt to affect the course of the Russia investigation. On June 19, 2017, the President met one-on-one in the Oval Office with his former campaign manager Corey Lewandowski, a trusted advisor outside the government, and dictated a message for Lewandowski to deliver to Sessions. The message said that Sessions should publicly announce that, notwithstanding his recusal from the Russia investigatio n, the investigation was "very unfair" to the President, the President had done nothing wrong, and Sessions planned to meet with the Special Counsel and "let [him] move forward with investigating election meddling for future elections." Lewandowski said he understood what the President wanted Sessions to do. One month later , in another private meeting with Lewandowski on July 19, 2017 , the President asked about the status of his message for Sessions to limit the Special Counsel investigation to future election interference. Lewandowski told the President that the message would be delivered soon. Hours after that meeting, the President publicly criticized Sessions in an interview with the New York Times, and then issued a series of tweets making it clear that Sessions's job was in jeopardy. Lewandowski did not want to deliver the President's message personally, so he asked senior White House official Rick Dearborn to deliver it to Sessions. Dearborn was uncomfortable with the task and did not follow through. Efforts to prevent public disclosure of evidence. In the summer of 2017, the President learned that media outlets were asking questions about the June 9, 2016 meeting at Trump Tower between senior campaign officials, including Donald Trump Jr., and a Russian lawyer who was said to be offering damaging information about Hillary Clinton as "part of Russia and its government's support for Mr. Trump." On several occasions, the President directed aides not to publicly disclose the emails setting up the June 9 meeting, suggesting that the emails would not leak and that the number of lawyers with access to them should be limited. Before the emails became public, the President edited a press statement for Trump Jr. by deleting a line that acknowledged that the meeting was with "an individual who [Trump Jr.] was told might have information helpful to the campaign" and instead said only that the meeting was about adoptions of Russian children. When the press asked questions about the President' s involvement in Trump Jr.'s statement, the President's personal lawyer repeatedly denied the President had played any role. Further efforts to have the Attorney General take control of the investigation. In early summer 2017, the President called Sessions at home and again asked him to reverse his recusal from the Russia investigation. Sessions did not reverse his recusal. In October 2017, the President met privately with Sessions in the Oval Office and asked him to "take [a] look" at investigating Clinton. In December 2017, shortly after Flynn pleaded guilty pursuant to a cooperation agreement, the President met with Sessions in the Oval Office and suggested, according to notes taken by a senior advisor, that if Sessions unrecused and took back supervision of the Russia investigation, he would be a "hero." The President told Sessions, "I' m not going to do anything or direct you to do anything. I just want to be treated fairly." In response, Sessions volunteered that he had never seen anything "improper" on the campaign and told the President there was a "whole new leadership team" in place. He did not unrecuse. Efforts to have McGahn deny that the President had ordered him to have the Special 5 Counsel removed. In early 2018, the press reported that the President had directed McGahn to 6 U.S. Department of Justice /\j;j;flt'fle¥ Wot1k Pf'ABttet // MR,.. r'AR*RiR MR*rwiRI Pl'o*P.P.*P.t-i { lRt-iP.t' Peli R Grifl'I P h(e) have the Special Counsel removed in June 2017 and that McGahn had threatened to resign rather than carry out the order. The President reacted to the news stories by directing White House officials to tell McGahn to dispute the story and create a record stating he had not been ordered to have the Special Counsel removed. McGahn told those officials that the media reports were accurate in stating that the President had directed McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed. The President then met with McGahn in the Oval Office and again pressured him to deny the reports. In the same meeting, the President also asked McGahn why he had told the Special Counsel about the President' s effort to remove the Special Counsel and why McGahn took notes of his conversations with the President. McGahn refused to back away from what he remembered happening and perceived the President to be testing his mettle. Conduct towards Flynn, Manafort, . After Flynn withdrew from a joint defense agreement with the President and began cooperating with the government, the President' s personal counsel left a message for Flynn' s attorneys reminding them of the President's warm feelings towards Flynn, which he said "still remains," and asking for a "heads up" if Flynn knew "information that implicates the President." When Flynn's counsel reiterated that Flynn could no longer share information pursuant to a joint defense agreement, the President's personal counsel said he would make sure that the President knew that Flynn's actions reflected "hostility" towards the President. During Manafort ' s prosecution and when the jury in his criminal. trial was deliberating, the President praised Manafort in public, said that Manafort was being treated unfairly, and declined to rule out a pardon. After Manafort was convicted, the President called Manafort "a brave man" for refusing to " break" and said that "flipping" "almost ou11:ht to be ■1ljr!'tfr.¥. I I 213L>:W'aI ..O..S..CI ..I.. Conduct involving Michael Cohen. The Pres ident ' s conduct towards Michael Cohen, a former Trump Organization executive, changed from praise for Cohen when he falsely minimized the President's involvement in the Trump Tower Moscow project, to castigation of Cohen when he became a cooperating witness. From September 2015 to June 2016, Cohen had pursued the Trump Tower Moscow project on behalf of the Trump Organization and had briefed candidate Trump on the project numerous times, including discussing whether Trump should travel to Russia to advance the deal. In 20 l7, Cohen provided false testimony to Congress about the project, including stating that he had only briefed Trump on the project three times and never discussed travel to Russia with him, in an effort to adhere to a "party line" that Cohen said was developed to minimize the President's connections to Russia. While preparing for his congressional testimony, Cohen had extensive discussions with the President's personal counsel, who, according to Cohen, said that Cohen should "stay on message" and not contradict the President. After the FBI searched Cohen's home and office in April 2018, the President publicly asserted that Cohen would not "flip," contacted him directly to tell him to "stay strong," and privately passed messages of support to him. Cohen also discussed pardons with the President's personal counsel and believed that if he stayed on message he would be taken care of. But after Cohen began cooperating with the government in the summer of 2018, the President publicly criticized him, called him a " rat," and suggested that his family members had committed crimes. U.S. Department of Justice ,<\FtAFRe.., \VAFI£ Pl'At:luet // UAt< PnRtAiM HAt@FiAI P t'AtPP.tei::I T TRFIP.I' ei::I C'Fil'R P Me Overarching factual issues. We did not make a traditional prosecution decision about these facts, but the evidence we obtained supports several general statements about the President' s conduct. Several features of the conduct we investigated distinguish it from typical obstruction- of justice cases. First, the investigation concerned the President, and some of his actions, such as firing the FBI director , involved facially lawful acts within his Article II authority, which raises constitutional issues discussed below. At the same time, the President's position as the head of the Executive Branch provided him with unique and powerful means of influencing official proceedings, subordinate officers, and potential witnesses-all of which is relevant to a potential obstruction-of-justice analysis. Second, unlike cases in which a subject engages in obstruction of justice to cover up a crime, the evidence we obtained did not establish that the President was involved in an underlying crime related to Russian election interference. Although the obstruction statutes do not require proof of such a crime, the absence of that evidence affects the analysis of the President's intent and requires consideration of other possible motives for his conduct. Third, many of the President's acts directed at witnesses, including discouragement of cooperation with the government and suggestions of possible future pardons, took place in public view. That circumstance is unusual, but no principle of law excludes public acts from the reach of the obstruction laws. If the likely effect of public acts is to influence witnesses or alter their testimony, the harm to the justice system's integrity is the same. Although the series of events we investigated involved discrete acts, the overall pattern of the President's conduct towards the investigations can shed light on the nature of the President ' s acts and the inferences that can be drawn about his intent. In particular, the actions we investigated can be divided into two phases, reflecting a possible shift in the President's motives. The first phase covered the period from the President ' s first interactions with Corney through the Pres ident' s firing of Corney. During that time, the President had been repeatedly told he was not personally under investigation. Soon after the firing of Corney and the appointment of the Special Counsel, however, the President became aware that his own conduct was being investigat ed in an obstruction-of-justice inquiry. At that point, the Pres ident engaged in a second phase of conduct, involving public attacks on the inve tigation , non-public efforts to control it, and efforts in both public and private to encourage witnesses not to cooperate with the investigation. Judgments about the nature of the President' s motives during each phase would be informed by the totality of the evidence. STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEFENSES The President's counsel raised statuto ry and constitutional defenses to a possible obstruction-of-justice analysis of the conduct we investigated. We concluded that none of those legal defenses provided a basis for declining to investigate the facts. Statutory defenses. Consistent with precedent and the Department of Justice's general approach to interpreting obstruction statutes, we concluded that several statutes could apply here. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503 , 1505 , 1512( b)(3), 1512(c)(2). Section 1512(c)(2) is an omnibus obstruction-of-justice provision that covers a range of obstructive acts directed at pending or contemplated official proceedings. No principle of statutory construction justifies narrowing the provision to cover only conduct that impairs the integrity or availability of evidence. Sections 1503 and 1505 also offer broad protection against obstructive acts directed at pending grand jury , U.S. Department of Justice AttAt'flf'.V \VAFlc PFrnfoct // 4A·• DARtAiR 4AtniAI P FAt P.P.tP FI T fRAAF J,:prl PFiA'I P hfp) judicial, administrative, and congressional proceedings, and they are supplemented by a provision in Section 1512(6) aimed specifically at conduct intended to prevent or hinder the communication to law enforcement of information related to a federal crime. Constitutional defenses. As for constitutional defenses arising from the President's status as the head of the Executive Branch, we recognized that the Department of Justice and the courts have n_ot definitively resolved these issues. We therefore examined those issues through the framework established by Supreme Court precedent governing separation-of- powers issues. The Department of Justice and the President's personal counsel have recognized that the President is subject to statutes that prohibit obstruction of justice by bribing a witness or suborning perjury because that conduct does not implicate his constitutional authority. With respect to whether the President ca,n be found to have obstructed justice by exercising his powers under Article II of the Constitution, we concluded that Congress has authority to prohibit a President's corrupt use of his authority in order to protect the integrity of the administration of justice. Under applicable Supreme Court precedent, the Constitution does not categorically and permanently immunize a President for obstructing justice through the use of his Article II powers. The separation-of-powers doctrine authorizes Congress to protect official proceedings, including those of courts and grand juries, from corrupt, obstructive acts regard less of their source. We also concluded that any inroad on presidential authority that would occur from prohibiting corrupt acts does not undermine the President ' s ability to fulfill his constitutional mission. The term "corru ptly" sets a demanding standard. It requires a concrete showing that a person acted with an intent to obtain an improper advantage for himself or someone else, inconsistent with official duty and the rights ofothers. A preclusion of"corrupt" official action does not diminish the Pres ident' s ability to exercise Article II powers. For example, the proper supervision of criminal law does not demand freedom for the President to act with a corrupt intention of shielding himself from criminal punishment, avoiding financial liability, or preventing personal embarrassment. To the contrary , a statute that prohibits official action undertaken for such corrupt purposes furthers, rather than hinders, the impartial and evenhanded administration of the law. It also aligns with the President's constitutional duty to faithfully execute the laws. Finally, we concluded that in the rare case in which a criminal investigation of the President' s conduct is justified, inquiries to determine whether the President acted for a corrupt motive should not impermissibly chill his performance of his constitutiona lly assigned duties. The conclusion that Congress may apply the obstruction laws to the President' s corrupt exercise of the powers of office accords with our constitutional system of checks and balances and the principle that no person is above the law . CONCLUSION Because we determined not to make a traditional prosecutorial judgment , we did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President' s conduct. The evidence we obtained about the President's actions and intent presents difficult issues that would need to be resolved if we were making a traditional prosecutorial judgment. At the same time, if we had confidence after a thorough investigation of the facts that the President clearly did not commit obstruction of justice, we would so state. Based on the facts and the applicable legal standards , we are unable to reach that judgment. Accordingly, while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him. U.S. Department of Justice AtfAfflP.V \\'Arie Pt>Afl1wt // 4w • PARh1iR 411f@t>i11I P rn*P.@.f PF-i TlRAPt' f':p,fl R r.t'iffl P Me) I. BACKGROUND LEGAL AND EVIDENTIARY PRINCIPLES A. Legal Framework of Obstruction of Justice The May 17, 2017 Appointment Order and the Special Counsel regulations provide this Office with jurisdiction to investigate "federal crimes committed in the course of, and with intent to interfere with, the Special Counsel's investigation, such as perjury, obstruction of justice, destruction of evidence, and intimidation of witnesses." 28 C.F.R. § 600.4(a) . Because of that description of our jurisdiction, we sought evidence for our obstruction-of-justice investigation with the elements of obstruction offenses in mind. Our evidentiary analysis is similarly focused on the elements of such offenses, although we do not draw conclusions on the ultimate questions that govern a prosecutorial decision under the Principles of Federal Prosecution. See Justice Manual § 9-27.000 et seq. (2018). Here, we summarize the law interpreting the elements of potentially relevant obstruction statutes in an ordinary case. This discussion does not address the unique constitutional issues that arise in an inquiry into official acts by the Pre sident. Those issues are discussed in a later section of this report addressing constitutional defenses that the Preside nt' s counsel have raised. See Volume II, Section III.B, irifra. Three basic elements are common to most of the relevant obstruction statutes: (1) an obstructive act; (2) a nexus between the obstructive act and an official proceeding; and (3) a corrupt intent. See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1505, 1512(c)(2). We describe those elements as they have ' been interpreted by the courts. We then discuss a more specific statute aimed at witness tampering, see 18 U.S.C. § 15 12( b), and describe the requirements for attempted offenses and endeavors to obstruct justice, see 18 U.S.C. §§ I 503 , 1512(c)(2). Obstructive act. Obstruction-of-justice law "reaches all corrupt conduct capable of producing an effect that prevents justice from being duly administered, regardless of the means employed." United States v. Silverman, 745 F.2d 1386, 1393 (11th Cir. 1984) (interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 1503). An " effort to influence" a proceeding can qualify as an endeavor to obstruct justice even if the effort was "subtle or circuitous" and "however cleverly or with whatever cloaking of purpose" it was made. United States v. Roe, 529 F.2d 629,632 (4th Cir. 1975); see also United States v. Quattrone, 441 F.3d 153, 173 (2d Cir. 2006). The verbs '" obstruct or impede' are broad" and "can refer to anything that blocks, makes difficult, or hinders." Marinello v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1101, 1106 (2018) (internal brackets and quotation marks omitted). An improper motive can render an actor's conduct criminal even when the conduct would otherwise be lawful and within the actor's authority. See United States v. Cueto, 151 F.3d 620, 631 (7th Cir. 1998) (affirming obstruction conviction of a criminal defense attorney for "litigation related conduct"); United States v. Cintolo, 818 F.2d 980, 992 (1st Cir. 1987) ("any act by any party-whether lawful or unlawful on its face-may abridge § 1503 if performed with a corrupt motive " ). Nexus to a pending or contemplated official proceeding. Obstruction-of-justice law generally requires a nexus, or connection, to an official proceeding. In Section 1503, the nexus must be to pending "judicial or grand jury proceedings." United States v. Aguilar, 515 U.S. 593, U.S. Department of Justice AttAl'fleV 1J/ol'lt Pf0Attet//ll4w· rf'1RtAiR ll4Atf'11'iAI P,oteetefl [lRAf'I' Y:efl R r ..ifl'I P Me) 599 (1995). In Section 1505 , the nexus can include a connection to a "pending" federal agency proceeding or a congressional inquiry or investigation. Under both statutes, the government must demonstrate " a relationship in time , causation , or logic" between the obstructive act and the proceeding or inquiry to be obstructed. Id. at 599; see also Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States, 544 U.S. 696, 707-708 (2005). Section I 5 I 2(c) prohibits obstructive efforts aimed at official proceedings including judicial or grand jury proceedings. 18 U.S.C. § 151S(a)(l )(A). "For purposes of' Section 1512, "an official proceeding need not be pending or about to be instituted at the time of the offense." 18 U.S.C. § 15l 2(f)(l ). Although a proceeding need not already be in progress to trigger liability under Section 1512(c), a nexus to a contemplated proceeding still must be shown. United States v. Young, 916 F.3d 368, 386 (4th Cir. 2019); United States v. Petruk, 781 F.3d 438, 445 (8th Cir. 2015); United States v. Phillips, 583 F.3d 1261, 1264 (10th Cir. 2009); United States v. Reich, 479 F.3d 179, 186 (2d Cir. 2007). The nexus requirement narrows the scope of obstruction statutes to ensure that individuals have "fair warning" of what the law proscribes. Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 600 (internal quotation marks omitted). The nexus showing has subjective and objective components. As an objective matter, a defendant must act "in a manner that is likely to obstruct justice," such that the statute "excludes defendants who have an evil purpose but use means that would only unnaturally and improbably be successful." Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 601-602 (emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted). "[T]he endeavor must have the natural and probable effect of interfering with the due administration of justice." Id. at 599 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). As a subjective matter, the actor must have "contemplated a partic ular, foreseeable proceeding ." Petruk, 781 F.3d at 445-446.. A defendant need not directly impede the proceeding. Rather, a nexus exists if "discretionary actions of a third person would be required to obstruct the judicial proceeding if it was foreseeable to the defendant that the third party would act on the [defendant' s] communication in such a way as to obstruct the judicial proceeding." United States v. Martinez, 862 F.3d 223, 238 (2d Cir. 2017) (brackets, ellipses, and internal quotation marks omitted). Corruptly. The word "corruptly" provides the intent element for obstruction of justice and means acting "knowingly and dishonestly" or "with an improper motive." United States v. Richardson, 676 F.3d 491, 508 (5th Cir. 2012); United States v. Gordon, 710 F.3d 1124 , 1151 (I 0th Cir. 2013) (to act corruptly means to "act[] with an improper purpose and to engage in conduct knowingly and dishonestly with the specific intent to subvert, impede or obstruct" the relevant proceeding) (some quotation marks omitted); see 18 U.S.C. § 1515(6) ("As used in section 1505, the term ' corruptly' means acting with an improper purpose, personally or by influencing another." ); see also Arthur Andersen, 544 U.S. at 705-706 (interpreting "corruptly" to mean "wro ngful, immoral , depraved, or evil" and holding that acting "knowingly ... corruptly" in 18 U.S.C. § 1512(6) requires "consciousness of wrongdoing"). The requisite showing is made when a person acted with an intent to obtain an "improper advantage for [him]self or someone else, inconsistent with official duty and the rights of others." BALLENTINE'S LAW DICTIONARY 276 (3d ed. 1969); see United States v. Pasha, 797 F.3d 1122, 1132 (D.C. Cir. 2015); Aguilar, 515 U.S . at 616 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (characterizing this definition as the " lo ngstanding and well-accepted meaning" of "corruptly") . Witness tampering. A more specific provision in Section 1512 prohibits tampering with a witness. See 18 U.S.C. § 1512(6)(1), (3) (making it a crime to "know ingly use[] intimidation ... or corruptly persuade[] another person," or "engage[] in misleading conduct towards another U.S. Department of Justice a 1al:Pl"flt>11 U'orlc PrAAllt>.t // MR..' rAl'ltRil'I MRtefiRI PFotee1'es Hl'IBet' J:.:ea R Cfiffl P 6(e) person," with the intent to "influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding" or to "hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a law enforcement officer . . . of information relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal offense"). To establish corrupt persuasion, it is sufficient that the defendant asked a potential witness to lie to investigators in contemplation of a likely federal investigation into his conduct. United States v. Ed/ind , 887 F.3d 166, 174 (4th Cir. 2018); United States v. Sparks, 791 F.3d 1188, 1191-1192 (10th Cir. 2015); United States v. Byrne, 435 F.3d 16, 23-26 (1st Cir. 2006); United States v. LaShay, 417 F.3d 715, 718-719 (7th Cir. 2005); United States v. Burns, 298 F.3d 523, 539-540 (6th Cir. 2002); United States v. Pennington, 168 F.3d 1060, 1066 (8th Cir. 1999). The "persuasion" need not be coercive, intimidating, or explicit; it is sufficient to "urge," " ind uce," " ask[]," "argu[e]," "giv[e] reasons," Sparks, 791 F.3d at 1192, or "coach[] or remind[] witnesses by planting misleading facts," Ed/ind, 887 F.3d at 174. Corrupt persuasion is shown "where a defendant tells a potential witness a false story as if the story were true, intending that the witness believe the story and testify to it." United States v. Rodolitz, 786 F.2d 77, 82 (2d Cir. 1986); see United States v. Gabriel, 125 F.3d 89, 102 (2d Cir. 1997). It also covers urging a witness to recall a fact that the witness did not know, even if the fact was actually true. See LaShay, 417 F.3d at 719. Corrupt persuasion also can be shown in certain circumstances when a person, with an improper motive , urges a witness not to cooperate with law enforcement. See United States v. Shotts, 145 F.3d 1289, 1301 (11th Cr. 1998) (telling Secretary "not to [say] anything [to the FBI] and [she] would not be bothered"). When the charge is acting with the intent to hinder, delay, or prevent the communication of information to law enforcement under Section l 512(b)(3), the " nexus" to a proceeding inquiry articulated in Aguilar-that an individual have " know ledge that his actions are likely to affect the judicial proceeding," 515 U.S. at 599-does notapply because the obstructive act is aimed at the communication of information to investigators, not at impeding an official proceeding. Acting "knowingly ... corruptly" requires proof that the individual was "conscious of wrongdoing." Arthur Andersen, 544 U.S. at 705-706 (declining to explore "[t]he outer limits of this element" but indicating that an instruction was infirm where it permitted conviction even if the defendant " honestly and sincerely believed that [the] conduct was lawful"). It is an affirmative defense that "the conduct consisted solely oflawful conduct.and that the defendant' s sole intention was to encourage, induce, or cause the other person to testify truthfully." 18 U.S.C. § 1512(e). Attempts and endeavors. Section I 512(c)(2) covers both substantive obstruction offenses and attempts to obstruct justice. Under general principles of attempt law, a person is guilty of an attempt when he has the intent to commit a substantive offense and takes an overt act that constitutes a substantial step towards that goal. See United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, 549 U.S. 102, 106-107 (2007). "[T]he act [must be] substantial , in that it was strongly corroborative of the defendant's criminal purpose." United States v. Pratt, 351 F.3d 131, 135 (4th Cir. 2003). While "mere abstract talk" does not suffice, any "concrete and specific" acts that corroborate the defendant's intent can constitute a "substantial step." United States v. Irving, 665 F.3d 1184 , 1198- 1205 (10th Cir. 2011). Thus , " so liciting an innocent agent to engage in conduct constituting an element of the crime" may qualify as a substantial step. Model Penal Code § 5.01(2)(g); see United States v. Lucas, 499 F.3d 769, 781 (8th Cir. 2007). U.S. Department of Justice 11afaAl'Rf?!-.• lJJAl'lf Pt'AAllf'J // )4n·cr ..,dniR ll4n*l?!l'inl P r A*l?!fl.*fl.AT RAl?!t' Vl?!A rriffi P Mf'.) Theomnibus clause of 18 U.S.C. § 1503 prohibits an "endeavor" to obstruct justice , which sweeps more broadly than Section 1512's attempt provisio n. See United States v. Sampson, 898 F.3d 287,302 (2d Cir. 2018); United States v. Leisure, 844 F.2d 1347, 1366- 1367 (8th Cir. 1988) (collecting cases). "It is well established that a[n] [obstruction-of-justice] offense is complete when one corruptly endeavors to obstruct or impede the due administration of justice; the prosecution need not prove that the due administration of justice was actually obstructed or impeded." United States v. Davis, 854 F.3d 1276, 1292 (11th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). B. Investigative and Evidentiary Considerations After the appointment of the Special Counsel, this Office obtained evidence about the following events relating to potential issues of obstruction of justice involving the President: (a) The President ' s January 27, 2017 dinner with former FBI Director James Corney in which the President reportedly asked for Corney's loyalty, one day after the White House had been briefed by the Department of Justice on contacts between former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn and the Russian Ambassador; (b) The President's February 14, 2017 meeting with Corney in which the President reportedly asked Corney not to pursue an investigation of Flynn; (c) The President's private requests to Corney to make public the fact that the President was not the subject of an FBI investigation and to lift what the President regarded as a cloud; (d) The President' s outreach to the Director of National Intelligence and the Directors of the National Security Agency and the Central Intelligence Agency about the FBI' s Russia investigation ; (e) The President's stated rationales for terminating Corney on May 9, 2017, including statements that could reasonably be understood as acknowledging that the FBT's Russ ia investigation was a factor in Corney's termination; and (f) The President's reported involvement in issuing a statement about the June 9, 2016 Trump Tower meeting between Russians and senior Trump Campaign officials that said the meeting was about adoption and omitted that the Russians had offered to provide the Trump Campaign with derogatory information about Hillary Clinton. Taking into account that information and our analysis of applicable statutory and constitutional principles (discussed below in Volume II, Section III, infra), we determined that there was a sufficient factual and legal basis to further investigate potential obstruction-of -just ice issues involving the President. Many of the core issues in an obstructio n-of-justice investigation turn on an individual ' s actions and intent. We therefore requested that the White House provide us with documentary evidence in its possession on the relevant events. We also sought and obtained the White House's concurrence in our conducting interviews of White House personnel who had relevant information. And we interviewed other witnesses who had pertinent knowledge, obtained documents on a U.S. Department of Justice At-f:Al'RP.'"' Wnl'lf Pl'AAtrnt // 4w · C'nRtAiR 4Atel'iAI Pl'nteete.A l lRAB I' Peel R Gt'iffl P i,(e'l voluntary basis when possible, and used legal process where appropriate. These investigative steps allowed us to gather a substantial amount of evidence. We also sought a voluntary interview with the President. After more discussion.1 the President declined to be interviewed. During the course of our discussions, the President did agree to answer written questions on certain Russia-related topics, and he provided us with answers. He did not similarly agree to provide written answers to questions on obstruction topics or questions on events during the transition. Ultimately, while we believed that we had the authority and legal justification to issue a grand jury subpoena to obtain the President's testimony, we chose not to do so. We made that decision in view of the substantial delay that such an investigative step would likely produce at a late stage in our investigation. We also assessed that based on the significant body of evidence we had already obtained of the President's actions and his public and private statements describing or explaining those actions, we had sufficient evidence to understand relevant events and to make certain assessments without the President's testimony. The Office's decision-making process on this issue is described in more detail in Appendix C, infra, in a note that precedes the President' s written responses. In assessing the evidence we obtained, we relied on common principles that apply in any investigation. The issue of criminal intent is often inferred from circumstantial evidence. See, e.g., United States v. Croteau, 819 F.3d 1293, 1305 (I Ith Cir. 2016) ("[G]uilty knowledge can rarely be established by direct evidence Therefore, mens rea elements such as knowledge or intent may be proved by circumstantial evidence.") (internal quotation marks omitted); United States v. Robinson, 702 F.3d 22, 36 (2d Cir. 2012) ("The government's case rested on circumstantial evidence, but the mens rea elements of knowledge and intent can often be proved through circumstantial evidence and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. ") (internal quotation marks omitted). The principle that intent can be inferred from circumstantial evidence is a necessity in criminal cases, given the right ofa subject to assert his priv ile ge against compelled self-incr iminatio n under the Fifth Amendment and therefore decline to testify. Accordingly , determinations on intent are frequently reached without the opportunity to interview an investigatory subject. Obstruction-of -justice cases are consistent with this rule. See, e.g., Ed/ind, 887 F.3d at 174, 176 (relying on "s igni ficant circumstantial evidence that [the defendant] was conscious of her wrongdoing" in an obstruction case; "[b]ecause evidence of intent will almost always be circumstantial, a defendant may be found culpab le where the reasonable and foreseeable consequences of her acts are the obstruction of justice " ) (internal quotation marks, ellipses, and punctuation omitted); Quattrone, 441 F.3d at 173-174. Circumstantial evidence that illuminates intent may include a pattern of potentially obstructive acts. Fed. R. Evid. 404(6) ("Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act ... may be admissible . . . [to] prov[e] motive , opportunity , int ent, preparation , plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of acciden t." ); see, e.g., United States v. Frankhauser, 80 F.3d 641, 648-650 ( I st Cir. 1996); United States v. Arnold, 773 F.2d 823, 832-834 (7th Cir. 1985); Cintolo, 818 F.2d at 1000. Credibility judgments may also be made based on objective facts and circumstantial evidence. Standard jury instructions highlight a variety of factors that are often relevant in U.S. Department of Justice Al=tAffle•,r WArk PrAd1:1et / / T>.4Rv rARtRiR MRtP-Pifll PPAtP-P-tP-A l h l'ler Pel'I R Grim P Me) assessing credibility. These include whether a witness had a reason not to tell the truth; whether the witness had a good memory; whether the witness had the opportunity to observe the events about which he testified; whether the witness' s testimony was corroborated by other witnesses; and whether anything the witness said or wrote previously contradicts his testimony. See, e.g., First Circuit Pattern Jury Instructions § 1.06 (2018); Fifth Circuit Pattern Jury Instructions (Criminal Cases) § 1.08 (2012); Seventh Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction § 3.0l (2012). In addition to those general factors, we took into account more specific factors in assessing the credibility of conflicting accounts of the facts. For example, contemporaneous written notes can provide strong corroborating evidence. See United States v. Nobles, 422 U.S. 225, 232 (1975) (the fact that a "statement appeared in the contemporaneously recorded report ... would tend strongly to corroborate the investigator's version of the inte rview") . Simila rly, a witness' s recitation of his account before he had any motive to fabricate also supports the witness ' s credibility. See Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150, 158 (l 995) (" A con s istent statement that predates the motive is a square rebuttal of the charge that the testimony was contrived as a consequence of that motive. "). Finally, a witness's false description of an encounter can imply consciousness of wrongdoing. See Al-Adahi v. Obama, 613 F.3d 1102, 1107 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (noting the "well-settled principle that false exculpatory statements are evidence-often strong evidence-of guilt"). We applied those settled legal principles in evaluating the factual results of our investigation. U.S. Department of Justice AHAFfl@.¥ \lJAFlc PFrnfoet ,',' 11, 4A>r DAR Aifl ) 4AtPFiA1 P,:otP.P.trnal I IRrlP.F Pe.c-1 R r ..ilfl P Me) II. FACTUAL RESULTS OF THE OBSTRUCTION INVESTIGATION This section of the report details the evidence we obtained. We first provide an overview of how Russia became an issue in the 2016 presidential campaign, and how candidate Trump responded. We then tum to the key events that we investigated: the President's conduct concerning the FBI investigation of Michael Flynn; the President's reaction to public confirmation of the FBI' s Russia investigation; events leading up to and surrounding the termination of FBI Director Corney; efforts to terminate the Special Counsel; efforts to curtail the scope of the Special Counsel's investigation; efforts to prevent disclosure of information about the June 9, 2016 Trump Tower meeting between Russians and senior campaign officials; efforts to have the Attorney General unrecuse; and conduct towards McGahn, Cohen, and other witnesses. We summarize the evidence we found and then analyze it by reference to the three statutory obstruction-of-justice elements: obstructive act, nexus to a proceeding, and intent. We focus on elements because, by regulation, the Special Counsel has"jurisdiction . . . to investigate ... federal crimes committed in the course of, and with intent to interfere with, the Special Counse l' s investigation, such as perjury, obstruction of justice, destruction of evidence, and intimidation of witnesses." 28 C.F.R. § 600.4(a). Consistent with our jurisdiction to investigate federal obstruction crimes, we gathered evidence that is relevant to the elements of those crimes and analyzed them within an elements framework-while refraining from reaching ultimate conclusions about whether crimes were committed , for the reasons explained above. This section also does not address legal and constitutional defenses raised by counsel for the President; those defenses are analyzed in Volume II, Section III, iefra. A. The Campaign's Response to Reports About Russian Support for Trump During the 2016 campaign, the media raised questions about a possible connection between the Trump Campaign and Russia.7 The questions intensified after WikiLeaks released politically damaging Democratic Party emails that were reported to have been hacked by Russia. Trump responded to questions about possible connections to Russia by denying any business involvement in Russia-even though the Trump Organization had pursued a business project in Russia as late as June 2016. Trump also expressed skepticism that Russia had hacked the emails at the same time as he and other Campaign advisors privately sought information • about any further planned WikiLeaks releases. After the election , when questions persisted about possible links between Russia and the Trump Campaign, the President-Elect continued to deny any connections to Russia and privately expressed concerns that reports of Russian election interference might lead the public to question the legitimacy of his election.8 7 This section summarizes and cites various news stories not for the truth of the information contained in the stories, but rather to place candidate Trump's response to those stories in context. Volume I of this report analyzes the underlying facts of several relevant events that were reported on by the media during the campaign. 8 As discussed in Volume I, while the investigation identified numerous links between individuals with ties to the Russian government and individuals associated with the Trump Campaign, the evidence was not sufficient to charge that any member of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with representatives ofthe Russian government to interfere in the 2016 election. U.S. Department of Justice AttAl'RP,. \1/AFlf PFAA11nt // MRv f'm1tRifl MRf-eFifll Pl'Ateeteri I lHrieF Perl R Cl'iffl P 6(e) 1. Press Reports Allege Links Between the Trump Campaign and Russia On June 16, 2015, Donald J. Trump declared his intent to seek nomination as the Republican candidate for President. 9 By early 2016, he distinguished himself among Republican candidates by speaking of closer ties with Russia,10 saying he would get along well with Russian President Vladimir Putin ,11 questioning whether the NATO alliance was obsolete,12 and praising Putin as a "strong leade r."13 The press reported that Russian political analysts and commentators perceived Trump as favorable.to Russia. 14 Beginning in February 2016 and continuing through the summer, the media reported that several Trump campaign advisors appeared to have ties to Russia. For example , the press reported that campaign advisor Michael Flynn was seated next to Vladimir Putin at an RT gala in Moscow in December 2015 and that Flynn had appeared regularly on RT as an ana lyst.15 The press also reported that foreign policy advisor Carter Page had ties to a Russian state-run gas company,16 and that campaign chairman Paul Manafort had done work for the "Russian-backed former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych." 17 In addition, the press raised questions during the Republican 9 @realDonaldTrump 6/16/15 (11:57 a.m. ET) Tweet. 10 See, e.g., Meet the Press Interview with Donald J. Trump, NBC (Dec. 20, 2015) (Trump: "I think it would be a positive thing if Russia and the United States actually got along"); Presiden tial Candidate Donald Trump News Conference, Hanahan, South Carolina, C-SPAN (Feb. 15, 2016) ("You want to make a good deal for the country, you want to deal with Russia."). 11 See, e.g., Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees, CNN (July 8, 2015) ("I think I get along with [Putin] fine."); Andrew Rafferty, Trump Says He Would " Get Along Very Well" With Putin, NBC (July 30, 2015) . (quoting Trump as saying, "I think I would get along very well with Vladimir Putin."). 12 See, e.g.,@realDonaldTrump Tweet 3/24/16 (7:47 a.m. ET); @realDonaldTrump Tweet 3/24/16 (7:59 a.m. ET). 13 See, e.g., Meet the Press Interview with Donald J. Trump, NBC (Dec. 20, 2015) ("[Putin] is a strong leader. What am I gonna say, he's a weak leader? He's making mincemeat out of our Presiden t."); Donald Trump Campaign Rally in Vandalia, Ohio, C-SPAN (Mar. 12 , 2016) ("I said [Putin] was a strong leader, which he is. I mean, he might be bad, he might be good. But he's a strong leader."). 14 See, e.g., Andrew Osborn, From Russia with love: why the Kremlin backs Trump, Reuters (Mar. 24, 2016); Robert Zubrin, Trump: The Kremlin's Candidate, National Revie w (Apr. 4, 2016). 15 See, e.g., Mark Hosenball & Steve Holland, Trump being advised by ex-US. Lieutenant General who favors closer Russia ties, Reuters (Feb. 26, 2016); Tom Hamburger et al., Inside Trump's financial ties to Russia and his unusual flattery of Vladimir Putin, Washington Post (June 17, 2016). Certain matters pertaining to Flynn are described in Volume I, Section TV . B.7, supra. 16 See, e.g., Zachary Mider, Trump's New Russia Advisor Has Deep Ties to Kremlin's Gazprom, Bloomberg (Mar. 30, 2016); Julia Iofee, Who is Carter Page?, Politico (Sep. 23, 2016). Certain matters pertaining to Page are described in Volume l, Section IV.A.3, supra. 17 Tracy Wilkinson, In a shift, Republican platform doesn't call for arming Ukraine against Russia, spurring outrage, Los Angeles Times (July 21, 2016); Josh Ragin, Trump campaign guts GOP's anti Russia stance on Ukraine, Washington Post (July 18, 2016). U.S. Department of Justice AttAFAP.... Wm4c PFAAHP.t // f).4,w f'.oAtAiA MAte,iAcl Pfoteetea lJRae, Fee. R. Cfiffl P 6(e) National Convention about the Trump Campaign's involvement in changing the Republican platform's stance on giving "weapons to Ukraine to fight Russian and rebel forces." 18 2. The Trump Campaign Reacts to WikiLeaks's Release of Hacked Emails On June 14, 2016 , a cybersecurity firm that had conducted in-house analysis for the Democratic National Committee (DNC) posted an announcement that Russian government hackers had infiltrated the DNC's computer and obtained access to documents.19 On July 22, 2016, the day before the Democratic National Convention, WikiLea ks posted thousands of hacked DNC documents revealing sensitive internal deliberations.20 Soon thereafter, Hillary Clinton ' s campaign manager publicly contended that Russia had hacked the DNC emails and arranged their release in order to help candidate Trump.21 On July 26, 2016, the New York Times reported that U.S. " intelligence agencies ha[d] told the White House they now have ' high confidence' that the Russian government was behind the theft of emails and documents from the Democratic National Committee.',22 Within the Trumg Campaign, aides reacted with enthusiasm to reports of the hacks.23 1 --· · ·a • ·•· " discussed with Campaign officials that WikiLeaks would release the hacked mat er ial :74 Some witnesses said that Trump himself discussed the possibility of upcoming releases . Michael Cohen, then-executive vice eresident of the Trump Organization and special counsel to Trump recalled hearin i:zn a.:::v-_L,_ a Jl!'P- Cohen recalled that Trump responded, "oh good, alright," 18 Josh Rogin, Trump campaign guts GOP's anti-Russia stance on Ukraine, Washington Post, Opinions (July 18, 2016). The Republican Platform events are descr ibed in Volume I, Section IV.A.6, supra. 19 Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee, Cro wdStrike (June 15, 2016) (post originally appearing on June 14, 2016, according to records of the timing provided by CrowdStrike); Ellen Nakashima, Russian government hackers penetrated DNC, stole opposition research on Trump, Washington Post (June 14, 2016). 20 Tom Hamburger and Karen Tumulty, WikiLeaksreleases thousands of documents about Clinton and internal deliberations, Washington Post (July 22, 2016). 21 Amber Phill ips, Clinton campaign manager: Russians leaked Democrats' emails to help Donald Trump, Washington Post (July 24, 2016). David E. Sanger and Eric Schmitt, Spy Agency Consensus Grows That Russia Hacked D.N.C., 22 New York Times (July 26, 2016). 23 Gates 4/10/ 18 302 , at 5; New man 8/23/18 302, at I. 24 Gates 4/11/18 302, at 2-3 (SM-2180998); Gates 10/25/18 302, at 2; see also Volume I, Section III.D. l, supra. 25 Cohen 8/7/18 302, at 8; see also Volume I, Section III.D.1, supra. According to Cohen, after WikiLeak tolen DNC emails on July 22, 2016, Trump said to Cohen words to the effect f, aCohen's role in the candidate's and later U.S. Department of Justice AtlflFAB'v' WAFI< Pt'Ad1:1et // M fl r GAAtfliA MflteFtfll PFAteeted l JAdeF J;:ed. R.. Griffl. P. Me) 1 ' rfalrim11ttDo anc l H .26 Manafort said that short( after WikiLeaks ' s Jul 22 ,oke to Trump • • ·· -- " - ; Manafort recalled that Trump responded that Manaforfshould• 1 ' keep Trump u ty campaign manager Rick Gates said that Man ssure about - information and that Manafort instructed Gates status updates on u comin releases. 28 iiliiiliiiii, Around the same time Gates was with Trump on a trip to an airport • and shortly after the call ended, Trum told Gates that more releases of damaging information would be coming. 29 i:§jih•§l•Uf•Mhflrl§JiM- were discussed within the Campaign,3° and in the summer of 2016, the Campaign was planning a communications strategy based on the possible release of Clinton emails by WikiLeaks.31 3. The Trump Campaign Reacts to Allegations That Russia was Seeking to Aid Candidate Trump In the days that followed WikiLeaks's July 22, 2016 release of hacked DNC emails, the Trump Campaign publicly rejected suggestions that Russia was seeking to aid candidate Trump. On July 26, 2016, Trump tweeted that it was "[c]razy" to suggest that Russia was "dealing with Trump"32 and that "[f]or the record," he had "ZERO investments in Russia." 33 In a press conference the next day, July 27, 2016, Trump characterized "this whole thing with Russia" as "a total deflection" and stated that it was "fa rfetched" and " ridic ulous." 34 Trump said that the assertion that Russia had hacked the emails was unp roven, but stated that it would give him " no pause" if Russia had Clinton's emails.35 Trump added, " Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing. I think you will probably be rewa rded President's activities, and his own criminal conduct, is descriped in Volume II, Section ILK, infra, and in Volume I, Section IV.A. I, supra. 26 Cohen 8/7/18 302, at 8. ------------------.-- 27 . As explained in footnote 197 of Volume 1, Section III.D.l.b, supra, this Office has included Manafort's account of these events because it aligns with those of other witnesses and is corroborated to that extent. 28 Gates I0/25/18 302, at 4. 29 Gates I 0/ 25/18 302, at 4. 30 Bannon 1/18/l9 302, at 3. 31 Gates4/11/18 302, at 1-2 (SM-2180998); Gates 10/25/18 302 , .- . at2(messa formed in June/Jul timeframe based on claims b Assan eon June 12, --- --' - 2016, ---- / ). 32 @rea!DonaldTrump 7/26/16 (6:47 p.m. ET) Tweet. 33 @realDonaldTrump 7/26/16 (6:50 p.m. ET) Tweet. 34 Donald Trump News Conference, Doral, Florida, C-SPAN (July 27, 20 I6) . 35 Donald Trump News Conference, Doral, Florida, C-SPAN (July 27, 2016). U.S. Department of Justice AHAl'Rffl \l/m•le Prn1foet // M A-. GARtfliR MAtel'iRl Pl'Ateetefl l JRflel' Pe fl . R . Gt'iffl. P. Me) 1 mightily by our press."36 Trump also said that "there's nothing that I can think of that I' d rather do than have Russia friendly as opposed to the way they are right now," and in response to a question about whether he would recognize Crimea as Russian territory and consider lifting sanctions , Trump replied, " We' ll be looking at that. Yeah, we'll be loo king."37 During the press conference, Trump repeated "I have nothing to do with Russia" five times.38 He stated that "the closest [he] came to Russia" was that Russians may have purchased a home or condos from him. 39 He said that after he held the Miss Universe pageant in Moscow in 2013 he had be.en interested in working with Russian companies that "wanted to put a lot of money into developments in Russia" but " it never worked out." 40 He expla ined, "[t]rankly, I didn't want to do it for a couple of different reasons. But we had a major developer ... that wanted to develop property in Moscow and other places. But we decided not to do it." 41 The Trump Organizatio n, however, had been pursuing a building project in Moscow-the Trump Tower Moscow project from approximately September 2015 through June 2016, and the candidate was regularly updated on developments, including possible trips by Michael Cohen to Moscow to promote the deal and by Trump himself to finalize it.42 Cohen recalled speaking with Trump after the press conference about Trump's denial of any business dealings in Russia, which Cohen regarded as untrue.43 Trump told Cohen that Trump Tower Moscow was not a deal yet and said, "Why mention it if it is not a deal?"44 According to Cohen, at around this time, in response to Trump's disavowal of connections to Russia, campaign 36 Donald Trump News Conference, Doral, Florida, C-SPAN (July 27, 2016). Within five hours of Trump's remark, a Russian intelligence service began targeting email accounts associated with Hillary Clinton for possible hacks. See Volume I, Section III, supra. In written answers submitted in this investigation, the President stated that he made the "Russia, if you're listening" statement "in jest and sarcastically, as was apparent to any objective observer." Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 13 (Response to Question II, Part (d)). 37 Donald Trump News Conference, Doral, Florida, C-SPAN (July 27, 2016). In his written answers submitted in this investigation, the President said that his statement that " we' ll be looking" at Crimea and sanctions "did not communicate any position ." Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 17 (Response to Question IV, Part (g)). 38 Donald Trump News Conference, Doral, Florida, C-SPAN (July 27, 2016). 39 Donald Trump News Conference, Doral, Florida, C-SPAN (July 27, 2016). 40 Donald Trump News Conference, Doral, Florida, C-SPAN (July 27, 20 41 16). Donald Trump News Conference, Doral, Florida, C-SPAN (July 27, 2016). 42 The Trump Tower Moscow project and Trump's involvement in it is discussed in detail in Volume I, Section TV.A. I, supra, and Volume TI, Section TT.K, infra. 43 Cohen 9/18 /18 302, at 4. 44 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 4-5. U.S. Department of Justice A#oFFH".Y WoFk PFotfoet // HA • C::oAtAiA MAtf'lFiAI P,otf'lel>efl l lAAeF i;:efl R GFiffi P Me) advisors had developed a "party line" that Trump had no business with Russia and no connections to Russia.45 In addition to denying any connections with Russia, the Trump Campaign reacted to reports of Russian election interference in aid of the Campaign by seeking to distance itself from Russian contacts. For example, in August 2016, foreign policy advisor J.D. Gordon declined an invitation to Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak's residence because the timing was " not optimal" in view of media reports about Russian interference. 46 On August 19, 2016, Manafort was asked to resign amid media coverage scrutinizing his ties to a pro-Russian political party in Ukraine and links to Russian business.47 And when the media published stories about Page' s connections to Russia in September 2016, Trump Campaign officials terminated Page's association with the Campaign and told the press that he had played "no role" in the Campaign.48 On October 7, 2016, WikiLeaks released the first set of emails stolen by a Russian intelligence agency from Clinton Campaign chairman John Podesta.49 The same day, the federal government announced that "the Russian Government directed the recent compromises of e- mails from US persons and institutions, including from US political organizat ions."50 The government statement directly linked Russian hacking to the releases on WikiLeaks, with the goal of interfering with the presidential election, and concluded " that only Russia ' s senior-most officials could have authorized these activities" based on their "scope and sensitivity." 51 On October 11, 2016, Podesta stated publicly that the FBI was investigating Russia's hacking and said that candidate Trump might have known in advance that the hacked emails were going to be released. 52 Vice Presidential Candidate Mike Pence was asked whether the Trump 45 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at I; Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 3-5. The formation of the " party line" is described in greater detail in Volume II, Section Il.K, infra . 46 DJTFP00004953 (8/8/16 Email, Gordon to Pchelyakov) (stating that "[t]hese days are not optimal for us, as we are busily knocking down a stream of false media stories"). The invitation and Gordon's response are discussed in Volume I, Section IV.A.7.a, supra. 47 See, e.g., Amber Phillips, Paul Manafort's complicated ties to Ukraine, explained, Washington Post (Aug. 19, 2016) ("There were also a wave of fresh headlines dealing with investigations into [Manafort's] ties to a pro-Russian political party in Ukraine."); Tom Winter & Ken Dilanian, Donald Trump Aide Paul Manafort Scrutinized for Russian Business Ties, NBC (Aug. 18, 2016). Relevant events involving Manafort are discussed in Volume 1, Section IV.A.8, supra. 48 Michael Isikoff, U.S. intel officials probe ties between Trump adviser and Kremlin, Yahoo News (Sep. 23, 2016); see, e.g., 9/25/16 Email, Hicks to Conway & Bannon; 9/23/16 Email, J. Miller to Bannon & S. Miller; Page 3/16/17 302, at 2. 49 @WikiLeaks 10/7/16 (4:32 p.m. ET) Tweet. 50 Joint Statement from the Department Of Homeland Security and Office of the Director of National Intelligence on Election Security, DHS (Oct. 7, 2016). 51 Joint Statement from the Department Of Homeland Security and Office of the Director of National Intelligence on Election Security, DHS (Oct. 7, 2016). 52 John Wagner & Anne Gearan, Clinton campaign chairman ties email hackto Russians, suggests Trump had early warning, Washington Post (Oct. 11, 2016). U.S. Department of Justice AttAl'RP.'e' \VAFI< Pt1An11P.t // 4A'"' r.ARtAiR MAtP.FiAI PFAteetefl l TRAP.I' i;o:efl R Gt'iffl. P 6(e) Campaign was "in cahoots" with WikiLeaks in releasing damaging Clinton-related information and responded, "Nothing could be further from the truth." 53 4. After the Election, Trump Continues to Deny Any Contacts or Connections with Russia or That Russia Aided his Election On November 8, 2016, Trump was elected President. Two days later, Russian officials told the press that the Russian government had maintained contacts with Trump' s "immediate entourage" during the campaign.54 In response, Hope Hicks, who had been the Trump Campaign spokesperson, said, "We are not aware of any campaign representatives that were in touch with any foreign entities before yesterday, when Mr. Trump spoke with many world leaders."55 Hicks gave an additional statement denying any contacts between the Campaign and Russia: "It never happened. There was no communication between the campaign and any foreign entity during the campaig n."56 On December 10, 2016, the press reported that U.S. intelligence agencies had "conc luded that Russia interfered in last month's presidential election to boost Donald Trump's bid for the White House." 57 Reacting to the story the next day, President-Elect Trump stated, "I think it's ridiculous. I think it's just another excuse."58 He continued that no one really knew who was responsible for the hacking, suggesting that the intelligence community had "no idea if it's Russia or China or somebody. It could be somebody sitting in a bed some place."59 The President-Elect 53 Louis Nelson, Pence denies Trump camp in cahoots with WikiLeaks, Politico (Oct. 14, 2016). 54 Ivan Nechepurenko, Russian Officials Were in Contact With Trump Allies, Diplomat Says, New York Times (Nov. 10, 2016) (quoting Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov saying, "[t]here were contacts" and "[ cannot say that all, but a number of them maintained contacts with Russian representatives"); Jim Heintz & Matthew Lee, Russia eyes better ties with Trump; says contacts underway, Associated Press (Nov. 11, 2016) (quoting Ryabkov saying, "I don ' t say that all of them, but a whole array of them supported contacts with Russian representatives"). 55 Ivan Nechepurenko, Russian Officials Were in Contact With Trump Allies, Diplomat Says, New York Times (Nov. 11, 2016) (quoting Hicks). 56 Jim Heintz & Matthew Lee, Russia eyes better ties with Trump; says contacts underway, Associated Press (Nov. I 0, 2016) (quoting Hicks). Hicks recalled that after she made that statement, she spoke with Campaign advisors Kellyanne Conway, Stephen Miller, Jason Miller, and proba bly Kushner and Bannon to ensure it was accurate, and there was no hesitation or pushback from any of them. Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 4. 57 Damien Gayle, CIA concludes Russia interfered to help Trump win election, say reports, Guardian (Dec. 10, 2016). 58 Chris Wallace Hosts "Fox News Sunday," Interview with President-Elect Donald Trump, CQ Newsmaker Transcripts (Dec. 11, 2016). 59 Chris Wallace Hosts "Fox News Sunday," Interview with President-Elect Donald Trump, CQ Newsmaker Transcripts (Dec. 11, 2016). U.S. Department of Justice AftaAl'flAV lJIAFk PFAFl1rnt // ll 4m I DARtRiR ll 4RtP.FiRI PFAtAP .tP.FI l JAFIAI' µAfl R r.l'iffi P Me'\ also said that Democrats were "putting D o ut" the story of Russian interference " because they suffered one of the greatest defeats in the history of politics."60 On December 18, 2016, Podesta told the press that the election was "distorted by the Russian intervention" and questioned whether Trump Campaign officials had been " in touch with the Russians." 61 The same day, incoming Chief of Staff Reince Priebus appeared on Fox News Sunday and declined to say whether the President-Elect accepted the intelligence community' s determination that Russia intervened in the election. 62 When asked about any contact or coordination between the Campaign and Russia, Prie bus said, "Even this question is insane. Of course we didn' t interface with the Russ ians." 63 Priebus added that "this whole thing is a spin jo b" and said, "the real question is, wh y the Democrats ... are doing everything they can to delegiti mize the outcome of the election? " 64 On December 29, 2016, the Obama Administration announced that in response to Russian cyber operations aimed at the U.S. election, it was imposing sanctions and other measures on several Russian individuals and entit ies. 65 When first asked about the sanctions, Pres ident-E lect Trump sa id, " I think we ought to get on with our lives. " 66 He then put out a statement that said "It' s time for our country to move on to bigger and better things, " but indicated that he would meet with intelligence community leaders the following week for a briefing on Russian inter ference.67 The briefing occurred on January 6, 2017.68 Following the briefing, the intelligence community released the public version of its assessment, which concluded with high confidence that Russia had intervened in the election through a variety of means with the goal of harming Clinton's 6 ° Chris Wallace Hosts "Fox News Sunday," Interview with President-Elect Donald Trump, CQ Newsmaker Transcripts (Dec. l l, 2016). 61 David Morgan, Clinton campaign: It 's an 'open question' if Trump team colluded with Russia, Reuters Business Ins ider (Dec. 18, 2016). 62 Chris Wallace Hosts "Fox News Sunday, " Interview with Incoming White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus, Fox News (Dec. 18, 2016). 63 Chris Wallace Hosts "Fox News Sunday," Interview with Incoming White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus, Fox News (Dec. 18, 2016). 64 Chris Wallace Hosts "Fox News Sunday," Interview with Incoming White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus, Fox News (Dec. 18, 2016). 65 Statement by the President on Actions in Response to Russian Malicious Cyber Activity and Harassment, White House (Dec . 29, 2016); see also Missy Ryan et al., Obama administration announces measures to punish Russia for 2016 election interference, Washington Post (Dec. 29, 2016). 66 John Wagner, Trump on alleged election interference by Russia: 'Get on with our lives,' Washington Post (Dec. 29, 2016). 67 Missy Ryan et al., Obama administrationannounces measures to punish Russia for 2016 election interference, WashingtonPost (Dec. 29, 2016). 68 Comey 11/15/17302,at3. . 22 U.S. Department of Justice A1'1'rn'fle, Wf'lrlc Prf'lEhtet // M1w DAn*Rin M R *P.r iRI PrA*fl!fl!*fl!A ( Infl P.r i:;:efl R. Grim. P t,(e) electability. 69 The assessment further concluded with high confidence that Putin and the Russian government had developed a clear preference for Trump.70 Several days later, BuzzFeed published unverified allegations compiled by former British intelligence officer Christopher Steele during the campaign about candidate Trump ' s Russia connections under the headline "These Reports Allege Trump Has Deep Ties To Russia." 71 In a press conference the next day, the President-Elect called the release "an absolute disgrace" and said, " I have no dealings with Russia. I have no deals that could happen in Russia, because we've stayed away. . . . So I have no deals, I have no loans and I have no dealings. We could make deals in Russia very easily ifwe wanted to, I just don't want to because I think that would be a conflict."72 Several advisors recalled that the President-Elect viewed stories about his Russian connections, the Russia investigations, and the intelligence community assessment of Russian interference as a threat to the legitimacy of his electoral victory.73 Hicks , for example, said that the President-Elect viewed the intelligence community assessment as his "Achilles heel" beca use, even if Russia had no impact on the election, people would think Russia helped him win, taking away from what he had accomplished. 74 Sean Spicer, the first White House communications director, recalled that the President thought the Russia story was developed to undermine the legitimacy of his electio n.75 Gates said the President viewed the Russia investigation as an attack on the legitimacy of his win.76 And Priebus recalled that when the intelligence assessment came out, the President-Elect was concerned people would question the legitimacy of his win.77 69 Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Russia's Influence Campaign Targeting the 2016 US Presidential Election, at 1 (Jan. 6, 2017). 70 Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Russia's InfluenceCampaign Targeting the 2016 US Presidential Election, at 1 (Jan. 6, 2017). 71 Ken Bensinger et al., These Reports Allege Trump Has Deep Ties To Russia, BuzzFeed (Jan. 10, 2017). 72 Donald Trump's News Conference: Full Transcript and Video, New York Times (Jan. 1 1, 20 17), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/politics/trump-press-conference transcript.htmI. 73 Priebus I0/13 / 17 302, at 7; Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 18 ; Spicer 10/16/17 302, at 6; Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 2; Gates 4/18/ 18 302, at 3; see Pompeo 6/28/17 302, at 2 (the President believed that the purpose of the Russia inve stigationwas to delegitimize his presidency ). 74 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 18. 75 Spicer 10/17/17 302, at 6. 76 Gates 4/18/18 302 , at 3. 77 Priebus I 0/13/17 30 2, at 7. 23 U.S. Department of Justice 1 kFll'l'lPv WFirlc P,mi11ct // Mt1..· <='.Fll'ltRifl MRJe,i1tl Profeefea. lJRB.et' Fea. R Criffl P 6(e) B. The President's Conduct Concerning the Investigation of Michael Flynn Overview During the presidential transition, incoming National Security Advisor Michael Flynn had two phone calls with the Russian Ambassador to the United States about the Russian response to U.S. sanctions imposed because of Russia's election interference. After the press reported on Flynn's contacts with the Russian Ambassador, Flynn lied to incoming Administration officials by saying he had not discussed sanctions on the ca lls . The officials publicly repeated those lies in press interviews. The FBI, which previously was investigating Flynn for other matters, interviewed him about the calls in the first week after the inauguration, and Flynn told similar lies to the FBI. On January 26, 2017, Department of Justice (DOJ) officials notified the White House that Flynn and the Russian Ambassador had discussed sanctions and that Flynn had been interviewed by the FBT. The next night, the President had a private dinner with FBI Director James Corney in which he asked for Corney's loyalty. On February 13, 2017, the President asked Flynn to resign. The following day, the President had a one-on-one conversation with Corney in which he said, "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go." Evidence 1. Incoming National Security Advisor Flynn Discusses Sanctions on Russia with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak Shortly after the election, President-Elect Trump announced he would appoint Michael Flynn as his National Security Advisor.s7 For the next two months, Flynn played an active role on the Presidential Transition Team (PTT) coordinating policy positions and communicating with foreign government officials, including Russian Ambassador to the United States Sergey Kisl yak.79 On December 29, 2016, as noted in Volume II, Section TT.A.4, supra, the Obama Administration announced that it was imposing sanctions and other measures on several Russian individuals and entities.so That day, multiple members of the PTT exchanged emails about the sanctions and the impact they would have on the incoming Administration, and Flynn informed members of the PTT that he would be speaking to the Russian Ambassador later in the day. st 78 Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 7; President-Elect Donald.I Trump Selects US. Senator Jeff Sessions for Attorney General, Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and US. Rep. Mike Pompeo as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, President-Elect Donald J. Trump Press Release (Nov. 18, 2016); see also, e.g., Bryan Bender, Trump names Mike Flynn national security adviser, Politico, (Nov. 17, 2016). 79 Flynn 11/16/17 302, at 8-14; Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 3-5. 80 Statement by the President on Actions in Response to Russian Malicious Cyber Activity and Harassment, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Dec. 29, 2016). 81 12/29/16 Email, O'Brien to McFarland et al.; 12/29/16 Email, Bossert to Flynn et al.; 12/29/16 Email, McFarland to Flynn et al.; SF00000 I (12/29/16 Text Message, Flynn to Flaherty) ("Tit for tat w Russia not good. Russian AMBO reaching out to me today."); Flynn 1/19/18 302 , at 2. U.S. Department of Justice At>tOl'flP,>,t 'Jhwlc Prntfoet // MR'\,' CAR*RiR MB:teriB:I PfAteeteEI Ut1Eief FeEI R- Crim p e(e) Flynn, who was in the Dominican Republic at the time, and K.T. McFarland, who was slated to become the Deputy National Security Advisor and was at the Mar-a-Lago resort in Florida with the President-Elect and other senior staff, talked by phone about what, if anything, Flynn should communicate to Kislyak about the sanct ions.82 McFarland had spoken with incoming Administration officials about the sanctions and Russia ' s possible responses and thought she 83 had mentioned in those conversations that Flynn was scheduled to speak with K islyak. Based on those conversations, McFarland informed Flynn that incoming Administration officials at Mar- a Lago did not want Russia to escalate the situatio n.84 At 4:43 p.m. that afternoon, McFarland sent an email to several officials about the sanctions and informed the group that "Gen [F]lynn is talking to russian ambassador this evening."85 Approximately one hour later, McFarland met with the President-Elect and senior 86 officials and briefed them on the sanctions and Russia's possible responses. Incoming Chief of Staff Reince Priebus recalled that McFarland may have mentioned at the meeting that the sanctions situation could be "cooled down" and not escalate d.87 McFarland recalled that at the end of the meeting, someone may have mentioned to the President-Elect that Flynn was speaking to the Russian Ambassador that evening.88 McFarland did not recall any response by the President Elect.89 Priebus recalled that the President-Elect viewed the sanctions as an attempt by the Obama Administration to embarrass him by delegitimizing his election.90 Immediately after discussing the sanctions with McFarland on December 29, 2016, Flynn called Kislyak and requested that Russia respond to the sanctions only in a reciprocal manner, without escalating the situatio n.91 After the call, Flynn briefed McFarland on its substance. 92 Flynn told McFarland that the Russian response to the sanctions was not going to be escalatory because Russia wanted a good relationship with the Trump Administ ration. 93 On December 30, 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia would not take retaliatory measures Statement of Offense at 2-3, United States v. Michael T. Flynn, 1:l7-cr-232 (0.0.C. Dec. 1, 2017), 82 Doc. 4 (Flynn Statement of Offense); Flynn 11/17 /17 302, at 3-4; Flynn 11/20/ 17 302, at 3; McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 6-7. 83 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 4-7 (recalling discussions about this issue with Bannon and Priebus). 84 Flynn Statement of Offense, at 3; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 3-4; McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 6-7. 85 12/29/16 Email, McFarland to Flynn et al. 86 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7. 87 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 3. 88 McFarland 1 2/22/17 302, at 7. Priebus thought it was possible that McFarland had mentioned Flynn's scheduled call with Kislyak at this meeting, although he was not certain. Priebus 1/ 18/18 302, at 3. 89 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7. 90 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 3. 91 Flynn Statement of Offense, at 3; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 3-4. 92 Flynn Statement of Offense, at 3; McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 7-8; Flynn 11/17 / 17 302 , at 4. 93 McFarland 12/22 /17 302, at 8. U.S. Department of Justice A1-I-Afl'le... \llot•lc Pt1AA!tet // M w.1 (:;f)flfA iR MAfet'inl Pt1Ateetefl l JRdeF Pea R . Gt1iffi . P. €i(e) in response to the sanctions at that time and would instead "plan ... further steps to restore Russian US relations based on the policies of the Trump Administration." 94 Following that announcement, the President-Elect tweeted, "Great move on delay (by V. Putin) - I always knew he was very smart!" 95 On December 31, 2016, Kislyak called Flynn and told him that Flynn' s request had been received at the highest levels and Russia had chosen not to retaliate in response to the request.96 Later that day, Flynn told McFarland about this follow-up conversation with Kislyak and Russia's decision not to escalate the sanctions situation based on Flynn' s request.97 McFarland recalled that Flynn thought his phone call had made a difference.98 Flynn spoke with other incoming Administration officials that day, but does not recall whether they discussed the sanctions.99 Flynn recalled discussing the sanctions issue with incoming Administration official ° Stephen Bannon the next day.10 Flynn said that Bannon appeared to know about Flynn's conversations with Kislyak, and he and Bannon agreed that they had "stopped the train on Russia' s response" to the sanctio ns.101 On January 3, 2017, Flynn saw the President-Elect in person and thought they discussed the Russian reaction to the sanctions, but Flynn did not have a specific recollection of telling the President-Elect about the substance of his calls with Kislya k.102 Members of the intelligence community were surprised by Russia's decision not to retaliate in response to the sanctions. 103 When analyzing Russia's response, they became aware of Flynn's discussion of sanctions with Kis lya k.104 Previously, the FBI had opened an investigation of Flynn based on his relationship with the Russian govem ment. 105 Flynn's contacts with Kislyak became a key component of that investigation. 106 94 Statement by the President of Russia, President of Russia (Dec. 30, 2016) 12/30/16. 95 @re alDonaldTrump12/30/ I6 (2:41 p.m. ET) Tweet. 96 Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 3; Flynn Statement of Offense, at 3. 97 Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 3; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 6; McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 10; Flynn Statement of Offense, at 3. 98 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 1O; see Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 4. 99 Flynn 11/17117 302, at 5-6. 10 ° Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 4-5. Bannon recalled meeting with Flynn that day, but said he did not remember discussing sanctions with him. Bannon 2/12/18 302, at 9. 101 Flynn 11/21/17 302, at I; Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 5. 102 Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 6; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 6. 3 to McCord 7/17/17 302, at 2. 4 to McCord 7/17/17 302, at 2. 105 McCord 7/17/17 302, at 2-3; Corney 11/15/17 302, at 5. 106 McCord 7/17/17 302, at2-3. U.S. Department of Justice A1-tAl"fle..• \\'Ark PrAA11et // UA· • f'AAtAil'I MAtl'\PiAI PrAfl'\@.tl'\A l lRAer J;sef'I R f't1im P Me'l 2. President-Elect Trump is Briefed on the Intelligence Community's Assessment of Russian Interference in the Election and Congress Opens Election Interference Investigations On January 6, 2017, as noted in Volume II, Section 11.A.4, supra, intelligence officials briefed President-Elect Trump and the incoming Administration on the intelligence community's assessment that Russia had interfered in the 2016 presidential elect io n. 10 7 When the briefing concluded, Corney spoke with the President-Elect privately to brief him on unverified, personally sensitive allegations compiled by Steele.108 According to a memorandum Corney drafted immediately after their private discussion, the President-Elect began the meeting by telling Corney he had conducted himself honorably over the prior year and had a great reputatio n .109 The President- Elect stated that he thought highly of Corney, looked forward to working with him, and hoped that he ° planned to stay on as FBI director.11 Corney responded that he intended to continue serving in that role.111 Corney then briefed the President-Elect on the sensitive material in the Steele reporting. 112 Corney recalled that the President-Elect seemed defensive, so Corney decided 107 Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 1-2): 108 Corney 11/15 / 17 302, at 3; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee , I I5th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James 8. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 1-2). 109 Corney 1/7/17 Memorandum, at 1. Corney began drafting the memorandum summarizing the meeting immediately after it occurred. Corney 11/15/17 302, at 4. He finished the memorandum that evening and finalized it the following morning. Corney 11/15/17 302, at 4. 11 ° Corney 1/7/17 Memorandum, at 1; Corney 11/15/17 302, at 3. Corney identified several other occasions in January 2017 when the President reiterated that he hoped Corney would stay on as FBI director. On January 11, President-Elect Trump called Corney to discuss the Steele reports and stated that he thought Corney was doing great and the President-Elect hoped he would remain in his position as FBI director. Corney l 1/15/17 302, at 4; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 1 I5th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (testimony of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI), CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 90. ("[D]uring that call, he asked me again, 'Hope you're going to stay, you're doing a great job.' And I told him that I intended to."). On January 22, at a White House reception honoring law enforcement, the President greeted Corney and said he looked forward to working with him. Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 20 I 7) (testimony of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI), CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 22. And as discussed in greater detail in Volume IT, Section 11.D, infra, on January 27, the President invited Corney to dinner at the White House and said he was glad Corney wanted to stay on as FBI Director. 111 Corney 1/7117 Memorandum, at 1; Corney 1 l /15/17 302, at 3. 112 Corney 1/7/17 Memorandum, at 1-2; Corney 11/15/17 302, at 3. Corney's briefing included the Steele reporting's unverified allegation that the Russians had compromising tapes of the President involving conduct when he was a private citizen during a 2013 trip to Moscow for the Miss Universe Pageant. During the 2016 presidential campaign, a similar claim may have reached candidate Trump. On October 30, 20 I6, Michael Cohen received a text from Russian businessman Giorgi Rtskhiladze that said, "Stopped flow of tapes from Russia but not sure if there' s anything else. Just so you know " 10/30/16 Text Message, Rtskhiladze to Cohen. Rtskhiladze said "tapes" referred to compromising tapes of Trump rumored to be held by persons associated with the Russian real estate conglomerate Crocus Group, which had helped host U.S. Department of Justice A #A .. l'lfl\lo' \ltA..k p.,AAIIP.t // Mm,· f'.AMtAifl Mtt e, ill-I Prn ee ea lJHaer Fea R Criffl p 6(e) to assure him that the FBI was not investigating him persona lly. 113 Corney recalled he did not want the President-Elect to think of the conversation as a "J. Edgar Hoover move." 114 On January 10, 2017, the media reported that Corney had briefed the President-E lect on the Steele reporting,115 and BuzzFeed News published information compiled by Steele online, stating that the information included "specific, unverified, and potentially unverifiable allegations of contact between Trump aides and Russian operatives. " 116 The next day, the President-Elect expressed concern to intelligence community leaders about the fact that the information had leaked and asked whether they could make public statements refuting the allegations in the Steele reports.117 In the following weeks, three Congressional committees opened investigations to examine Russia ' s interference in the election and whether the Trump Campaign had colluded with Russia. 118 On January 13 , 2017 , the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) announced that it would conduct a bipartisan inquiry into Russian interference in the election, including any "links between Russia and individuals associated with political campa igns." 119 On January 25, 2017, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSC[) announced that it had been conducting an investigation into Russian election interference and possible coordination with the political campa igns.120 And on February 2, 2017, the Senate Judiciary Committee announced that it too would investigate Russian efforts to intervene in the e lection. 121 the 2013 Miss Universe Pageant in Russia. Rtskhiladze 4/4/ l 8 30 2, at 12. Coh en said he spoke to Trump about the issue after receiving the texts from Rtskhilad ze. Cohen 9/12/18 302 , at 13. Rts khiladz e said he was told the tapes were fake, but he did not communicate that to Cohen. Rtskhiladze 5/ l0/18 302, at 7. 113 Co rney 11/15/17 302, at 3-4; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select IntelligenceCommittee, I15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 2). 114 Corney 11/15/17 302, at 3. 115 See, e.g., Evan Perez et al., Intel chiefs presented Trump with claims of Russian efforts to compromise him, CNN (Jan. 10, 2017; updated Jan. 12, 2017). 116 Ken Bensinger et al., These Reports Allege Trump Has Deep Ties To Russia, BuzzFeed News (Jan. I 0, 2017). 117 See 1/ l I /17 E mail, Clapper to Corney (" He asked ifT could put out a statement. He would prefer of course that I say the documents are bogus, which, of course, I can't do."); 1/12/17 Email , Corney to Clapper (" He called me at 5 yesterday and we had a very similar conversation."); Corney 11/15/17 302, at 4-5. 118 See 2016 Presidential El.ection Investigation Fast Facts, CNN (first published Oct. 12, 2017; updated Mar. 1, 2019) (summarizing sta rting dates of Russia-re lated inve st igat ions ). 119 Joint Statement on Committee Inquiry into Russian Intelligence Activities, SSCI (Jan. l 3, 2017). 120 Joint Statement on Progress of Bipartisan HPSCI Inquiry into Russian Active Measures, HPSCI (Jan. 25, 2017). 121 Joint Statement from Senators Graham and Whitehouse on Investigation into Russian Influence on Democratic Nations' Elections (Feb. 2, 2017). U.S. Department of Justice A latAPl'IP.'e' \l/rn•k PPAA11e.t // MR'u' rAl'ltAifl M1deri8'I PFotaeetaea lJAaer Fea R Cfifl'I p 6(e) 3. Flynn Makes False Statements About his Communications with Kislyak to Incoming Administration Officials, the Media, and the FBI On January 12, 2017, a Washington Post columnist reported that Flynn and Kislyak communicated on the day the Obama Administration announced the Russia sanctions. 122 The column questioned whether Flynn had said something to "undercut the U.S. sanctions" and whether Flynn's communications had violated the letter or spirit of the Logan Act. 123 President-Elect Trump called Priebus after the story was published and expressed anger about it.124 Priebus recalled that the President-Elect asked, "What the hell is this all about?"125 Priebus called Flynn and told him that the President-Elect was angry about the reporting on Fly nn's conversations with Kislyak.126 Flynn recalled that he felt a lot of pressure because Priebus had spoken to the "boss" and said Flynn needed to "kill the story." 127 Flynn directed McFarland to call the Washington Post columnist and inform him that no discussion of sanctions had occurred.t28 McFarland recalled that Flynn said words to the effect of, "I want to kill the story."129 McFarland made the call as Flynn had requested although she knew she was providing false information, and the Washington Post updated the column to reflect that a "Trump official" had denied that Flynn and Kislyak discussed sanctions.130 When Priebus and other incoming Administration officials questioned Flynn internally about the Washington Post column, Flynn maintained that he had not discussed sanctions with Kislyak.131 Flynn repeated that claim to Vice President-ElectMichael Pence and to incoming press secretary Sean Spicer.132 In subsequent media interviews in mid-January, Pence, Priebus, and 122 David Ignatius, Why did Obama dawdle on Russia's hacking?, Washington Post (Jan. 12, 2017). 123 David Ignatius, Why did Obama dawdle on Russia's hacking?, Washington Post (Jan. 12, 2017). The Logan Act makes it a crime for "[a]ny citizen of the United States, wherever he may be" to "without authority of the United States, directly or indirectly commence[] or carr[y] on any correspondence or intercourse with any foreign government or any officer or agent thereof, in relation to any dispute s or controversies with the United States, or to defeat the measures of the United States." 18 U.S.C. § 953. 124 Priebus l/ 18/ 18 302, at 6. 125 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 6. 126 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 6. 127 Flynn 11/2I /17 302 , at I ; Flynn 11/2 0 /17 302, at 6. 128 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 12-13. 129 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 12. 130 McFarland 12/22 / 17 302, at 12-13; McFarland 8/29/17 302, at 8; see David Ignatius , Why did Obama dawdle on Russia's hacking?, Washington Post (Jan. 12, 2017). 131 Flynn 11117/17 302, at I , 8; Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 7; Priebus I 0/13/17 302, at 7-8; S. Miller 8/3 I /17 3 02, at 8-1 I. 132 Flynn 1 1/17/17 302, at I , 8; Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 7; S. Miller 8/31/17 302, at 10- 1 1. U.S. Department of Justice "jaj;Al'AP.v \VA,k P,Afl11P.t // 4A,.. rAt:1tRit:1 MAte,iAI P,Ateetefl l lt:1fle, Fefl R. Gt'iffl P Me) Spicer denied that Flynn and Kislyak had discussed sanctions, basing those denials on their conversations with Flynn.133 The public statements of incoming Administration officials denying that Flynn and Kislyak had discussed sanctions alarmed senior DOJ officials, who were aware that the statements were not true.134 Those officials were concerned that Flynn had lied to his colleagues-who in turn had unwittingly misled the American public-creating a compromise situation for Flynn because the Department of Justice assessed that the Russian government could prove Flynn lied. 135 The FBI investigative team also believed that Flynn's calls with Kislyak and subsequent denials about discussing sanctions raised potential Logan Act issues and were relevant to the FBI's broader Russia investigatio n.136 On January 20, 2017, President Trump was inaugurated and Flynn was sworn in as National Security Advisor. On January 23, 2017, Spicer delivered his first press briefing and stated that he had spoken with Flynn the night before, who confirmed that the calls with Kislyak were about topics unrelated to sanctions. 137 Spicer's statements added to the Department of Justice's concerns that Russia had leverage over Flynn based on his lies and could use that derogatory information to compromise him.138 On January 24, 2017 , Flynn agreed to be interviewed by agents from the FBI.139 During the interview, which took place at the White House, Flynn falsely stated that he did not ask Kislyak to refrain from escalating the situation in response to the sanctions on Russia imposed by the Obama Administration.140 Flynn also falsely stated that he did not remember a follow-up conversation in which Kislyak stated that Russia had chosen to moderate its response to those sanctions as a result of Flynn's request.141 133 Face the Nation Interview with Vice President-Elect Pence, CBS (Jan. 15, 2017); Julie Hirschfield Davis et al., Trump National Security Advisor Called Russian Envoy Day Before Sanctions Were Imposed, Washington Post (Jan. 13, 2017); Meet the Press Interview with Reince Priebus, NBC (Jan. 15, 2017). 134 Yates8/15/17 302, at2-3; McCord 7/17/17 302, at3-4; McCabe 8/17/17 302, at 5 (DOJ officials were "really freaked out about it"). 135 Yates 8/15/17 302, at 3; McCord 7/17/17 3 02, at 4. 136 McCord 7/17/17 302, at 4; McCabe 8/17/17 302, at 5-6. 137 Sean Spicer, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN (Jan. 23, 2017). 138 Yates 8/15/17 302, at 4; Axelrod 7/20/17 302, at 5. 139 Flynn Statement of Offense, at 2. 14 ° Flynn Statement of Offense, at 2. 141 Flynn Statement of Offense, at 2. On December 1, 2017, Flynn admitted to making these false statements and pleaded guilty to violating 18 U.S.C. § I0 01, which makes it a crime to knowingly and willfully "ma ke[] any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation" to federal law enforcement officials. See Volume I, Section IV.A.7, supra. U.S. Department of Justice A1-tonrn•,• Work PPofiuet // MR"' DrnitRiA MRtePiRI Protf'!f'!tefi I lAfieF Fefi R Grim P Me) 4. DOJ Officials Notify the White House of Their Concerns About Flynn On January 26, 2017, Acting Attorney General Sally Yates contacted White House Counsel Donald McGahn and informed him that she needed to discuss a sensitive matter with him in person.142 Later that day, Yates and Mary McCord, a senior national security official at the Department of Justice, met at the White House with McGahn and White House Counsel's Office attorney James Burnham. 143 Yates said that the public statements made by the Vice President denying that Flynn and Kislyak discussed sanctions were not true and put Flynn in a potentially compromised position because the Russians would know he had lied.144 Yates disclosed that Flynn had been interviewed by the FBI. 145 She declined to answer a specific question about how Flynn had performed during that interview ,146 but she indicated that Flynn' s statements to the FBI were similar to the statements he had made to Pence and Spicer denying that he had discussed sanctions.147 McGahn came away from the meeting with the impression that the FBI had not pinned Flynn down in lies,148 but he asked John Eisenberg, who served as legal advisor to the National Security Council, to examine potential legal issues raised by Flynn's FBI interview and his contacts with Kislya k.149 That afternoon, McGahn notified the President that Yates had come to the White House to discuss concerns about Flynn.150 McGahn described what Yates had told him, and the President asked him to repeat it, so he did. 151 McGahn recalled that when he described the FBI interview of Flynn , he said that Flynn did not disclose having discussed sanctions with Kis lyak, but that there may not have been a clear violation of 18 U.S.C. § I001. 152 The President asked about Section 1001, and McGahn explained the law to him, and also explained the Logan Act.153 The President 142 Yates 8/15/17 302, at 6. 143 Yates 8/15/17 302, at 6; McCord 7/17/17 302, at 6; SCR0l5_000198 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President). 144 Yates 8/15 / 17 30 2, at 6-8; McCord 7/17/17 302, at 6-7; Burnham 11/3/17 302, at 4; SCRO l5_000198 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President). 145 McGahn 11/30 / 17 302, at 5; Yates 8/15/17 302, at 7; McCord 7/17/17 302, at 7; Burnham 11/3/17 302 , at 4. 146 Yates 8/15/17 302 , at 7; McCord 7/ 17/17 302, at 7. 147 SCR015_000198 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President); Burnham 11/3 / 17 302, at 4. 148 McGahn I 1/30/17 302, at 5. 149 SCR0l5_000198 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President); McGahn 11/ 30 /17 302, at 6, 8. 150 McGahn 11/30 /17 302, at 6; SCR0l5_000278 (White House Counsel's Office Memorandum re: "Flynn Tick Tock") (on January 26, "McGahn IMMEDIATELY advises POTUS"); SCR015 _ 000198 (2/15 / 17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President). 151 McGahn I 1/30/17 302, at 6. 152 McGahn I 1/30/17 302, at 7. 153 McGahn I 1/30/17 302, at 7. U.S. Department of Justice f'AR RiR MMefifll P,A eeiea lJAae, Fea. R. Ct'tffl P. 6(e) A latAl'RPIC U'A11lr P11r1,rl11p.t // MRv instructed McGahn to work with Priebus and Bannon to look into the matter further and directed that they not discuss it with any other officials. 154 Priebus recalled that the President was angry with Flynn in light of what Yates had told the White House and said, "not again, this guy, this stuff."I 55 That evening, the President dined with several senior advisors and asked the group what they thought about FBI Director Comey. 156 According to Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats, who was at the dinner, no one openly advocated terminating Corney but the consensus on him was not positive.157 Coats told the group that he thought Corney was a good director. 158 Coats encouraged the President to meet Corney face-to-face and spend time with him before making a decision about whether to retain him.159 5. McGahn has a Follow-Up Meeting About Flynn with Yates; President Trump has Dinner with FBI Director Corney The next day, January 27, 2017, McGahn and Eisenberg discussed the results of Eisenberg's initial legal research into Flynn's conduct, and specifically whether Flynn may have violated the Espionage Act, the Logan Act, or 18 U.S.C . § 1001. 160 Based on his preliminary research, Eisenberg informed McGahn that there was a possibility that Flynn had violated 18 U.S.C. § 1001 and the Logan Act.161 Eisenberg noted that the United States had never successfully prosecuted an individual under the Logan Act and that Flynn could have possible defenses, and 154 McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 7; SCRO15_000 I 98-99 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President). 155 Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 8. Several witnesses said that the President was unhappy with Flynn for other reasons at this time. Bannon said that Flynn's standing with the President was not good by December 2016. Bannon 2/12/18 302, at 12. The President-Elect had concerns because President Obama had warned him about Flynn shortly after the election. Bannon 2/12/18 302, at 4-5; Hicks 12/8/ 17 302, at 7 (President Obama's comment sat with President- Elect Trump more than Hicks expected). Priebus said that the President had become unhappy with Flynn even before the story of his calls with Kislyak broke and had become so upset with Flynn that he would not look at him during intelligence briefings. Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 8. Hicks said that the President thought Flynn had bad judgment and was angered by tweets sent by Flynn and his son, and she described Flynn as "being on thin ice" by early February 2017. Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 7, 10. 156 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 2. 157 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 2. 158 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 2. 159 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 2. 160 SCR015_0001 99 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President); McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 8. 161 SCROl5_000199 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President); Eisenberg 11/29/17 302, at 9. U.S. Department of Justice Ataj:Al'flP..,. WAl'lc Pl'AA11P.t // MR"' Goflt1tifl !l..484eFiel Pi=oteeteB. llflBer FeB R Criffl P 6(e) told McGahn that he believed it was unlikely that a prosecutor would pursue a Logan Act charge under the circumstances. 162 That same morning, McGahn asked Yates to return to the White House to discuss Flynn again. 163 In that second meeting, McGahn expressed doubts that the Department of Justice would bring a Logan Act prosecution against Flynn, but stated that the White House did not want to take action that would interfere with an ongoing FBI investigation of Flynn.164 Yates responded that Department ofJustice had notified the White House so that it could take action in response to the infonnation provided.165 McGahn ended the meeting by asking Yates for access to the underlying information the Department of Justice possessed pertaining to Flynn' s discussions with Kislyak. 166 Also on January 27, the President called FBI Director Corney and invited him to dinner that evening.167 Priebus recalled that before the dinner, he told the President something like, "don't talk about Russia, whatever you do," and the President promised he would not talk about Russia at the dinner.168 McGahn had previously advised the President that he should not communicate directly with the Department of Justice to avoid the perception or reality of political interference in law enfo rcemen t.16 9 When Bannon learned about the President' s planned dinner with Corney, he suggested that he or Priebus also attend, but the President stated that he wanted to dine with ° Corney alone. 17 Corney said that when he arrived for the dinner that evening, he was surprised and concerned to see that no one else had been invited. 171 162 SCR0 l 5_000199 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President); Eisenberg 11/29/17 302 , at 9. 163 SCR015 _000199 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President); McGahn 11/30 / 17 302, at 8; Yates 8/15/17 302, at 8. 164 Yates 8/15/17 302, at 9; McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 8. 165 Yates 8/15/17 302, at 9; Burnham 11/3/ 17 302, at 5; see SCR015_00199 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President) ("Yates was unwilling to confirm or deny that there was an ongoing investigation but did indicate that the Department of Justice would not object to the White House taking action against Flynn."). 166 Yates 9/15 17 302, at 9; Burnham 11/3/ 17 30 2, at 5. In accordance with McGahn's request, the Department of Justice made the underlying information available and Eisenberg viewed the information in early February. Eisenberg 11/29/17 302, at 5; FBI 2/7/17 Electronic Communication, at I (documenting 2/2/17 meeting with Eisenberg). 167 Corney 11/ 15/17 302, at 6; SCR0l2b_000O0I (President's Daily Dia ry, 1/27/17); Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 2-3). 168 Priebus I 0/ 13/17 302, at 17. 169 See McGahn I l /30 /17 302, at 9; Dhillon I I/21/ 17 302, at 2; Bannon 2/12/ 18 302, at 17. 170 Bannon 2/12/18 302, at 17. 171 Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 3); see Corney 11/15/17 302, at 6. U.S. Department of Justice AftArAe..· WArk PrAfl1-1et // 11.4A,.. f'AAl:AiA MAl:P.t'iAI Pt'Fll:P.P.l:P.A l lAfler l"efl R Grim P A(e) Corney provided an account of the dinner in a contemporaneous memo, an interview with this Office, and congressional testimony. According to Corney's account of the dinner, the President repeatedly brought up Corney's future, asking whether he wanted to stay on as FBI director. 172 Because the President had previously said he wanted Corney to stay on as FBI director, Corney interpreted the President's comments as an effort to create a patronage relationship by having Corney ask for his job. 173 The President also brought up the Steele reporting that Corney had raised in the January 6, 2017 briefing and stated that he was thinking about ordering the FBI to investigate the allegations to prove they were false. 174 Corney responded that the President should think carefully about issuing such an order because it could create a narrative that the FBI was investigating him personally, which was incorrect. 175 Later in the dinner, the President brought up Flynn and said, "the guyhas serious judgment issues." 176 Corney did not comment on Flynn and the President did not acknowledge any FBI interest in or contact with Flynn.177 According to Corney's account, at one point during the dinner the President stated, "I need loyalty, I expect loya lty ." 178 Corney did not respond and the conversation moved on to other topics, but the President returned to the subject of Corney ' s job at the end of the dinner and repeated, "I need loya lty." 179 Corney responded, "You will always get honesty from me." 180 The 172 Corney I 1/15/17 302, at 7; Corney 1/28/17 Memorandum, at I, 3; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBT, at 3). 173 Corney 11/15/17 302, at 7; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record ofJames B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 3). 17 4 Corney 1/28/17 Memorandum, at 3; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 4). 175 Corney 1/28/17 Memo randum, at 3; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBT, at 4). 176 Corney 1/28/17 Memorandum, at 4; Corney 11/15/17 302, at 7. 177 Corney 1/28/17 Memorandum, at 4; Corney I 1/15/17 302, at 7. 178 Corney 1/28/18 Memorandum, at 2; Corney 11/ 15/17 302, at 7; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 3). 179 Corney 1/28 /17 Memorandum, at 3; Corney 11/15/ 17 302, at 7; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 3-4). 18 ° Corney 1/28/17 Memorandum, at 3; Corney 11/ 15/17 302, at 7; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 20I 7) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, forme r Director of the FBI, at 4). U.S. Department of Justice AttAl'tte. 'JlAl'IE PFA8.l•tet // 114w· PAAhiiA MR*P.l'iRI PPA*P.P.*P.A T IAAP.I' J,:pfl f'.l'il'l'l P Me) President said, "That's what I want, honest loya lty ." 181 Corney said, "You will get that from m e. " s1 2 After Corney's account of the dinner became public, the President and his advisors disputed that he had asked for Corney's loyalty.183 The President also indicated that he had not invited Corney to dinner, telling a reporter that he thought Corney had "asked for the dinne r" because " he wanted to stay on."184 But substantial evidence corroborates Corney's account of the dinner invitation and the request for loyalty. The President's Daily Diary confirms that the President "extend[ed] a dinner invitation" to Corney on January 27.185 With respect to the substance of the dinner conversation, Corney documented the President's request for loyalty in a memorandum he began drafting the night of the dinner;186 senior FBI officials recall that Corney told them about the loyalty request shortly after the dinner occurred;187 and Corney described the request while 181 Corney 1/28/17 Memorandum, at 3; Corney 11/15/17 302, at 7; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 4). 182 Corney 1/28/17 Memorandum, at 3; Corney 11/15/17 302, at 7; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 4). 183 See, e.g., Michael S. Schmidt, In a Private Dinner, Trump Demanded Loyalty. Corney Demurred., New York Times (May 11, 2017) (quoting Sarah Sanders as saying, "[The President] would never even suggest the expectation of personal loyal ty"); Ali Vitali, Trump Never Asked for Corney's Loyalty, President's Personal Lawyer Says, NBC (June 8, 2017) (quoting the President's personal counsel as saying, "The president also never told Mr. Corney, ' I need loyalty, T expect loyalty,' in form or substance."); Remarks by President Trump in Press Conference, White House (June 9, 2017) ("I hardly know the man. I' m not going to say ' I want you to pledge allegiance.' Who would do that? Who would ask a man to pledge allegiance under oath?"). In a private conversation with Spicer, the President stated that he had never asked for Corney's loyalty, but added that if he had asked for loyalty, "Who cares?" Spicer 10/16/17 302, at 4. The President also told McGahn that he never said what Corney said he had. McGahn 12/12/ 17 302, at 17. 184 Interview of Donald J Trump, NBC (May 11, 2017). 185 SCROl 2b_OOOOOI (President's Daily Diary, 1/27/17) (reflecting that the President called Corney in the morning on January 27 and "[t]he purpose of the call was to extend a dinner invitation"). In addition, two witnesses corroborate Corney's account that the President reached out to schedule the dinner, without Corney having asked for it. Priebus l 0/13/17 302, at 17 (the President asked to sched ule the January 27 dinner because he did not know much about Corney and intended to ask him whether he wanted to stay on as FBI Director); Rybicki 11/21/18 302, at 3 (recalling that Corney told him about the President' s dinner invitation on the day of the dinner). 186 Corney l l /15/17 302, at 8; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 4). 187 McCabe 8/17/17 302, at 9-10; Rybicki 11/21 / 18 302, at 3. After leaving the White House, Corney called Deputy Director of the FBI Andrew McCabe, summarized what he and the President had discussed, including the President's request for loya lty, and expressed shock over the President's request. McCabe 8/17/17 302, at 9. Corney also convened a meeting with his senior leader ship team to discuss what the President had asked of him during the dinner and whether he had handled the request for loyalty properly. McCabe 8/17/17 302, at IO; Rybicki 11/ 21/18 302, at 3. In addition, Corney distributed his U.S. Department of Justice A #F1PAP» • \1/ork ProA11t1t // MA,.. GmttRif'I M1tteri8'I Pfol;e,e,l;eti Ut1der Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e) under oath in congressional proceedings and in a subsequent interview with investigators subject to penalties for lying under 18 U.S.C. § I 00 I. Corney's memory of the details of the dinner, including that the President requested loyalty, has remained consistent throughout.188 6. Flynn's Resignation On February 2, 2017, Eisenberg reviewed the underlying information relating to Flynn's calls with Kislya k. 189 Eisenberg recalled that he prepared a memorandum about criminal statutes that could apply to Flynn's conduct, but he did not believe the White House had enough information to make a definitive recommendation to the President. 190 Eisenberg and McGahn discussed that Eisenberg's review of the underlying information confirmed his preliminary conclusion that Flynn was unlikely to be prosecuted for violating the Logan Act.191 Because White House officials were uncertain what Flynn had told the FBI, however, they could not assess his exposure to prosecution for violating 18 U.S.C. § 1001. 192 The week of February 6, Flynn had a one-on-one conversation with the President in the Oval Office about the negative media coverage of his contacts with Kislyak. 193 Flynn recalled that the President was upset and asked him for information on the conve rsations. 194 Flynn listed the specific dates on which he remembered speaking with Kislyak, but the President corrected one of the dates he listed. 195 The President asked Flynn what he and Kislyak discussed and Flynn responded that he might have talked about sanctions.196 memorandum documenting the dinner to his senior leadership team, and McCabe confirmed that the memorandum captured what Corney said on the telephone call immediately following the dinner. McCabe 8/17/17 302, at 9-10. 188 There also is evidence that corroborates other aspects of the memoranda Corney wrote documenting his inte ractions with the President. For example, Corney recalled, and his memoranda reflect, that he told the President in his January 6, 2017 meeting, and on phone calls on March 30 and April 11, 2017, that the FBI was not investigating the President personally. On May 8, 2017, during White House discussions about firing Corney, the President told Rosenstein and others that Corney had told him three times that he was not under investigation, including once in person and twice on the phone. Gauhar-000058 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). 189Eisenberg 11/29/17 302, at 5; FBI 2/7/17 Electronic Communication, at 1 (documenting 2/2/17 meeting with Eisenberg). 190 Eisenberg 11/29/17 302, at 6. 191 Eisenberg 1 l /29/17 302, at 9; SCRO15_000200 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President). 192 Eisenberg 11/29/17 302, at 9. 193 Flynn 11/21/17 302, at 2. 194 Fly nn 11/21/17 302, at 2. 195 Flynn 11/2 I /17 302, at 2. 196 Flynn 11/21/17 302, at 2-3. U.S. Department of Justice 1 Ja1aAl'AP. ,· WArk PrAl4tiet // ll.4w,· r'AAtRiA M111-eriRI PFAteetefl. ( JAfl.er Ped. R. CFiffl P 6(e) On February 9, 2017, the Washington Post reported that Flynn discussed sanctions with Kislyak the month before the President took office. 197 After the publication of that story, Vice President Pence learned of the Department of Justice's notification to the White House about the content of Flynn's calls.198 He and other advisors then sought access to and reviewed the underlying information about Flynn's contacts with Kislya k.199 FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe, who provided the White House officials access to the information and was present when they reviewed it, recalled the officials asking him whether Flynn's conduct violated the Logan Act.200 McCabe responded that he did not know, but the FBI was investigating the matter because it was a possibi lity.201 Based on the evidence of Flynn's contacts with Kislyak, McGahn and Priebus concluded that Flynn could not have forgotten the details of the discussions of sanctions and had instead been lying about what he discussed with Kislyak. 202 Flynn had also told White House officials that the FB[ had told him that the FBI was closing out its investigation of him,203 but Eisenberg did not believe him.204 After reviewing the materials and speaking with Flynn, McGahn and Priebus concluded that Flynn should be terminated and recommended that course of action to the President.205 That weekend, Flynn accompanied the President to Mar-a-Lago.206 Flynn recalled that on February 12 , 2017, on the return flight to D.C. on Air Force One, the President asked him whether he had lied to the Vice President. 207 Flynn responded that he may have forgotten details of his calls, but he did not think he lied. 208 The President responded, "Okay. That's fine. I got it."209 197 Greg Miller et al., National security adviser Flynn discussed sanctions with Russian ambassador, despite denials, officials say, Washington Post (Feb. 9, 2017). 198 SCR015_000202 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President); McGahn l l /30/17 302, at 12. 199 SCR015_000202 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President); McCabe 8/17/17 302, at 11-13; Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 10; McGahn 11/3 0/17 302, at 12. 200 McCabe 8/17/l 7 302, at 13. 201 McCabe 8/17/17 302, at 13. 202 McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 12; Priebus 1/ 18 / 18 302, at 8; Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 10; SCR015_000202(2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office ofthe Counsel to the President). 203 McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 11; Eisenberg 11/29/17 302, at 9; Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 11. 204 Eisenberg l 1/29/17 302, at 9. 205 SCRO15_000202 (2/15/17 Draft Memorandum to file from the Office of the Counsel to the President); Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 10; McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 12. 206 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 8. 207 Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 9; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 8. 208 Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 8; Flynn 1/19/ l8 302, at 9. 209 Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 9. U.S. Department of Justice AUAMPM \1/m·lc PFAAIIPt // u :..,. DAAtAiA H Atr .riAI PFAtP.PtP.A r JnAP.F JAefl R Griff'I p (e) ° On February 13, 2017, Priebus told Flynn he had to resig n.21 Flynn said he wanted to say goodbye to the President, so Priebus brought him to the Oval Office. 211 Priebus recalled that the President hugged Flynn, shook his hand, and said, "We'll give you a good recommendation. You're a good gu·y. We'll take care of you."212 Talking points on the resignation prepared by the White House Counsel's Office and distributed to the White House communications team stated that McGahn had advised the President that Flynn was unlikely to be prosecuted, and the President had determined that the issue with Flynn was one of trust. 213 Spicer told the press the next day that Flynn was forced to resign "not based on a legal issue, but based on a trust issue, [where] a level of trust between the President and General Flynn had eroded to the point where [the President] felt he had to make a change." 214 7. The President Discusses Flynn with FBI Director Corney On February 14, 2017, the day after Flynn's resignation, the President had lunch at the White House with New Jersey Governor Chris Christie.215 According to Christie, at one point during the lunch the President said, "Now that we fired Flynn, the Russia thing is over."216 Christie laughed and responded, "No way."217 He said, "this Russia thing is far from over" and "[w]e'll be here on Valentine's Day 2018 talking about this."2 18 The President said, "[w]hat do you mean? Flynn met with the Russians . That was the problem. I fired Flynn. It's over." 219 Christie recalled responding that based on his experience both as a prosecutor and as someone who had been investigated , firing Flynn would not end the invest ig ation.220 Christie said there was no way to make an investigation shorter, but a lot of ways to make it longer. 221 The President asked Christie what he meant, and Christie told the President not to talk about the investigation even if he was 210 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 9. 211 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 9; Flynn 11/17/17 302, at 10. 212 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 9; Flynn 11117 /17 302 , at 10. 213 SCR004 _00600 (2/16 / 17 Email, Burnham to Donaldson). 214 Sean Spicer, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN (Feb. 14, 2017) . After Flynn pleaded guilty to violating 18 U.S.C. § I 00 I in December 2017, the President tweeted, "I had to fire General Flynn because he lied to the Vice President and the FBI." @realDonaldT rump 12/2/ 17 (12:14 p.m. ET) Tweet. The next day, the President's personal counsel told the press that he had drafted the tweet. Maegan Vazquez et al., Trump's lawyer says he was behind President's tweet about firing Flynn, CNN (Dec. 3, 2017). 215 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 2-3; SCR0l2b_000022 (President's Daily Diary, 2/14/17). 216 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 3. 217 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 3. 218 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 3. Christie said he thought when the President said "the Russia thing" he was referring to not just the investigations but also press coverage about Russia. Christie thought the more important thing was that there was an investigation. Christie 2/13/19 302, at 4. 219 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 3. 22 ° Christie 2/13/19 302, at 3. 221 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 3. U.S. Department of Justice A j;f:Al'RP.V '.VArlr Pl'AAIIP.t // 4w• roRtRiR MRtP.t'iRI PFAtP.P.fP.A I !Ader J;:ed R G,im P 6(e) frustrated at times. 222 Christie also told the President that he would never be able to get rid of Flynn, "like gumon the bottom of your shoe." 223 Towards the end of the lunch, the President brought up Corney and asked if Christie was still friendly with him. 224 Christie said he was.225 The President told Christie to call Corney and tell him that the President "really like[s] him. Tell him he's part of the team."226 At the end of the lunch, the President repeated his request that Christie reach out to Comey. 227 Christie had no intention of complying with the President' s request that he contact Comey.228 He thought the President's request was " nonsensical " and Christie did not want to put Corney in the position of having to receive such a phone call.229 Christie thought it would have been uncomfortable to pass on that message .230 At 4 p.rn. that afternoon, the President met with Corney, Sessions, and other officials for a homeland security briefing.231 At the end of the briefing, the President dismissed the other attendees and stated that he wanted to speak to Corney alone.232 Sessions and senior advisor to the President Jared Kushner remained in the Oval Office as other patticipants left, but the President 222 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 3-4. 223 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 3. Christie also recalled that during the lunch, Flynn called Kushner, who was at the lunch, and complained about what Spicer had said about Flynn in his press briefing that day. Kushner told Flynn words to the effect of, "You know the President respects you. The President cares about you. I'll get the President to send out a positive tweet about you later." Kushner looked at the President when he mentioned the tweet, and the President nodded his assent. Christie 2/13/19 302 , at 3. Flynn recalled getting upset at Spicer's comments in the press conference and calling Kushner to say he did not appreciate the comments. Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 9. 224 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 4. 225 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 4. 226 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 4-5. 227 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 5. 228 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 5. 229 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 5. 23 ° Christie 2/13/19 302, at 5. 231 SCRO12b_000022 (President's Daily Diary, 2/14/17); Corney 11/15/17 302, at 9. 232 Corney 11115/17 302 , at 1O; 2/14/17 Corney Memorandum, at 1; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney , former Director of the FBI, at 4); Priebus 10 /13/17 302, at 18 (confirming that everyone was shooed out "like Corney said" in his June testimony). U.S. Department ofJustice AttAt'Re,.. Wot'lc Pt'ASHet // Ji.4,w C'ARtRiR i't.4Rte:t'iRI PrAte:e:te:fl l lRfler Fefl R Griff! P Me) excused them, repeating that he wanted to speak only with Comey.233 At some point after others had left the Oval Office, Priebus opened the door, but the President sent him away.234 According to Corney's account of the meeting, once they were alone, the Preside nt began the conversation by saying, "I want to talk about Mike Fly nn." 235 The President stated that Flynn had not done anything wrong in speaking with the Russians, but had to be terminated because he had misled the Vice Preside nt. 236 The conversation turned to the topic of leaks of classified information, but the President returned to Flynn, saying "he is a good guy and has been through a lot. " 237 The President stated, "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go. He is a good guy. I hope you can let this go."238 Corney agreed that Flynn " is a good guy," but did not commit to ending the investigation of Fly nn. 239 Corney testified under oath that he took the President's statement "as a directio n" because of the President's position and the circumstances of the one-on-one meeting.240 233 Corney 11/15/17 302, at 10; Corney 2/14/17 Memorandum, at I; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 4). Sessions recalled that the President asked to speak to Corney alone and that Sessions was one of the last to leave the room; he described Corney's testimony about the events leading up to the private meeting with the President as "pretty accurate." Sessions 1/ 17/18 302, at 6. Kushner had no recollection of whether the President asked Corney to stay behind. Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 24. 234 Corney 2/14/17 Memorandum, at 2; Priebus I 0 /13/17 302, at 18. 235 Corney 11/15/17 302, at 10; Corney 2/14/17 Memorandum, at 1; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 4). 236 Corney 2/14/17 Memorandum, at 1; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 5). 237 Corney 1 l /15 / 17 302, at IO; Corney 2/14/17 Memorandum, at 2; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney , former Director of the FBI, at 5). 238 Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 5); Corney 2/14/17 Memorandum, at 2. Corney said he was highly confident that the words in quotations in his Memorandum documenting this meeting were the exact words used by the President. He said he knew· from the outset of the meeting that he was about to have a conversation of consequence, and he remembered the words used by the President and wrote them down soon after the meeting. Corney 11/1 5/ 17 302, at 10-11. 239 Corney 11/15/17 302, at IO; Corney 2/14/ 17 Memorandum, at 2. 240 Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 31) (testimony of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI). Corney further stated, "I mean, this is the president of the United States, with me alone, saying, 'l hope' this. I took it as, this is what he wants me to do." Id.; see also Corney 11/15/17 302, at 10 (Corney took the statement as an order to shut down the Flynn investigation). U.S. Department of Justice A1atflPfte. Wf'lPk PPFlrhtet // f).4H,, CRftbtifl Metaeriel Pl'Rteetea Uftael' µea. R. CPiffl. P. 6(e') Shortly after meeting with the President, Corney began drafting a memorandum documenting their conversatio n.241 Corney also met with his senior leadership team to discuss the President's request, and they agreed not to inform FBI officials working on the Flynn case of the President's statements so the officials would not be influenced by the request.242 Corney also asked for a meeting with Sessions and requested that Sessions not leave Corney alone with the President again.243 8. The Media Raises Questions About the President's Delay in Terminating Flynn After Flynn was forced to resign, the press raised questions about why the President waited more than two weeks after the DOJ notification to remove Flynn and whether the President had known about Flynn's contacts with Kislyak before the DOJ noti fication. 244 The press also continued to raise questions about connections between Russia and the President's campaign.245 On February 15, 2017, the President told reporters, "General Flynn is a wonderful man. I think he's been treated very, very unfairly by the media." 246 On February 16, 2017, the President held 241 Corney 11/15/17 302, at 11; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 5). 242 Corney 11/15/17 302, at 11; Rybicki 6/9/17 302, at 4; Rybicki 6/22/17 302, at 1; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 5-6). 243 Corney 11/15/ 17 302, at 11; Rybicki 6/9/17 302, at 4-5; Rybicki 6/22/17 302, at 1-2; Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 6 (confirming that later in the week following Corney's one-on-one meeting with the President in the Oval Office, Corney told the Attorney General that he did not want to be alone with the President); Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 6 (within days of the February 14 Oval Office meeting, Corney told Sessions he did not think it was appropriate for the FBI Director to meet alone with the President); Rybicki 11/21/18 302, at 4 (Rybicki helped to schedule the meeting with Sessions because Corney wanted to talk about his concerns about meeting with the President alone); Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 6). 244 See, e.g., Sean Spicer, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN (Feb. 14, 2017) (questions from the press included, "if [the President] was notified 17 days ago that Flynn had misled the Vice President, other officials here, and that he was a potential threat to blackmail by the Russians, why would he be kept on for almost three weeks?" and " Did the President instruct [Flynn] to talk about sanctions with the [Russian ambassador]?"). Priebus recalled that the President initially equivocated on whether to fire Flynn because it would generate negative press to lose his National Security Advisor so early in his term. Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 8. 245 E.g., Sean Sullivan et al., Senators from both parties pledge to deepen probe of Russia and the 2016 election, Washington Post (Feb. 14, 2017); Aaron Blake, 5 times Donald Trump's team denied contact with Russia, Washington Post (Feb. 15, 2017); Oren Darell, Donald Trump's ties to Russia go back 30 years, USA Today (Feb. 15, 2017); Pamela Brown et al., Trump aides were in constant touch with senior Russian officials during campaign, CNN (Feb. 15, 2017); Austin Wright, Camey briefs senators amid furor over Trump-Russia ties, Politico (Feb. 17, 20I7); Megan Twohey & Scott Shane, A Back-Channel Plan for Ukraine and Russia, Courtesy of Trump Associates, New York Times (Feb. 19, 2017). 246 Remarks by President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu ofisrael in Joint Press Conference, White House (Feb. 15, 2017). U.S. Department of Justice A u,wRP>' U!,:it=I, PFAAIIPJ // M!i,. Gl'lflteifl Materiel Preteetea Ufiaef Fea. R- Crim P 6(e) a press conference and said that he removed Flynn because Flynn " didn' t tell the Vice President of the United States the facts, and then he didn ' t remember. And that just wasn' t acceptable to me." 247 The President said he did not direct Flynn to discuss sanctions with Kis lyak , but "it certainly would have been okay with me if he did. I would have directed him to do it if I thought he wasn't doing it. I didn't direct him, but I would have directed him because that ' s his job."248 In listing the reasons for terminating Flynn, the President did not say that Flynn had lied to him.249 The President also denied having any connection to Russia, stating, "I have nothing to do with Russia. I told you, I have no deals there. I have no anything." 250 The President also said he " had nothing to do with" WikiLeaks's publication of information hacked from the Clinton campaign.251 9. The President Attempts to Have K.T. McFarland Create a Witness Statement Denying that he Directed Flynn's Discussions with Kislyak On February 22, 2017 , Priebus and Bannon told McFarland that the President wanted her to resign as Deputy National Security Advisor, but they suggested to her that the Administration could make her the ambassador to Singapore. 252 The next day, the President asked Priebus to have McFarland draft an internal email that would confirm that the President did not direct Flynn to call the Russian Ambassador about sanctions.253 Priebus said he told the President he would only direct McFarland to write such a letter if she were comfortable with it.254 Priebus called McFarland into his office to convey the Preside nt' s request that she memorialize in writing that the President did not direct Flynn to talk to Kis ly ak. 255 McFarland told Priebus she did not know whether the President had directed Flynn to talk to Kislyak about sanctions, and she declined to say yes or no 247 Remarks by President Trump in Press Conference, White House (Feb. 16, 2017). 248 Remarks by President Trump in Press Conference, White House (Feb. 16, 2017). The President also said that Flynn's conduct "wasn't wrong - what he did in terms of the information he saw." The President said that Flynn was just "doing the job," and " if anything, he did something right." 249 Remarks by President Trump in Press Conference, White House (Feb. 16, 2017); Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 9. 250 Remarks by President Trump in Press Conference, White House (Feb. 16, 2017). 251 Remarks by President Trump in Press Conference, White House (Feb. 16, 2017). 252 KTMF_00000047 (McFarland 2/26/17 Memorandum for the Record); McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 16-17. 253 See Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 11; see also KTMF_00000048 (McFarland 2/26/17 Memorandum for the Record); McFarland 12/22/ 17 302, at 17. 254 Priebus I I I 8/18 302, at 11. 255 KTMF_00000048 (McFarland 2/26/17 Memorandum for the Record); McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 17. U.S. Department of Justice " 1af;l'1rR P. 11 \Vm•lc Pt'AAIIP.t // 4n, DoRtAiR MntePiAI Pl'Ateetefl llflflep i:::es R Criffi P 6(e) .. to the request.256 Priebus understood that McFarland was not comfortable with the President's request, and he recommended that she talk to attorneys in the White House Counsel's Office. 257 McFarland then reached out to Eisenberg. 258 McFarland told him that she had been fired from her job as Deputy National Security Advisor and offered the ambassadorship in Singapore but that the President and Priebus wanted a letter from her denying that the President directed Flynn to discuss sanctions with Kislyak.259 Eisenberg advised McFarland not to write the requested letter. 260 As documented by McFarland in a contemporaneous "Memorandum for the Record" that she wrote because she was concerned by the President's request: "Eisenberg . . . thought the requested email and letter would be a bad idea- from my side because the email would be awkward. Why would T be emailing Priebus to make a statement for the record? But it would also be a bad idea for the President because it looked as if my ambassadorial appointment was in some way a quid pro quo." 261 Later that evening, Priebus stopped by McFarland 's office and told her not to write the email and to forget he even mentione d it. 262 Around the same time, the President asked Priebus to reach out to Flynn and let him know that the President still cared about him.26 3 Priebus called Flynn and said that he was checking in and that Flynn was an American hero. 264 Priebus thought the President did not want Flynn saying bad things about him.265 On March 31, 2017, following news that Flynn had offered to testify before the FBI and congressional investigators in exchange for immunity, the President tweeted, "Mike Flynn should ask for immunity in that this is a witch hunt (excuse for big election loss) , by media & Dems, of KTMF _00000047 (McFarland 2/26 /17 Memorandum_ for the Record) ("I said I did not 256 know whether he did or didn't, but was in Maralago the week between Christmas and New Year's (while Flynn was on vacation in Carribean) and I was not aware of any Flynn-Trump, or Trump- Russian phone calls"); McFarland 12/22/ 17 302, at 17. 257 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 11. 258 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 17. 259 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 17. 26 ° KTMF_00000048 (McFarland 2/26/17 Memorandum for the Record); McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 17. 261 KTMF_00000048 (McFarland 2/26/17 Memorandum for the Record); see McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 17. 262 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 17; KTMF 00000048 (McFarland 2/26/17 Memorandum for the Record). 263 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 9. 264 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 9; Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 9. 265 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 9-10. U.S. Department of Justice AttflrAe'o \l/flrk Prflat•:tet // MB , 1 GflAtBiA MBteriBI Prflteetef'I I IAf'ler Fef'I. R. Griffi. P. Me) historic proportio n!" 266 In late March or early April, the President asked McFarland to pass a message to Flynn telling him the President felt bad for him and that he should stay strong.267 Analysis In analyzing the President's conduct related to the Flynn investigation, the following evidence is relevant to the elements of obstruction of justice: a. Obstructive act. According to Corney's account of his February 14, 2017 meeting in the Oval Office, the President told him, "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go.... I hope you can let this go." In analyzing whether these statements constitute an obstructive act, a threshold question is whether Corney's account of the interaction is accurate, and, if so, whether the President's statements had the tendency to impede the administration of justice by shutting down an inquiry that could result in a grand jury investigation and a criminal charge. After Corney's account of the President' s request to "let[] Flynn go" became public, the President publicly disputed several aspects of the story. The President told the New York Times that he did not "shoo other people out of the room" when he talked to Corney and that he did not remember having a one-on-one conversation with Comey. 268 The President also publicly denied that he had asked Corney to "let[] Flynn go" or otherwise communicated that Corney should drop the investigation of Flynn. 269 In private, the President denied aspects of Corney's account to White House advisors, but acknowledged to Priebus that he brought Flynn up in the meeting with Corney and stated that Flynn was a good guy.270 Despite those denials, substantial evidence corroborates Corney's account. 266 @realDonaldTrump 3/31/17 (7:04 a.m. ET) Tweet; see Shane Harris at al., Mike Flynn Offers to Testify in Exchange for Immunity, Wall Street Journal (Mar. 30, 2017). 267 McFarland 12/22/17 302, at 18. 268 Excerpts From The Times 's Interview With Trump, New York Times (July 19, 2017). Hicks recalled that the President told her he had never asked Corney to stay behind in his office. Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 12. 269 In a statement on May 16, 2017, the White House said: "While the President has repeatedly expressed his view that General Flynn is a decent man who served and protected our country, the President has never asked Mr. Corney or anyone else to end any investigation, including any investigation involving General Flynn.... This is not a truthful or accurate portrayal of the conversation between the President and Mr. Corney." See Michael S. Schmidt, Camey Memorandum Says Trump Asked Him to End Flynn Investigation, New York Times (May 16, 2017) (quoting White House statement); @realDonaldTrump 12/3/17 (6:15 a.m. ET) Tweet ("I never asked Corney to stop investigating Flynn. Just more Fake News covering another Corney lie!"). 270 Priebus recalled that the President acknowledged telling Corney that Flynn was a good guy and he hoped "everything worked out for him." Priebus I 0/ 13/17 302, at 19. McGahn recalled that the President denied saying to Corney that he hoped Corney would let Flynn go, but added that he was "allowed to hope." The President told McGahn he did not think he had crossed any lines. McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 8. U.S. Department of Justice At-tAl'Af'l'"' Wol'lf Pl'AAIICf // 4A> 1 Co1.tRiR 4R*PFiR1 PFA*""*",al J IR.alPP :t,:pA il C'vi P ,-;jj'.p\ First, Corney wrote a detailed memorandum of his encounter with the President on the same day it occurred. Corney also told senior FBI officials about the meeting with the President that day, and their recollections of what Corney told them at the time are consistent with Corney's account.271 Second, Corney provided testimony about the President's request that he " let[] Flynn go" under oath in congressional proceedings and in interviews with federal investigators subject to penalties for lying under 18 U.S.C. § I00 l . Corney's recollections of the encounter have remained consistent over time. Third, the objective, corroborated circumstances of how the one-on-one meeting came to occur support Corney ' s description of the event. Corney recalled that the President cleared the room to speak with Corney alone after a homeland security briefing in the Oval Office, that Kushner and Sessions lingered and had to be shooed out by the President, and that Priebus briefly opened the door during the meeting, prompting the President to wave him away . While the President has publicly denied those details, other Administration officials who were present have confirmed Corney ' s account of how he ended up in a one-on-one meeting with the President.272 And the President acknowledged to Priebus and McGahn that he in fact spoke to Corney about Flynn in their one-on-one meeting. Fourth, the President's decision to clear the room and, in particular, to exclude the Attorney General from the meeting signals that the President wanted to be alone with Corney, which is consistent with the delivery of a message of the type that Corney recalls, rather than a more innocuous conversation that could have occurred in the presence of the Attorney General. Finally, Corney's reaction to the President's statements is consistent with the President having asked him to " let[] Flynn go." Corney met with the FBI leadership team, which agreed to keep the President' s statements closely held and not to inform the team working on the Flynn investigation so that they would not be influenced by the President' s reque st. Corney also promptly met with the Attorney General to ask him not to be left alone with the President again, an account verified by Sessions, FBI Chief of Staff James Rybicki, and Jody Hunt, who was then the Attorney General's chief of staff. A second question is whether the President's statements, which were not phrased as a direct order to Corney, could impede or interfere with the FBI's investigation of Fly nn. While the President said he " hope[d]" Corney could "let[] Flynn go," rather than affirmatively directing him to do so, the circumstances of the conversation show that the President was asking Corney to close the FBl's investigation into Flynn. First, the President arranged the meeting with Corney so that they would be alone and purposely excluded the Attorney General, which suggests that the President meant to make a request to Corney that he did not want anyone else to hear. Second, because the President is the head of the Executive Branch, when he says that he " hopes" a subordinate will do something , it is reasonable to expect that the subordinate will do what the President wants. Indeed, the President repeated a version of " let this go" three times, and Corney 271 Rybicki 11 /21/18 302, at 4; McCabe 8/17/17 302, at 13-14 . 272 See Priebus I 0/13/17 302, at 18; Sessions I/17/18 302, at 6. U.S. Department of Justice " jaj;f H'AP.11 1l',awk PP0,q11pt // J).4w,· rmaitAiA Mf!:l'ePif!:I PFAl'eel'ea lJAcler F ecl. R. Criffl p 6(e) testified that he understood the President 's statements as a directive, which is corroborated by the way Corney reacted at the time. b. Nexus to a proceeding. To establish a nexus to a proceeding, it would be necessary to show that the President could reasonably foresee and actually contemplated that the investigation of Flynn was likely to lead to a grand jury investigation or prosecution. At the time of the President's one-on-one meeting with Corney, no grand jury subpoenas had been issued as part of the FBI's investi ation into Fl nn. But Fl nn's lies to the FBI violated federal criminal law, , and resulted in Flynn's prosecution for violating 18 U.S.C. § 100 I. By the time the President spoke to Corney about Flynn, DOJ officials had informed McGahn, who informed the President, that Flynn's statements to senior White House officials about his contacts with Kislyak were not true and that Flynn had told the same version of events to the FBI. McGahn also informed the President that Flynn's conduct could violate 18 U.S.C. § l 001. After the Vice President and senior White House officials reviewed the underlying information about Flynn's calls on February 10, 2017, they believed that Flynn could not have forgotten his conversations with Kislyak and concluded that he had been lyi ng. In addition, the President's instruction to the FBI Director to "let[] Flynn go" suggests his awareness that Flynn could face criminal exposure for his conduct and was at risk of prosecution. c. Intent. As part of our investigation , we examined whether the President had a personal stake in the outcome of an investigation into Flynn-for example, whether the President was aware of Flynn's communications with Kislyak close in time to when they occurred, such that the President knew that Flynn had lied to senior White House officials and that those lies had been passed on to the public. Some evidence suggests that the President knew about the existence and content of Flynn's calls when they occurred, but the evidence is inconclusive and could not be relied upon to establish the President's knowledge. In advance of Flynn's initial call with Kislyak, the President attended a meeting where the sanctions were discussed and an advisor may have mentioned that Flynn was scheduled to talk to Kislyak. Flynn told McFarland about the substance of his calls with Kislyak and said they may have made a difference in Russia's response, and Flynn recalled talking to Bannon in early January 2017 about how they had successfully "sto pped the train on Russia's response" to the sanctions. It would have been reasonable for Flynn to have wanted the President to know of his commun ications with Kislyak because Kislyak told Flynn his request had been received at the highest levels in Russ ia and that Russia had chosen not to retaliat e in response to the request, and the President was pleased by the Russian response, calling it a "[g]reat move." And the President never said publicly or internally that Flynn had lied to him about the calls with Kislyak. But McFarland did not recall providing the President-Elect with Flynn's read-out of his calls with Kislyak, and Flynn does not have a specific recollection of telling the President-Elect directly about the calls. Bannon also said he did not recall hearing about the calls from Flynn. And in February 2017, the President asked Flynn what was discussed on the calls and whether he had lied to the Vice President, suggesting that he did not already know. Our inve stigation accordingly did not produce evidence that established that the President knew about Flynn's discussions of sanctions before the Department of Justice notified the White House of those discussions in late January 2017. The evidence also does not establish that Flynn otherwise U.S. Department of Justice I\ 1'1aPrRPar WAFI< PFAA11P.t // M n -. 1C:Aflt8'ifl 'Material Pt'Bteeted UHder Fed. R. Griff!. P . 6(e) possessed information damaging to the President that would give the President a personal incentive to end the FBI's inquiry into Flynn's conduct. Evidence does establish that the President connected the Flynn investigation to the FBI's broader Russia investigation and that he believed, as he told Christie, that terminating Flynn would end "the whole Russia thing." Flynn's firing occurred at a time when the media and Congress were raising questions about Russia's interference in the election and whether members of the President's campaign had colluded with Russia. Multiple witnesses recalled that the President viewed the Russia investigations as a challenge to the legitimacy of his election. The President paid careful attention to negative coverage of Flynn and reacted with annoyance and anger when the story broke disclosing that Flynn had discussed sanctions with Kislyak . Just hours before meeting one-on-one with Corney, the President told Christie that firing Flynn would put an end to the Russia inquiries. And after Christie pushed back, telling the President that firing Flynn would not end the Russia investigation, the President asked Christie to reach out to Corney and convey that the President liked him and he was part of "the team." That afternoon, the President cleared the room and asked Corney to "let[] Flynn go." We also sought evidence relevant to assessing whether the President' s direction to Corney was motivated by sympathy towards Flynn. In public statements the President repeatedly described Flynn as a good person who had been harmed by the Russia investigation, and the President directed advisors to reach out to Flynn to tell him the President "care[d]" about him and felt bad for him. At the same time, multiple senior advisors, including Bannon, Priebus, and Hicks, said that the President had become unhappy with Flynn well before Flynn was forced to resign and that the President was frequently irritated with Flynn. Priebus said he believed the President's initial reluctance to fire Flynn stemmed not from personal regard, but from concern about the negative press that would be generated by firing the National Security Advisor so early in the Administration. And Priebus indicated that the President's post-firing expressions of support for Flynn were motivated by the President's desire to keep Flynn from saying negative things about him. The way in which the President communicated the request to Corney also is relevant to understanding the President's intent. When the President first learned about the FBI investigation into Flynn, he told McGahn, Bannon, and Priebus not to discuss the matter with anyone else in the White House. The next day, the President invited Corney for a one-on-one dinner against the advice of an aide who recommended that other White House officials also attend. At the dinner, the President asked Corney for "loyalty" and, at a different point in the conversatio n, mentioned that Flynn had judgment issues. When the President met with Corney the day after Flynn's terminatio n- shortly after being told by Christie that firing Flynn would not end the Russia investigation-the President cleared the room, even excluding the Attorney General, so that he could again speak to Corney alone. The President's decision to meet one-on- one with Corney contravened the advice of the White House Counsel that the President should not communicate directly with the Department of Justice to avoid any appearance of interfering in law enforcement activities. And the President later denied that he clear e d the room and asked Corney to "let[] Flynn go"- a denial that would have been unnecessary if he believed his request was a proper exercise of prosecutorial discretion. U.S. Department of Justice AM'emev Wofk PfOclttet // Me-.· GeAteitt Metet'iel Pt'oteetecl Uttaet' Fee. R. Criffl P 6(e) Finally, the President's effort to have McFarland write an internal email denying that the President had directed Flynn to discuss sanctions with Kislyak highlights the Pres ident' s concern about being associated with Flynn's conduct. The evidence does not establish that the President was trying to have McFarland lie. The President's request, however, was sufficiently irregular that McFarland-who did not know the full extent of Flynn' s communications with the President and thus could not make the representation the President wanted-felt theneed to draft an internal memorandum documenting the President's request, and Eisenberg was concerned that the request would look like a quid pro quo in exchange for an ambassadorship. C. The President's Reaction to Public Confirmation of the FBl's Russia Investigation Overview In early March 2017, the President learned that Sessions was considering recusing from the Russia investigation and tried to prevent the recusal. After Sessions announced his recusal on March 2, the President expressed anger at Sessions for the decision and then privately asked Sessions to "unrecuse." On March 20, 2017, Corney publicly disclosed the existence of the FBI's Russia investigation. In the days that followed, the President contacted Corney and other intelligence agency leaders and asked them to push back publicly on the suggestion that the President had any connection to the Russian election-interference effort in order to "lift the cloud" of the ongoing investigation. Evidence 1. Attorney General Sessions Recuses From the Russia Investigation Tn late February 2017, the Department of Justice began an internal analysis of whether Sessions should recuse from the Russia investigation based on his role in the 2016 Trump Campaign .273 On March I, 2017, the press reported that, in his January confirmation hearing to become Attorney General, Senator Sessions had not disclosed two meetings he had with Russian Ambassador Kislyak before the presidential election, leading to congressional calls for Sessions to recuse or for a special counsel to investigate Russia's interference in the presidential election .274 Also on March I, the President called Corney and said he wanted to check in and see how Corney was doing .275 According to an email Corney sent to his chief of staff after the call, the President "talked about Sessions a bit," said that he had heard Corney was "doing great," and said that he hoped Corney would come by to say hello when he was at the White House.276 Corney 273 Sessions 1/17/ I8 302, at 1; Hunt 2/ l /18 302, at 3. 274 E.g., Adam Entous et al., Sessions met with Russian envoy twice last year, encounters he later did not disclose, Washington Post (Mar. 1, 2017). 275 3/1/17 Email, Corney to Rybicki; SCR012b_000030 (President's Daily Diary, 3/1/17, reflecting call with Corney at 11:55 am.) 276 3/1/17 Email, Corney to Rybicki; see Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 86) (testimony U.S. Department of Justice Atk.t'RP.',I '.VAFk PPAAIJP.t // HAll DARtAiR HAtP.riAI Pt>AtP.P.tP.A ltRAet' Fes. R.Gt>iffi P 6(e) interpreted the call as an effort by the President to "pull [him] in," but he did not perceive the call as an attempt by the President to find out what Corney was doing with the Flynn investigat ion.277 The next morning, the President called McGahn and urged him to contact Sessions to tell him not to recuse himself from the Russia investigatio n.278 McGahn understood the President to be concerned that a recusal would make Sessions look guilty for omitting details in his confirmation hearing; leave the President unprotected from an investigation that could hobble the presidency and derail his policy objectives; and detract from favorable press coverage of a Presidential Address to Congress the President had delivered earlier in the week.279 McGahn reached out to Sessions and reported that the President was not happy about the possibility of recusal. 280 Sessions replied that he intended to follow the rules on recusal. 281 McGahn reported back to the President about the call with Sessions, and the President reiterated that he did not want Sessions to recuse.282 Throughout the day, McGahn continued trying on behalf of the President to avert Sessions's recusal by speaking to Sessions's personal counsel, Sessions's chief of staff, and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConne ll, and by contacting Sessions himself two more times. 283 Sessions recalled that other White House advisors also called him that day to argue against his recusal. 284 That afternoon, Sessions announced his decision to recuse "from any existing or future investigations of any matters related in any way to the campaigns for President of the United States."285 Sessions believed the decision to recuse was not a close call, given the applicable of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI) ("[H]e called me one day.......[H]e just called to check in and tell me I was doing an awesome job, and wanted to see how I was doing."). 277 Corney 11/15/17 302, at 17-18. 278 McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 16. 279 McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 16-17; see SC_AD_00123 (Donaldson 3/2/17 Notes) ("Just in the middle of another Russia Fiasco."). 280 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 3. 281 McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 17. 282 McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 17. 283 McGahn 11/30/17 302, at 18-19; Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 3; Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 4; Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 8-10; see Hunt-000017; SC_AD_00121 (Donaldson 3/2/17 Notes). 284 Sessions l/17/18302,at3. 285 Attorney General Sessions Statement on Recusal, Department of Justice Press Release (Mar. 2, 2017) ("During the course of the last several weeks, I have met with the relevant senior career Department officials to discuss whether I should recuse myself from any matters arising from the campaigns for President of the United States. Having concluded those meetings today, I have decided to recuse myself from any existing or future investigations of any matters related in any way to the campaigns for President of the United States."). At the time ofSessions's recusal, Dana Boente, then the Acting Deputy Attorney General and U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia, became the Acting Attorney General for . campaign-related matters pursuant to an executive order specifying the order of succession at the Department of Justice. Id. ("Consistent with the succession order for the Department of Justice,.......Dana Boente shall act as and perform the functions of the Attorney General with respect to any matters from U.s: Department of Justice AfatAFAf'.V WArk PFAtfoet // Me-.· CAtttaiH Material Prot:eel:ea Uttaer Fee. R. Crim P 6(e) language in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), which Sessions considered to be clear and decisive. 286 Sessions thought that any argument that the CFR did not apply to him was "very thin."287 Sessions got the impression, based on calls he received from White House officials, that the President was very upset with him and did not think he had done his duty as Attorney General.288 Shortly after Sessions announced his recusal, the White House Counsel's Office directed that Sessions should not be contacted about the matter. 289 Internal White House Counsel's Office notes from March 2, 2017, state "No contact w/Sessions" and "No comms / Serious concerns about obstruction." 290 On March 3, the day after Sessions' s recusal, McGahn was called into the Oval Office. 291 Other advisors were there, including Priebus and Banno n.292 The President opened the conversation by saying, "I don't have a lawy er ." 293 The President expressed anger at McGahn about the recusal and brought up Roy Cohn, stating that he wished Cohn was his attorney. 294 McGahn interpreted this comment as directed at him, suggesting that Cohn would fight for the which I have recused myself to the extent they exist."); see Exec. Order No. 13775, 82 Fed. Reg. 10697 (Feb.14,2017). 286 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 1-2. 28 C.F.R. § 45.2 provides that "no employee shall participate in a criminal investigation or prosecution ifhe has a personal or political relationship with . . . [a]ny person or organization substantially involved in the conduct that is the subject of the investigation or prosecution," and defines " political relationship" as "a close identification with an elected official, a candidate (whether or not successful) for elective, public office, a political party, or a campaign organization, arising from service as a principal adviser thereto or a principal official thereof." 287 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 2. 288 Sessions I /17/I 8 302, at 3. 289 Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 11; SC_AD_00123 (Donaldson 3/2/17 Notes). It is not clear whether the President was aware of the White House Counsel's Office direction not to contact Sessions about his recusal. 290 SC_AD_00123 (Donaldson 3/2/17 Notes). McGahn said he believed the note "No comms / Serious concerns about obstruction" may have referred to concerns McGahn had about the press team saying "crazy things" and trying to spin Sessions's recusal in a way that would raise concerns about obstruction . McGahn l l/30/17 302, at 19. Donaldson recalled that "No comms" referred to the order that no one should contact Sessions. Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 11. 291 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 2. 292 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 2. 293 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 2. 294 McGahn 12/12/17 302 , at 2. Cohn had previously served as a lawyer for the President during his career as a private businessman. Priebus recalled that when the President talked about Cohn, he said Cohn would win cases for him that had no chance, and that Cohn had done incredible things for him. Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 5. Bannon recalled the President describing Cohn as a winner and a fixer, someone who got things done. Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 6. 50 U.S. Department of Justice AUAme..• 'JIArk Prrnfoet //])4A> • PAAtR il'l ]) 4RteriRI PFAteeten I ll'lAer J,":en R. D.rit'fl P l,(e) President whereas McGahn would not.295 The President wanted McGahn to talk to Sessions about the recusal, but McGahn told the President that DOJ ethics officials had weighed in on Sessions's decision to recuse.296 The President then brought up former Attorneys General Robert Kennedy and Eric Holder and said that they had protected their presidents. 297 The President also pushed back on the DOJ contacts policy, and said words to the effect of, " You' re telling me that Bobby and Jack didn't talk about investigations? Or Obama didn't tell Eric Holder who to investigate? "298 Bannon recalled that the President was as mad as Bannon had ever seen him and that he screamed at McGahn about how weak Sessions was.299 Bannon recalled telling the President that Sessions's recusal was not a surprise and that before the inauguration they had discussed that Sessions would have to recuse from campaign - related investigations because of his work on the Trump Campaign.300 That weekend, Sessions and McGahn flew to Mar-a-Lago to meet with the President.301 Sessions recalled that the President pulled him aside to speak to him alone and suggested that Sessions should "unrecuse" from the Russia investigation. 302 The President contrasted Sessions with Attorneys General Holder and Kennedy, who had developed a strategy to help their presidents where Sessions had no t.303 Sessions said he had the impression that the President feared that the investigation could spin out of control and disrupt his ability to govern, which Sessions could have helped avert if he were still overseeing it.304 On March 5, 2017, the White House Counsel' s Office was informed that the FBI was asking for transition-period records relating to Flynn-indicating that the FBI was still actively investigating him.305 On March 6, the President told advisors he wanted to call the Acting Attorney 295 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 2. 296 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 2. 297 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 3. Bannon said the President saw Robert Kennedy and Eric Holder as Attorneys General who protected the presidents they served. The President thought Holder always stood up for President Obama and even took a contempt charge for him, and Robert Kennedy always had his brother's back. Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 5. Priebus recalled that the President said he had been told his entire life he needed to have a great lawyer, a "bulldog," and added that Holder had been willing to take a contempt-of-Congress charge for President Obama. Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 5. 298 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 3. 299 Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 5. 300 Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 5. 301 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 3; Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 5; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 3. 302 Sessions 1 /17/18 302, at3-4. 303 Sessions 1/17 /18 302, at3-4 304 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 3-4. Hicks recalled that after Sessions recused, the President was angry and scolded Sessions in her prese nce, but she could not remember exactly when that conversation occurred. Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 13 . 3 05 SC _ AD_000137 (Donaldson 3/5/17 Notes); see Donaldson 1 1/6/17 302, at 13. U.S. Department of Justice AttAFRP.¼' 'JloFk PFAA11et // Uw· PA1'ltRiR 4RfaP.FiRl PFAfP.P.teA llRAet' Fef'i. R GFil'l'l P Me) General to find out whether the White House or the President was being investigated, although it is not clear whether the President knew at that time of the FBI's recent request concerning Flynn. 306 2. FBI Director Corney Publicly Confirms the Existence of the Russia Investigation in Testimony Before HPSCI On March 9, 2017, Corney briefed the "Ga ng of Eight" congressional leaders about the FBI's investigation of Russian interference, including an identification of the principal U.S. subjects of the investiga tion. 307 Although it is unclear whether the President knew of that briefing at the time, notes taken by Annie Donaldson, then McGahn's chief of staff, on March 12, 2017 , state, "POTUS in panic/chaos ... Need binders to put in front of POTUS. (1) All things related to Russia." 308 The week after Corney's briefing, the White House Counsel's Office was in contact with SSCI Chairman Senator Richard Burr about the Russia investigations and appears to have received information about the status of the FBI inves tigation. 309 On March 20, 2017, Corney was scheduled to testify before HPSCI. 310 In advance of Corney's testimony, congressional officials made clear that they wanted Corney to provide information about the ongoing FBI investigat ion.311 Dana Boente, who at that time was the Acting Attorney General for the Russia invest igation, authorized Corney to confirm the existence of the Russia investigation and agreed that Corney should decline to comment on whether any particular individuals, including the President, were being investigated. 312 306 Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 14; see SC_AD_000168 (Donaldson 3/6/17 Notes) ("POTUS wants to call Dana [then the Acting Attorney General for campaign-related investigations]/ Is investigation/ No/ We know something on Flynn/ GSA got contacted by FBI/ There's something hot"). 307 Corney 11/15/17 302, at 13-14; SNS-Classified-0000140-44 (3/8/17 Email, Gauhar to Page et al.). 308 SC_AD_00188 (Donaldson 3/12/18 Notes). Donaldson said she was not part of the conversation that led to these notes, and must have been told about it from others. Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 13. 309 Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 14-15. On March 16 , 2017, the White House Counsel's Office was briefed by Senator Burr on the existence of "4-5 targets." Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 15. The "targets" were identified in notes taken by Donaldson as "Flynn (FBI was ooking for phone records"; "Comey Manafort (Ukr + Russia, not campaign)"; "Carter Page ($ game)"; and "Greek Guy" (potentially referring to George Papadopoulos, later charged with violating 18 U.S.C. § 1001 for lying to the FBI). SC_AD_00l98 (Donaldson 3/16/17 Notes). Donaldson and McGahn both said they believed these were targets ofSSCI. Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 15; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 4. But SSCI does not fotmally investigate individuals as "targets"; the notes on their face reference the FBI, the Department of Justice, and Corney; and the notes track the background materials prepared by the FBI for Corney's briefing to the Gang of8 on March 9. See SNS-Classified-0000140-44 (3/8/17 Ema, il Gauhar to Page et al.); see also Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 15 (Donaldson could not rule out that Burr had told McGahn those individuals were the FBI's targets). 310 Hearing on Russian Election Tampering Before the House Permanent Select Intelligence Committee , I 15th Cong. (Mar. 20, 2017). 311 Corney 11/ 15 /17 302, at 16; McCabe 8/17/17, at 15; McGahn 12/1 4/17302, at I. 312 Boente 1/31/18 302, at 5; Corney l I /15/17 302, at 16-17. U.S. Department of Justice AttorAev Werle Prndt:tet // MR"•" roRtAiA MHiel'ifl:I Proteeied UAdeF Fed R Ct1iffl P 6(e) In his opening remarks at the HPSCI hearing, which were drafted in consultation with the Department of Justice, Corney stated that he had "been authorized by the Department of Justice to confirm that the FBI, as part of [its] counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election and that includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's effot1s. As with any counterintelligence investigation, this will also include an assessment of whether any crimes were committed." 313 Corney added that he would not comment further on what the FBI was "doing and whose conduct [it] [was] examining" because the investigation was ongoing and classified- but he observed that he had " taken the extraordinary step in consultation with the Department of Justice of briefing this Congress's leaders ... in a classified setting in detail about the investigation. "314 Corney was specifically asked whether President Trump was "under investigation during the campa ign" or " under investigation now." 315 Corney declined to answer , stating, "Please don't over interpret what I've said as-as thechair and ranking know, we have briefed him in great detail on the subjects of the investigation and what we're doing, but I'm not gonna answer about anybody in this forum." 316 Corney was also asked whether the FBI was investigating the information contained in the Steele reporting, and he declined to answer.317 According to McGahn and Donaldson, the President had expressed frustration with Corney before his March 20 testimony, and the testimony made matters worse.318 The President had previously criticized Corney for too frequently making headlines and for not attending intelligence briefings at the White House, and the President suspected Corney of lea king certain information to the media. 319 McGahn said the President thought Corney was acting like "his own branch of governmen t." 320 3 13 Hearing on Russian Election Tampering Before the House Permanent Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (Mar. 20, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 11) (testimony by FBI Director James B. Corney); Corney 11/15/17 302, at 17; Boente 1/31/18 302, at 5 (confirming that the Department of Justice authorized Corney's remarks). 314 Hearing on Russian Election Tampering Before the House Permanent Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (Mar. 20, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 11) (testimony by FBI Director James B. Corney). · Hearing on Russian Election Tampering Before the House Perma nent Select Intelligence 315 Committee, 115th Cong. (Mar. 20, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 130) (question by Rep. Swalwell). Hearing on Russian Election Tampering Before the House Permanent Select Intelligence 316 Committee, I 15th Cong. (Mar. 20, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 130) (testimony by FBI Director James B. Corney). 317 Hearing on Russian Election Tampering Before the House Permanent Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (Mar. 20, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transc ripts,at 143) (testimony by FBI Director James B. Corney). 318 Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 21; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 7. 319 Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 21; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 6-9. 320 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 7. U.S. Department of Justice At-tAl'Aev WAl'k Pl'f16Met // M R, 1 1 roAtRiA Material Pl'f1teetea lJHSef Fea. R. Crim. P. 6(e) Press reports following Corney's March 20 testimony suggested that the FBI was investigating the President, contrary to what Corney had told the President at the end of the January 6, 2017 intelligence assessment brie fing. 321 McGahn, Donaldson , and senior advisor Stephen Miller recalled that the President was upset with Corney's testimony and the press coverage that followed because of the suggestion that the President was under investigation. 322 Notes from the White House Counsel's Office dated March 21, 2017, indicate that the President was " beside himself' over Corney' s testimon y.323 The President called McGahn repeatedly that day to ask him to intervene with the Department of Justice, and, according to the notes, the President was "getting hotter and hotter, get rid?"324 Officials in the White House Counsel' s Office became so concerned that the President would fire Corney that they began drafting a memorandum that examined whether the President needed cause to terminate the FBI director.325 At the President's urging, McGahn contacted Boente several times on March 21, 2017, to seek Boente's assistance in having Corney or the Department of Justice correct the misperception that the President was under investigation. 326 Boente did not specifically recall the conversatio ns, although he did remember one conversation with McGahn around this time where McGahn asked if there was a way to speed up or end the Russia investigation as quickly as possible. 327 Boente said McGahn told him the President was under a cloud and it made it hard for him to govern.328 Boente recalled telling McGahn that there was no good way to shorten the investigation and attempting to do so could erode confidence in the investigation ' s conclusions. 329 Boente said McGahn agreed and dropped the iss ue.330 The President also sought to speak with Boente directly , but McGahn told the President that Boente did not want to talk to the President about the request 321 E.g., Matt Apuzzo et al., F.B.I. ls Investigating Trump's Russia Ties, Corney Confirms, New York Times (Mar. 20, 20 I7); Andy Greenberg. The FBI Has Been Investigating Trump 's Russia Ties Since July, Wired (Mar. 20, 2017); Julie Borger & Spencer Ackerman, Trump-Russia collusion is being investigated by FBI, Corney confirms, Guardian (Mar. 20, 2017); see Corney 1/6 /17 Memorandum, at 2. 322 Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 16-17; S. Miller I0/31/17 302, at 4; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 5-7. 323 SC_AD_00213 (Donaldson 3/21/17 Notes). The notes from that day also indicate that the President referred to the "Corney bombshell" which "made [him] look like a fool." SC_AD_00206 (Donaldson 3/21/17 Notes). 324 SC_AD_00210 (Donaldson 3/21/17 Notes). 325 SCR0l6 _000002-05(White House Counsel's Office Memorandum). White House Counsel's Office attorney Uttam Dhillon did not recall a triggering event causing the White House Counsel's Office to begin this research. Dhmon I 1/21/17 302, at 5. Metadatafrom the document, which was provided by the White House, establishes that it was created on March 21, 2017. 326 Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 16-21; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 5-7. 327 Boente 1/ 31/18 302, at 5. 328 Boente 1/31/I 8 302, at 5. 329 Boente 1/31/18 302, at 5. 330 Boente 1/31/18 302, at 5. U.S. Department of Justice Au .. rRP.•, U'Arl< Prnnnfl\t // MA•,' rm1t1tiA Mitteriel Pr0teeted Uttder Fed. R. Criffl P. 6(e) to intervene with Comey. 331 McGahn recalled Boente telling him in calls that day that he did not think it was sustainable for Corney to stay on as FBI director for the next four years, which McGahn said he conveyed to the President.332 Boente did not recall discussing with McGahn or anyone else the idea that Corney should not continue as FBI director.333 3. The President Asks Intelligence Community Leaders to Make Public Statements that he had No Connection to Russia In the weeks following Corney's March 20, 2017 testimony, the President repeatedly asked intelligence community officials to push back publicly on any suggestio n that the President had a connection to the Russian election- inter ference effort. On March 22, 2017, the President asked Director of National Intelligence Daniel Coats and CIA Director Michael Pompeo to stay behind in the Oval Office after a Presidential Daily Briefing.334 According to Coats, the President asked them whether they could say publicly that no link existed between him and Russia.335 Coats responded that the Office of the Director ofNational Intelligence (ODNJ) has nothing to do with investigations and it was not his role to make a public statement on the Russia investigation.336 Pompeo had no recollection of being asked to stay behind after the March 22 briefing, but he recalled that the President regularly urged officials to get the word out that he had not done anything wrong related to Russia.337 Coats told this Office that the President never asked him to speak to Corney about the FBI investigatio n.338 Some ODNI staffers, howe ver, had a different recollection of how Coats described the meeting immediately after it occurred. According to senior ODNI official Michael Dempsey, Coats said after the meeting that the President had brought up the Russia investigation and asked him to contact Corney to see if there was a way to get past the inve stigation, get it over with , end it, or words to that effect.339 Dempsey said that Coats described the President's comments as falling "somewhere between musing about hating the investigation" and wanting Coats to "do something to stop it." 340 Dempsey said Coats made it clear that he would not get involved with an ongoing FBI investigation.341 Edward Gistaro, another ODNI official, recalled 331 SC_AD_00210 (Donaldson 3/21/17 Notes); McGahn 12/12/17 302 , at 7; Donaldson 11/ 6/17 302, at 19. 332 McGahn 12 /12 /17 302, at 7; Burnham l l/03/17 302, at 11. 333 Boente 1/3 1/18 302 , at 3. 334 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 3; Culver 6/14/17 302, at 2. 335 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 3. 336 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 3. 337 Pompeo 6/28/17 302, at 1-3. 338 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 3. 339 Dempsey 6/14/17 302, at 2. 340 Dempsey 6/14/17 302, at 2-3. 341 Dempsey 6/14/17 302, at 3. U.S. Department of Justice A1'fArAi:w WAl'k PrAs1-1et // M11,.. PAA*Rifl M1tteri1tl PrAt-eetes lJHser Fed R Crim P 6(e) that right after Coats's meeting with the Pres ident, on the walk from the Oval Office back to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, Coats said that the President had kept him behind to ask him what he could do to "help with the investigatio n." 342 Another ODNI staffer who had been waiting for Coats outside the Oval Office talked to Gistaro a few minutes later and recalled Gistaro reporting that Coats was upset because the President had asked him to contact Corney to convince him there was nothing to the Russia investigatio n.343 On Saturday, March 25, 2017, three days after the meeting in the Oval Office, the President called Coats and again complained about the Russia investigations, saying words to the effect of, " I can't do anything with Russia, there's things I'd like to do with Russia, with trade, with ISIS, they' re all over me with this." 3 44 Coats told the President that the investigations were going to go on and the best thing to do was to let them run their course.345 Coats later testified in a congressional hearing that he had " never felt pressure to intervene or interfere in any way and shape-with shaping intelligence in a political way, or in relationship . . . to an ongoing investigation ." 346 On March 26, 2017 , the day after the President called Coats, the President called NSA Director Admiral Michael Rogers. 347 The President expressed frustration with the Russia investigation, saying that it made relations with the Russians difficult.348 The President told Rogers "the thing with the Russians [wa]s messing up" his ability to get things done with Russia.349 The President also said that the news stories linking him with Russia were not true and asked Rogers if he could do anything to refute the stories. 350 Deputy Director of the NSA Richard Ledgett, who was present for the call, said it was the most unusual thing he had experienced in 40 years of government service.351 After the call concluded, Ledgett prepared a memorandum that he and Rogers both signed documenting the content of the conversation and the President ' s request, and they placed the memorandum in a safe.352 But Rogers did not perceive the President's request to be an order, and the President did not ask Rogers to push back on the Russia 342 Gistaro 6/14/17 302, at 2. 343 Culver 6/14 /17 30 2, at 2-3. 344 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 4. Coats 6/14/17 302, at 4; Dempsey 6/14/17 302 , at 3 (Coats relayed that the President had asked 345 several times what Coats could do to help "get [the investigation] done," and Coats had repeatedly told the President that fastest way to "get it done" was to let it run its course). . 346 Hearing on Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 7, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 25) (testimony by Daniel Coats, Director of National Intelligence). 347 Rogers 6/12/17 302, at 3-4. 348 Rogers 6/12/17 302, at 4. 349 Ledgett 6/13/17 302, at 1-2; see Rogers 6/12/17 302, at 4. 350 Rogers 6/ 12/17 302, at 4-5; Ledgett 6/ 13/ l 7 302, at 2. 351 Ledgett 6/13/ 17 302, at 2. 352 Ledgett 6/13/17 302, at 2-3; Rogers 6/12 /17 302 , at 4. U.S. Department of Justice AFtArAe..• '.llArk Pl'Atinet// Mw· C'AAtAiA MAteriAI PrAteetefl l lAfler µea. R. Cl'iffl p 6(e) investigation itse lf. 353 Rogers later testified in a congressional hearing that as NSA Director he had "never been directed to do anything [he] believe[d] to be illegal, immoral, unethical or inappropriate" and did "not recall ever feeling pressured to do so."354 In addition to the specific comments made to Coats, Pompeo, and Rogers, the President spoke on other occasions in the presence of intelligence community officials about the Russia investigation and stated that it interfered with his ability to conduct foreign relations. 355 On at least two occasions, the President began Presidential Daily Briefings by stating that there was no collusion with Russia and he hoped a press statement to that effect could be issued. 356 Pompeo recalled that the President vented about the investigation on multiple occasions, complaining that there was no evidence against him and that nobody would publicly defend him. 357 Rogers recalled a private conversation with the President in which he " vent[ed]" about the investigation , said he had done nothing wrong, and said something like the "Russia thing has got to go away."358 Coats recalled the President bringing up the Russia investigation several times, and Coats said he finally told the President that Coats's job was _to provide intelligence and not get involved in investigations.359 4. The President Asks Corney to "Lift the Cloud" Created by the Russia Investigation On the morning of March 30, 2017, the President reached out to Corney directly about the Russia investigation.360 According to Corney's contemporaneous record of the conversation, the President said "he was trying to run the country and the cloud of this Russia business was making 353 Rogers 6/12/17 302, at 5; Ledgett 6/13/17 302, at 2. 354 Hearing on Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 7, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 20) (testimony by Admiral Mic hael Rogers, Director of the National Security Agency). 355 Gistaro 6/14/17 302, at I, 3; Pompeo 6/28/17 302, at 2-3. 356 Gistaro 6/ 14/l 7 302, at I. 357 Pompeo 6/28/17 302, at 2. 358 Rogers 6/12/17 302, at 6. 359 Coats 6/14/17 302, at 3-4. 360 SCRO l 2b_00004 4 (President's Daily Diary, 3/30/17, reflecting call to Corney from 8:14 - 8:24 a.m.); Corney 3/30/17 Memorandum, at 1 (" The President called me on my CMS phone at 8:13 am today . . . . The call lasted I I minutes (about IO minutes when he was connected)."; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 6). U.S. Department of Justice t1 l-tAl'RP> • lHorlc PrAAllfl.t // M1tv f'.oAtaiA MB:terial Preteetea Uttaer Feel. R. C rim. P. 6(e) that diffi c ult." 361 The President asked Corney what could be done to " lift the cloud."362 Corney explained "that we were running it down as quickly as possible and that there would be great benefit, if we didn't find anything, to our Good Housekeeping seal of approval, but we had to do our work."363 Corney also told the President that congressional leaders were aware that the FBI was not investigating the President persona lly. 364 The President said several times, "We need to get that fact out."365 The President commented that if there was "some satellite" (which Corney took to mean an associate of the President's or the campaign) that did something, "it would be good to find that out" but that he himself had not done anything wrong and he hoped Corney "would find a way to get out that we weren't investigating hirn." 366 After the call ended, Corney called Boente and told him about the conversation, asked for guidance on how to respond, and said he was uncomfortable with direct contact from the President about the investigation.367 On the morning of April 11, 2017, the President called Corney again. 368 According to Corney's contemporaneous record of the conversation, the President said he was "following up to see if[Corney] did what [the President] had asked last time-getting out that he personally is not under investigat io n." 369 Corney responded that he had passed the request to Boente but not heard back, and he informed the President that the traditional channel for such a request would be to 361 Corney 3/30/17 Memorandum, at 1. Corney subsequently testified before Congress about this conversation and described it to our Office; his recollections were consistent with his memorandum. Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 6); Corney 11/15/17 302, at 18. 362 Corney 3/30/17 Memorandum , at 1; Corney 11 /15/ 17 302, at 18 . 363 Corney 3/30/ l7 Memorandum, at I; Corney 11/15/17 302, at 18. 364 Corney 3/30/17 Memorandum, at 1; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 6). 365 Corney 3/30/ I 7 Memorandum, at I; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBT, at 6). 366 Corney 3/30/17 Memorandum, at I; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 6-7). 367 Corney 3/30/17 Memorandum, at 2; Boente I /3 1/18 302, at 6-7; Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 7). 368 SCR012b_000053 (President's Daily Diary, 4/1 I /17, reflecting call to Corney from 8:27 - 8:31 a.m.); Corney 4 /11 /17 Memorandum, at 1 ("I retu rned the pres ident's call this morning at 8:26 am EDT. We spoke for about four minute s."). 369 Corney 4/11/17 Memorandum, at 1. Corney subsequently testified before Congress about this conversation and his recollections were consistent with his memo. Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong . (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James 8. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 7). U.S. Department of Justice AttAPAP.¥ WAfl< Pt=Atfoet // Unor rAAtniA 4ntet'inl PrntP.etet=I I JAelet' Ped_ "A, _ Cri1t1 P Me) have the White House Counsel contact DOJ leadership. 370 The President said he would take that step.371 The President then dded, "Because I have been very loyal to you, very loyal, we had that thing , you know."372 In a televised interview that was taped early that afternoon , the President was asked if it was too late for him to ask Corney to step down; the President responded, "No, it ' s not too late, but you know, I have confidence in him. We' ll see what happens. You know, it's going to be interesting." 373 After the interview, Hicks told the President she thought the President's comment about Corney should be removed from the broadcast of the inte rview, but the President wanted to keep it in, which Hicks thought was unusua l.374 Later that day, the President told senior advisors, including McGahn and Priebus, that he had reached out to Corney twice in recent weeks.375 The President acknowledged that McGahn would not approve of the outreach to Corney because McGahn had previously cautioned the President that he should not talk to Corney directly to prevent any perception that the White House was interfering with investigations. 376 The President told McGahn that Corney had indicated the FBI could make a public statement that the President was not under investigation if the Department of Justice approved that action. 377 After speaking with the President, McGahn followed up with Boente to relay the President' s understanding that the FBI could make a public announcement if the Department of Justice cleared it.378 McGahn recalled that Boente said Corney had told him there was nothing obstructive about the calls from the President , but they made Corney uncom forta ble.379 According to McGahn, Boente responded that he did not want to issue a statement about the President not being under investigation because of the potential political ramifications and did not want to order Corney to do it because that action could prompt the 37 ° Corney 4/11/17 Memorandum, at I. 371 Corney 4/11/17 Memorandum, at I. Corney 4/11/17 Memorandum, at I. In a footnote to this statement in his memor andum, Corney 372 wrote, "His use of these words did not fit with the flow of the call, which at that point had moved away from any request ofme, but I have recorded it here as it happened." Maria Bartiromo, Interview with President Trump, Fox Business Network (Apr. 12, 2017); 373 SCR0 l 2b_000054 (President' s Daily Diary, 4/11/17, reflecting Bartiromo interview from 12:30 - 12 :55 p.m.). 374 Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 13. 375 Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 23; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 9. 376 Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 23; McGahn 12/12/17 30 2, at 9; see McGahn 11/30/17 30 2, at 9; Dhillon 11/21/17 302, at 2 (stating that White House Counsel attorneys had advise d the President not to contact the FBI Director directly because it could create a perception he was interfering with inves tigations). Later in April, the President told other attorneys in the White House Counsel's Office that he had called Corney eve n though he knew they had advised against direct contact. Dhillon 11 /21/ 17 302, at 2 (recalling that the President said, "I know you told me not to, but I called Corney anyway."). 377 McGahn 12 /12/17 302, at 9. 378 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 9. 379 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 9; see Boente 1/31/ 18 302, at 6 (recalling that Corney told him after the March 30, 2017 call that it was not obstructive). U.S. Department of Justice At-tArfle't' '.\'Ark Predttet // MR'"' r.AAfRiA MAferi0l PrAteetea lJAder Fed R Crim P €i(e) appointment of a Special Counse l.380 Boente did not recall that aspect of his conversation with McGahn, but did recall telling McGahn that the direct outreaches from the President to Corney were a problem.381 Boente recalled that McGahn agreed and said he would do what he could to address that iss ue.382 Analysis In analyzing the President's reaction to Sessions ' s recusal and the requests he made to Coats, Pompeo, Rogers, and Corney, the following evidence is relevant to the elements of obstruction of justice: a. Obstructive act. The evidence shows that, after Corney's March 20, 2017 testimony, the President repeatedly reached out to intelligence agency leaders to discuss the FBI's investigation . But witnesses had different recollections of the precise content of those outreaches. Some ODNI officials recalled that Coats told them immediately after the March 22 Oval Office meeting that the President asked Coats to intervene with Corney and "stop" the investigation. But the first-hand witnesses to the encounter remember the conversation differently. Pompeo had no memory of the specific meeting, but generally recalled the President urging officials to get the word out that the President had not done anything wrong related to Russia. Coats recalled that the President asked that Coats state publicly that no link existed between the President and Russia, but did not ask him to speak with Corney or to help end the investigation. The other outreaches by the President during this period were similar in nature: The President asked Rogers if he could do anything to refute the stories linking the President to Russia, and the President asked Corney to make a public statement that would "lift the cloud" of the ongoing investigation by making clear that the President was not personally under investigation. These requests, while significant enough that Rogers thought it important to document the encounter in a written memorandum, were not interpreted by the officials who received them as directives to improperly interfere with the investigation. b. Nexus to a proceeding. At the time of the President's outreaches to leaders of the intelligence agencies in late March and early April 2017, the FBI's Russia investigation did not yet involve grand jury proceedings. The outreaches, however, came after and were in response to Corney's March 20, 2017 announcement that the FBI, as a part of its counterintelligence miss ion, was conducting an investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election. Corney testified that the investigation included any links or coordination with Trump campaign officials and would "include an assessment of whether any crimes were committed." c. Intent. As described above, the evidence does not establish that the President asked or directed intelligence agency leaders to stop or int erfere with the FBI' s Russia investigation and the President affirmatively told Corney that if "some satellite" was involved in Russian election interference "it would be good to find that out." But the President' s int ent in trying to prevent Sessions's recusal, and in reaching out to Coats, Pompeo, Rogers, and Corney following 380 McGahn12/12/17 302, at 9-10. 381 Boente 1/31/18 302, at 7; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 9. 382 Boente 1/31/18 302, at 7. U.S. Department of Justice " t4:m11H•• • WAPk PFAFl11P.t // MA·•· D.m1t1tiA Mate,ial Pt1oteeted UHaeF Fed. R. Crim P 6(e) Corney's public announcement of the FBT's Russia investigation , is nevertheless relevant to understanding what motivated the President ' s other actions towards the investigation. The evidence shows that the President was focused on the Russia investigation's implications for his presidency- and, specifically, on dispelling any suggestion that he was under investigation or had links to Russia. In early March, the President attempted to prevent Sessions's recusal, even after being told that Sessions was following DOJ conflict-of-interest rules. After Sessions recused, the White House Counsel's Office tried to cut off further contact with Sessions about the matter, although it is not clear whether that direction was conveyed to the President. The President continued to raise the issue of Sessions's recusal and, when he had the opportunity, he pulled Sessions aside and urged him to unrecuse. The President also told advisors that he wanted an Attorney General who would protect him, the way he perceived Robert Kennedy and Eric Holder to have protected their presidents. The Pr.esident made statements about being able to direct the course of criminal investigations, saying words to the effect of, " You' re telling me that Bobby and Jack didn't talk about investigations? Or Obama didn't tell Eric Holder who to investigate ?" After Corney publicly confirmed the existence of the FBT's Russia investigation on March 20, 2017, the President was "beside himself ' and expressed anger that Corney did not issue a statement correcting any misperception that the President himself was under investigation. The President sought to speak with Acting Attorney General Boente directly and told McGahn to contact Boente to request that Corney make a clarifying statement. The President then asked other intelligence community leaders to make public statements to refute the suggestion that the President had links to Russia, but the leaders told him they could not publicly comment on the investigation . On March 30 and April I I, against the advice of White House advisors who had informed him that any direct contact with the FBI could be perceived as improper interference in an ongoing investigation, the President made personal outreaches to Corney asking him to "lift the cloud" of the Russia investigation by making public the fact that the President was not personally under investigation. Evidence indicates that the President was angered by both the existence of the Russia investigation and the public reporting that he was under investigation, which he knew was not true based on Corney's representations. The President complained to advisors that if people thought Russia helped him with the election, it would detract from what he had accomplishe d. Other evidence indicates that the President was concerned about the impact of the Russia investigation on his ability to govern. The President complained that the perception that he was under investigation was hurting his ability to conduct foreign relations , particularly with Russia. The President told Coats he "can't do anything with Russia," he told Rogers that " the thing with the Russians" was interfering with his ability to conduct foreign affairs, and he told Corney that "he was trying to run the country and the cloud of this Russia business was making that difficult." U.S. Department of Justice t\ jaj:o-rar 'HArl, PPAA11rt // MRv r'.AAtRiA Mitterial PrAteetecl lJf!cler Fecl. R. Crim p_ 6 e) D. Events Leading Up To and Surrounding the Termination of FBI Director Corney Overview Corney was scheduled to testify before Congress on May 3, 2017. Leading up to that testimony, the President continued to tell advisors that he wanted Corney to make public that the President was not under investigation. At the hearing, Corney declined to answer questions about the scope or subjects of the Russia investigation and did not state publicly that the President was not under investigation. Two days later, on May 5, 2017, the President told close aides he was going to fire Corney, and on May 9, he did so, using his official termination letter to make public that Corney had on three occasions informed the President that he was not under investigation. The President decided to fire Corney before receiving advice or a recommendation from the Department of Justice,. but he approved an initial public account of the termination that attributed it to a recommendation from the Department of Justice based on Corney ' s handling of the Clinton email investigation. After Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein resisted attributing the firing to his recommendation, the President acknowledged that he intended to fire Corney regardless of the DOJ recommendation and was thinking of the Russia investigation when he made the decision. The President also told the Russian Foreign Minister, "I just fired the head of the F.B.I. He was crazy, a real nut job. I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's taken off..... I' not under investigation." Evidence I. Corney Testifies Before the Senate Judiciary Committee and Decline s to Answer Questions About Whether the President is Under Investigation On May 3, 2017, Corney was scheduled to testify at an FBI oversight hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee.383 McGahn recalled that in the week leading up to the hearing , the President said that it would be the last straw if Corney did not take the opportunity to set the record straight by publicly announcing that the President was not under investigation. 384 The President had previously told McGahn that the perception that the President was under investigation wa s hurting his ability to carry out his presidential duties and deal with foreign leaders. 385 At the hearing, Corney declined to answer questions about the status of the Russia investigation, stating "[t]he Department of Justice ha[d] authorized [him] to confirm that [the Russia investigation] exists," but that he was "not going to say another word about it" until the investigation was completed. 386 Corney also declined to answer questions about whether investigators had "ruled 383 Hearing on Oversight of the FBI before the Senate Judiciary Committee, I 15th Cong. (May 3, 2017). 384 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 10-11. 385 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 7, 10-1 1 (McGahn believed that two foreig n lead ers had expressed sy mpathy to the President for being under investigation); SC_AD_00265 (Dona ldson 4/11/17 Notes) (" P Called Corney - Day we told him not to? 'You are not under investigation' NK/China/Sapping Credibility"). 386 Hearing on FBI Oversight Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, I15th Cong. (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 70) (May 3, 2017) (testimony by FBI Director James Corney). Corney repeated this point U.S. Department of Justice AttArRev ',VArlc Prf'lattet // MA"' rAl'lfAifl MAfefiAI Pff'lteetea Uttaer Fed R Crim. P 6 e) out anyone in the Trump campaign as potentially a target ofth[e]criminal investigation," including whether the FBI had "ruled out the president of the United States." 387 Corney was also asked at the hearing about his decision to announce 11 days before the presidential election that the FBI was reopening the Clinton email invest igation. 388 Corney stated that it made him " mildly nauseous to think that we might have had some impact on the election," but added that "even in hindsight" he " would make the same decision." 389 He later repeated that he had no regrets about how he had handled the email investigation and believed he had "done the right thing at each turn."390 In the afternoon following Corney's testimony, the President met with McGahn, Sessions, and Sessions's Chief of Staff Jody Hunt. 391 At that meeting, the President asked McGahn how Corney had done in his testimony and McGahn relayed that Corney had declined to answer questions about whether the President was under investigat ion. 392 The President became very upset and directed his anger at Sessions. 393 According to notes written by Hunt, the President said, "This is terrible Jeff. It's all because you recused. AG is supposed to be most important appointment. Kennedy appointed his brother. Obama appointed Holder. I appointed you and you recused yourself. You left me on an island. I can't d. o anything." 394 The President said that the recusal was unfair and that it was interfering with his ability to govern and undermining his authority with foreign leade rs. 395 Sessions responded that he had had no choice but to recuse, and it was a mandatory rather than discretionary decis ion. 396 Hunt recalled that Sessions also stated at several times during his testimony. See id. at 26 (explaining that he was " not going to say another peep about [the investigation] until we' re done"); id. at 90 (stating that he would not provide any updates about the status of investigation " before the matter is concluded"). 387 Hearing on FBI Oversight Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, 115th Cong. (May 3, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 87-88) (questions by Sen. Blumenthal and testimony by FBI Director James 8. Corney) . 388 Hearing on FBI Oversight Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, 1I 5th Cong. (May 3, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcri pts, at 15) (question by Sen. Feinstein). 389 Hearing on FBI Oversight Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, I 15th Cong. (May 3, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at I 7) (testimony by FBI Director James 8. Corney). 390 Hearing on FBI Oversight Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, I 15th Cong. (May 3, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 92) (testimony by FBI Director James B. Corney). 391 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 8; Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 8. 392 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 8; Hunt-000021 (Hunt 5/3/17 Notes); McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 6. 393 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 8-9. 394 Hunt-000021 (Hunt 5/3/17 Notes). Hunt said that he wrote down notes describing this meeting and others with the President after the events occurred. Hunt 2/ I / 17 302, at 2. 395 Hunt-000021-22 (Hunt 5/3/17 Notes) ("I have foreign leaders saying they are sorry I am being investigated."); Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 8 (Sessions recalled that a Chinese leader had said to the President that he was sorry the President was under investigat ion, which the President interpreted as undermining his authority); Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 8. 396 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 8; Hunt-000022 (Hunt 5/3/17 Notes). U.S. Department of Justice A1'1-ArAf' .¼' \VArk PrAtfoet // ll4w· DAA*RiA MRtP.riRI PrAtP.etefl I lAAf)I' i;;ces . JL Crim. p €i(e) some point during the conversation that a new start at the FBI would be appropriate and the President should consider replac ing Corney as FBI director. 397 According to Sessions, when the meeting concluded, it was clear that the President was unhappy with Corney, but Sessions did not think the President had made the decision to terminate Comey.398 Bannon recalled that the President brought Corney up with him at least eight times on May 3 and May 4, 2017.399 According to Bannon, the President said the same thing each time: "He told me three times I'm not under investigation. He's a showboater. He's a grandstander . I don't know any Russians. There was no collus ion."400 Bannon told the President that he could not fire Corney because "that ship had sailed."401 Bannon also told the President that firing Corney was not going to stop the investigation, cautioning him that he could fire the FBI director but could not fire the FBI.402 2. The President Makes the Decision to Terminate Corney The weekend following Corney's May 3, 2017 testimony, the President traveled to his resort in Bedminster, New Jersey.403 At a dinner on Friday, May 5, attended by the President and various advisors and family members, including Jared Kushner and senior advisor Stephen Miller, the President stated that he wanted to remove Corney and had ideas for a letter that would be used to make the announcemen t.404 The President dictated arguments and specific language for the letter, and Miller took notes. 405 As reflected in the notes, the President told Miller that the letter should start, "While I greatly appreciate you informing me that I am not under investigation concerning what I have often stated is a fabricated story on a Trump-Russia relationship - pertaining to the 2016 presidential election, please be informed that I, and I believe the American public - including Os and Rs - have lost faith in you as Director of the FBT." 406 Following the dinner, Miller prepared a termination letter based on those notes and research he conducted to support the President ' s arguments.407 Over the weekend, the President provided several rounds of 397 Hunt-000022 (Hunt 5/3/17 Notes). 398 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 9. 399 Bannon 2/12/18 302, at 20. 400 Bannon 2/12/18 302, at 20. 401 Bannon 2/12/18 302, at 20. 402 Bannon 2/12/18 302, at 20-21; see Priebus I 0/13/17 302, at 28. 403 S. Miller I 0/31/17 302, at 4-5; SCR025_000019 (President's Daily Diary, 5/4/17). 404 S. Miller 10/31/17 302, at 5. 405 S. Miller 10/31/17 302, at 5-6. 406 S. Miller 5/5/17 Notes, at 1; see S. Miller 10/31/17 302, at 8. 407 S. Miller 10/31/17 302, at 6. U.S. Department of Justice AffAFAe, .. WArk PrAs1-1et// 11,,4Rv rAA*RiA MRferiAI PrAfee1'es lJAdeF J:.ed. R. Criffl P 6(e) edits on the draft letter.408 Miller said the President was adamant that he not tell anyone at the White House what they were preparing because the President was worried about leaks.409 In his discussions with Miller, the President made clear that he wanted the letter to open with a reference to him not being under investigation. 4I0 Miller said he believed that fact was important to the President to show that Corney was not being terminated based on any such investigation. 4I I According to Miller, the President wanted to establish as a factual matter that Corney had been under a " review period" and did not have assurance from the President that he would be permitted to keep his job.412 The final version of the termination letter prepared by Miller and the President began in a way that closely tracked what the President had dictated to Miller at the May 5 dinner: "Dear Director Corney, While I greatly appreciate your informing me, on three separate occasions, that 1 am not under investigation concerning the fabricated and politically-motivated allegations of a Trump-Russia relationship with respect to the 2016 Presidential Electio n, please be informed that T, along with members of both political parties and, most importantly, the American Public, have lost faith in you as the Director of the FBI and you are hereby terminated." 4I 3 The four-page letter went on to critique Corney's judgment and conduct, including his May 3 testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee, his handling of the Clinton email investigation, and his failure to hold leakers accountable.4I 4 The letter stated that Corney had "asked [the President] at dinner shortly after inauguration to let [Corney] stay on in the Director's role, and [the President] said that [he] would consider it," but the President had "concluded that [he] ha[d] no alternative but to find new leadership for the Bureau - a leader that restores confidence and trust." 4I 5 In the morning of Monday, May 8, 2017, the President met in the Oval Office with senior advisors, including McGahn, Priebus, and Miller, and informed them he had decided to terminate Comey.4I6 The President read aloud the first paragraphs of the termination letter he wrote with 408 S. Miller 10/31/17 302 , at 6-8. 409 S. Miller 10/31/17 302, at 7. Miller said he did not want Priebus to be blindsided, so on Sunday night he called Priebus to tell him that the President had been thinking about the "Corney situation" and there would be an important discussion on Monday. S. Miller I 0 /3 1/ 17 302, at 7. 410 S. Miller 10/31/17 302, at 8. 411 S. Miller 10/31/l 7 302, at 8. 412 S. Miller 10/31117 302, at 10. 413 SCRO13c_000003-06 (Draft Termination Letter to FBI Director Corney). 414 SCR013c _000003-06 (Draft Te1mination Letter to FBI Director Corney). Kushner said that the termination letter reflected the reasons the President wanted to fire Corney and was the truest representation of what the President had said during the May 5 dinner. Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 25. 415 SCRO13c_000003 (Draft Termination Letter to FBI Director Corney). 416 McGahn 12 / 12/17 302, at 11; Priebus 10/13/17 302 , at 24; S. Mil!er 10/31/17 302, at 11; Dhillon 1l /21117 302 , at 6; Eisenberg I 1/29/17 302, at 13. U.S. Department of Justice ,\1-1:"'"RP>" ur"'"I< P..of111fl!t // MA,.. C::m1taifl M8:1'et'i8:I Pt'olaeefeEi UREier FeEI. R. Criffi P. 6(e) Miller and conveyed that the decision had been made and was not up for discuss ion. 417 The President told the group that Miller had researched the issue and determined the President had the authority to terminate Corney without cause. 418 In an effort to slow down the decision- making process, McGahn told the President that DOJ leadership was currently discussing Corney's status and suggested that White House Counsel's Office attorneys should talk with Sessions and Rod Rosenstein, who had recently been confirmed as the Deputy Attorney General.419 McGahn said that previously scheduled meetings with Sessions and Rosenstein that day would be an opportunity to find out what they thought about firing Comey.420 At noon , Sessions, Rosenstein , and Hunt met with McGahn and White House Counsel's Office attorney Uttam Dhillon at the White House.421 McGahn said that the President had decided to fire Corney and asked for Sessions's and Rosenstein's views.422 Sessions and Rosenstein criticized Corney and did not raise concerns about replacing him.423 McGahn and Dhillon said the fact that neither Sessions nor Rosenstein objected to replacing Corney gave them peace of mind that the President's decision to fire Corney was not an attempt to obstruct justice.424 An Oval Office meeting was scheduled later that day so that Sessions and Rosenstein could discuss the issue with the Preside nt.425 At around 5 p.m., the President and several White House officials met with Sessions and Rosenstein to discuss Comey.426 The President told the group that he had watched Corney's May 417 S. Miller I 0 /3 1/ 17 302, at I I (observing that the President started the meeting by saying, "I'm going to read you a letter. Don't talk me out of this. I've made my decision."); Dhillon 11/21 /17 302, at 6 (the President announced in an irreversible way that he was firing Corney); Eis e nberg 11/29/17 302, at 13 (the President did not leave whether or not to fire Corney up for discussion); Priebus 10/13 /17 302 , at 25; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 11-12. 418 Dhillon 302 11/21/17, at 6; Eisenberg 11/29/17 302, at 13; McGahn 12/1_2/ l7 302, at I 1. 419 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 12, 13; S. Miller 10/31/17 302, at 11; Dhillon 11 /2 1/17 302, at 7. Because of the Attorney General's recusal, Rosenstein became the Acting Attorney General for the Russia investigation upon his confirmation as Deputy Attorney General. See 28 U.S.C. § 508(a) ("In case of a vacancy in the office of Attorney General, or of his absence or disability, the Deputy Attorney General may exercise all the duties of that office"). 420 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 12. 421 Dhillon 1 l/21/17 302, at 7; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 13; Gauhar-000056 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes); see Gauhar-000056-72 (2/11/19 Memorandum to File attaching Gauhar handwritten notes) ("Ms. Gauhar determined that she likely recorded all these notes during one or more meetings on Tuesday, May 16, 201 7."). 422 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 13; see Gauhar-000056 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). 423 Dhillon l I /21/17 302, at 7-9; Sessions 1/ 17/ 18 302, at 9; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 13. 424 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 13; Dhillon 11/21/ 17 302, at 9. 425 Hunt-000026 (Hunt 5/8/17 Notes); see Gauhar-000057 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). 426 Rosenstein 5/23/17 302, at 2; McGahn 12 / 12 /17 302, at 14; see Gauhar-000057 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). U.S. Department of Justice AttAffle..• \VAl'I< Pl'ARtrnt // 4A·,· PAfltAifl MAtefiRI PFAteetes. I ll'ls.et i:::es. R. Cl'iffl P 6(e) 3 testimony over the weekend and thought that something was "not right" with Comey.427 The President said that Corney should be removed and asked Sessions and Rosenstein for their views.428 Hunt, who was in the room, recalled that Sessions responded that he had previously recommended that Corney be replaced. 429 McGahn and Dhillon said Rosenstein described his concerns about Corney's handling of the Clinton email investigatio n.430 The President then distributed copies of the termination letter he had drafted with Miller, and the discussion turned to the mechanics of how to fire Corney and whether the President's letter should be used.431 McGahn and Dhillon urged the President to permit Corney to resign, but the President was adamant that he be ftred.432 The group discussed the possibility that Rosenstein and Sessions could provide a recommendation in writing that Corney should be removed.433 The President agreed and told Rosenstein to draft a memorandum, but said he wanted to receive it first thing the next mo rning.434 Hunt' s notes reflect that the President told Rosenstein to include in his recommendation the fact that Corney had refused to confirm that the President was not personally under investigation. 435 According to notes taken by a senior DOJ official of Rosenstein 's description of his meeting with the President , the President said, "Put the Russia stuff in the memo." 436 Rosenstein responded that the Russia investigation was not the basis of his recommendation , so he did not think Russia should be mentioned .437 The President told Rosenstein he would appreciate it if Rosenstein put it in his letter anyway . 438 When Rosenstein 427 Hunt-000026-27 (Hunt 5/8/17 Notes). Sessions I/ 17/18 302, at IO; see Gauhar-000058 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes) ("POTUSto AG: What 428 is your rec?"). 429 Hunt-000027 (Hunt 5/8/17 Notes). 430 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 14; Dhillon 11/21/ 17 302, at 7. 431 Hunt-000028 (Hunt 5/8/17 Notes). 432 McGahn 12/12/17 30 2, at 13. 433 Hunt-000028-29 (Hunt 5/8/17 Notes). 434 McCabe 9/26/17 302, at 13; Rosenstein 5/23/17 302, at 2; see Gauhar-000059 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes) ("POTUS tells DAG to write a memo"). 435 Hunt-000028-29 (Hunt 5/8/17 Notes) ("POTUS asked if Rod's recommendation would include the fact that although Corney talks about the investigation he refuses to say that the President is not under investigation So it would be good if your recommendation would make mentionof the fact that Corney refuses to say public[ly] what he said privately 3 times."). 436 Gauhar-000059 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). 437 Sessions 1/17/18 302 at 10; McCabe 9/26/17 302, at 13; see Gauhar-000059 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). 438 Gauhar-000059 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes); McCabe 5/16/1 7 Memorandum 1; McCabe 9/26/17 302, at 13. U.S. Department of Justice A1'1aAt'fl{W \VAflf Pt'ASHet // UA11 rAfltAifl MAtP.l'iAI PrAteetea lJASef t:.:ea R Cl'iffl p 6{e) left the meeting, he knew that Corney would be terminated, and he told DOJ colleagues that his own reasons for replacing Corney were " not [the President's] reasons."439 On May 9, Hunt delivered to the White House a letter from Sessions recommending Corney's removal and a memorandum from Rosenstein, addressed to the Attorney General, titled "Restoring Public Confidence in the FBJ."440 McGahn recalled that the President liked the DOJ letters and agreed that they should provide the foundation for a new cover letter from the President accepting the recommendation to terminate Comey.441 Notes taken by Donaldson on May 9 reflected the view of the White House Counsel's Office that the President's original termination letter should"[nJot[see the]light of day" and that it would be better to offer"[nJo other rationales" for the firing than what was in Rosenstein's and Sessions's me mora nda. 442 The President asked Miller to draft a new termination letter and directed Miller to say in the letter that Corney had informed the President three times that he was not under investigation.443 McGahn, Priebus, and Dhillon objected to in c lud ing that la nguage, but the President insisted that it be included.444 McGahn, Priebus, and others perceived that language to be the most important part of the letter to 439 Rosenstein 5/23/17 302, at 2; Gauhar-000059 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes) ("DAG reasons not their reasons [POTUS)"); Gauhar-000060 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes)("1st draft had a recommendation. Took it out b/c knew decision had already been made."). 440 Rosenstein 5/23/17 302, at 4; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 15; 5/9/17 Letter, Sessions to President Trump ("Based on my evaluation, and for the reasons expressed by the Deputy Attorney General in the attached memorandum, I have concluded that a fresh start is needed at the leadership of the FBI."); 5/9/17 Memorandum, Rosenstein to Sessions (concluding with, "T he way the Director handled the conclusion of the email investigation was wrong. As a result, the FBI is unlikely to regain public and congressional trust until it has a Director who understands the gravity of the mistakes and pledges never to repeat them. Having refused to admit his errors, the Director cannot be expected to impl ement the necessary· corrective actions."). 441 S. Miller 10/31/17 302, at 12; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 15; Hunt-000031 (Hunt 5/9/17 Notes). 442 SC_AD_00342 (Donaldson 5/9/17 Notes). Donaldson also wrote "[i]s this the beginning of the end?" because she was worried that the decision to terminate Corney and the manner in which it was carried out would be the end of the presidency. Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 25. 443 S. Miller 10 /3 1/17 302, at 12; McGahn 12/12/l 7 3 02, at 15; Hunt-000032 (Hunt 5/9/17 Notes). 444 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 15; S. Miller 10/3 1/17 302, at 12; Dhillon 11/21/17 302, at 8, 10; Priebus l0/13/ I 7 302 , at 27; Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 14-15; Hunt-000032 (Hunt 5/9/17 Notes). U.S. Department of Justice A HAl'MP.,. WAFlc PFof'i11Pt // M1r.r GoAteifl Metefiel Pfotedecl Uflcler Fecl. R. Crim. P. 6(e) the President.445 Dhillon made a final pitch to the President that Corney should be permitted to resign, but the President refused.446 Around the time the President's letter was finalized, Priebus summoned Spicer and the press team to the Oval Office, where they were told that Corney had been terminated for the reasons stated in the letters by Rosenstein and Sessions. 447 To announce Corney's termination, the White House released a statement, which Priebus thought had been dictated by the Pres ident.448 In full, the statement read: "Today, President Donald J. Trump informed FBI Director James Corney that he has been terminated and removed from office. President Trump acted based on the clear recommendations of both Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein and Attorney General Jeff Sessions."449 That evening, FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe was summoned to meet with the President at the White House.450 The President told McCabe that he had fired Corney because of the decisions Corney had made in the Clinton email investigation and for many other reasons.451 The President asked McCabe if he was aware that Corney had told the President three times that he was not under investigation. 452 The President also asked McCabe whether many people in the FBI disliked Corney and whether McCabe was part of the "resistance" that had disagreed with Corney's decisions in the Clinton investigation .453 McCabe told the President that he knew Corney had told the President he was not under investigation, that most people in the FBI felt positively about Corney , and that McCabe worked "very closely" with Corney and was part of all the decisions that had been made in the Clinton investigatio n.454 445 Dhillon 11/21/17 302, at 10; Eisenberg 11/29/17 302, at 15 (providing the view that the President's desire to include the language about not being under investigation was the "d riving animus of the whole thing"); Burnham 11/3/17 302, at 16 (Burnham knew the only line the President cared about was the line that said Corney advised the President on three separate occasions that the President was not under investigation). According to Hunt's notes, the reference to Corney's statement would indicate that "notwithstanding" Corney's having informed the President that he was not under investigation, the President was terminating Corney. Hunt-000032 (Hunt 5/9/17 Notes). McGahn said he believed the President wanted the language included so that people would not think that the President had terminated Corney because the President was under investigation. McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 15. McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 15; Donaldson 11/6 / 17 302, at 25; see SC_AD_00342 (Donaldson 446 5/9/17 Notes) ("Resign vs. Removal. - POTUS/removal."). 447 Spicer 10/16/17 302, at 9; McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 16. 448 Priebus IOJ13/ l7 302, at 28. 449 Statement of the Press Secretary, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (May 9, 2017). McCabe 9/26/17 302, at 4; SCR025_000044 (President's Daily Diary, 5/9/17); McCabe 5/10/17 450 Memorandum, at 1. 451 McCabe 9/26/17 302, at 5; McCabe 5/10/17 Memorandum, at I. 452 McCabe 9/26/17 302, at 5; McCabe 5/10/17 Memorandum, at 1-2. 453 McCabe 9/26/17 302, at 5; McCabe 5/10/17 Memorandum, at 1-2. 454 McCabe 9/26/17 302, at 5; McCabe 5/ I 0/17 Memorandum, at 1-2. U.S. Department of Justice A1-tAFfle'e' \lhwlf PFoattct // MR... rofltRifl MAte1•i8'I PFotectca lJABCf Fee. R. Crim P. 6(e) Later that evening, the President told his communications team he was unhappy with the press coverage of Corney's termination and ordered them to go out and defend him.455 The President also called Chris Christie and, according to Christie, said he was getting "killed" in the press over Corne y's termination. 456 The President asked what he should do.457 Christie asked, "Did you fire [Corney] because of what Rod wrote in the memo?", and the President responded, " Yes."458 Christie said that the President should "get Rod out there" and have him defend the decisio n.459 The President told Christie that this was a " good idea" and said he was going to call Rosenstein right away.460 That night, the White House Press Office called the Department of Justice and said the White House wanted to put out a statement saying that it was Rosenstein's idea to fire Comey. 461 Rosenstein told other DOJ officials that he would not participate in putting out a "false story."462 The President then called Rosenstein directly and said he was watching Fox News, that the coverage had been great, and that he wanted Rosenstein to do a press conference. 463 Rosenstein responded that this was not a good idea because if the press asked him, he would tell the truth that Corney's firing was not his idea.464 Sessions also informed the White House Counsel's Office that evening that Rosenstein was upset that his memorandum was being po1trayed as the reason for Corney's termination. 465 In an unplanned press conference late in the evening of May 9, 2017 , Spicer told reporters , "It was all [Rosenstein]. No one from the White House. It was a DOJ decision." 466 That evening and the next morning , White House officials and spokespeople continued to maintain that the 455 Spicer 10/16/17 302, at 11; Hicks 12/8/17, at 18; Sanders 7/3/18 302, at 2. 456 Christie 2/13/ I9 302, at 6. 457 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 6. 458 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 6. 459 Christie 2/13/19 302, at 6. 46 ° Christie 2/13/19 302, at 6. 461 Gauhar-000071 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes); Page Memorandum, at 3 (recording events of 5/16/17); McCabe 9/26/17 302, at 14. 462 Rosenstein 5/23/17 302, at 4-5; Gauhar-000059 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). 463 Rosenstein 5/23/17 302, at 4-5; Gauhar-000071 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). 464 Gauhar-000071 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). DOJ notes from the week of Corney's firing indicate that Priebus was "screaming" at the 001 public affairs office trying to get Rosenste in to do a press conference, and the DOJ public affairs office told Priebus that Rosenstein had told the President he was not doing it. Gauhar-000071-72 (Gauhar 5/16/17 Notes). 465 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 16-17; Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at26-27; Dhillon 11/21/17 302, at 11. Jenna Johnson, Aft er Trump fired Corney, White House staff scrambled to explain why, 466 Washington Post (May 10, 2017) (quoting Spicer). U.S. Department of Justice A tf AFF1e r,1 \l/ork PF081c1et // P..4Rv r"Al'lfAifl MMel'iAl Pl'oteetea lh'lael' J:sea. R. Cfiffl p 6(e) President's decision to terminate Corney was driven by the recommendations the President received from Rosenstein and Sess ions.467 In the morning on May 10, 2017, President Trump met with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak in the Oval Office.468 The media subsequently reported that during the May 10 meeting the President brought up his decision the prior day to terminate Corney, telling Lavrov and Kislyak: "T just fired the head of the F.B.I. He was crazy, a real nut job. I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's taken off. I' m not under investigation." 469 The President never denied making those statements, and the White House did not dispute the account, instead issuing a statement that said: "By grandstanding and politicizing the investigation into Russia's actions, James Corney created unnecessary pressure on our ability to engage and negotiate with Russia. The investigation would have always continued, and obviously, the termination of Corney would not have ended it. Once again, the real story is that our national security has been undermined by the leaking of private and highly classified info rmation." 470 Hicks said that when she told the President about the reports on his meeting with Lavrov, he did not look concerned and said of Corney, " he is crazy."471 When McGahn asked the President about his comments to Lavrov, the President said it was good that Corney was fired because that took the pressure off by making it clear that he was not under investigation so he could get more work done.472 That same morning, on May 10, 2017, the President called McCa be.473 According to a memorandum McCabe wrote following the call, the President asked McCabe to come over to the White House to discuss whether the President should visit FBI headquarters and make a speech to See, e.g., Sarah Sanders, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN (May 10, 2017); 467 SCR013_001088 (5/10/17 Email, Hemming to Cheung et al.) (internal White House email describing comments on the Corney termination by Vice President Pence). 468 SCR08_000353 (5/9/17 White House Document, "Working Visit with Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov of Russia"); SCR08_001274 (5/10/17 Email, Ciaramella to Kelly et al.). The meeting had been planned on May 2, 2017, during a telephone call between the President and Russian President Vladimir Putin, and the meeting date was confirmed on May 5, 2017, the same day the President dictated ideas for the Corney termination letter to Stephen Miller. SCR08_001274 (5/10/17 Email, Ciaramella to Kelly et al.). 469 Matt Apuzzo et al., Trump Told Russians That Firing "Nut Job" Camey Eased Pressure From Investigation, New York Times (May 19, 2017). 470 SCR08_002l I 7 (5/19/17 Email, Walters to Farhi (CBS News)); see Spicer I 0 / 16 / 17 302, at 13 (noting he would have been told to "clean it up" if the repo1ting on the meeting with the Russian Foreign Minister was inaccurate, but he was never told to correct the reporting); Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 19 (recalling that the President never denied making the statements attributed to him in the Lavrov meetin g and that the President had said similar things about Corney in an off-the-record meeting with reporters on May 18, 2017, calling Corney a "nut job" and "crazy"). 471 Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 19. 472 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 18. 473 SCR025_000046 (President's Daily Diary, 5/10/17); McCabe 5/10/17 Memorandum, at 1. U.S. Department of Justice A ttAt'l'IP.V WAFk Pl'AAIIP.t // Mw,· GARtaiR Matet'ial Pl"oteetea Uncler Fee. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) emplo yees.474 The President said he had received "hundreds" of messages from FBI employees indicating their support for terminating Comey.475 The President also told McCabe that Corney should not have been permitted to travel back to Washington, D.C. on the FBI's airplane after he had been terminated and that he did not want Corney "in the building again," even to collect his belo ngings. 476 When McCabe met with the President that afternoon, the President, without prompting, told McCabe that people in the FBI loved the President, estimated that at least 80% of the FBI had voted for him, and asked McCabe who he had voted for in the 2016 presidential elect ion.477 · In the afternoon of May 10, 2017, deputy press secretary Sarah Sanders spoke to the President about his decision to fire Corney and then spoke to reporters in a televised press conference. 478 Sanders told reporters that the President , the Department of Justice , and bipartisan members of Congress had lost confidence in Corney, "[a]nd most importantly, the rank and file of the FBI had lost confidence in their director. Accordingly, the President accepted the recommendation of his Deputy Attorney General to remove James Corney from his position." 479 In response to questions from reporters, Sanders said that Rosenstein decided "on his own" to review Corney's performance and that Rosenstein decided "on his own" to come to the President on Monday, May 8 to express his concerns about Corney. When a reporter indicated that the "vast majority" of FBI agents supported Corney, Sanders said, "Look, we've heard from countless members of the FBI that say very different things. "48 ° Following the press conference, Sanders spoke to the President, who told her she did a good job and did not point out any inaccuracies in her comments. 481 Sanders told this Office that her reference to hearing from " countless members of the FBI" was a "slip of the tongue."482 She also recalled that her statement in a separate press interview that rank-and-file FBI agents had lost confidence in Corney was a comment she made "in the heat of the moment" that was not founded on anything.483 Also on May I 0, 20 17, Sessions and Rosenstein each spoke to McGahn and expressed concern that the White House was creating a narrative that Rosenstein had initiated the decision to 474 McCabe 5/10/l7 Memorandum, at 1. 475 McCabe 5/ I 0/17 Memorandum, at I. 476 McCabe 5/10/17 Memorandum, at I; Rybicki 6/13/17 302, at 2. Corney had been visiting the FBl' s Los Angeles office when he found out he had been termin ated. Corney 11/15/17 302, at 22. 477 McCabe 5/10/17 Memorandum, at 1-2. McCabe's memorandum documentin g his meeting with the President is consistent with notes taken by the White House Counsel' s Office. See SC_AD_00347 (Donaldson 5/10/17 Notes). · 478 Sanders 7/3/18 302, at 4; Sarah Sanders, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN(May I 0, 2017). 479 Sarah Sanders, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN (May I0, 2017); Sanders 7/3/18 302, at 4. 480 Sarah Sanders, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN (May I 0, 2017). 481 Sanders 7/3/18 302, at 4. 482 Sanders 7/3/18 302, at 4. 483 Sanders 7/3/18 302, at 3. U.S. Department of Justice 6 ttn1•APN \\/Arie PFAfl11P.t // Mm,. GmitaiR Material Preteeteti Urttier Pea. R. Critfl. P. 6(e) fire Comey.484 The White House Counsel's Office agreed that it was factually wrong to say that the Department of Justice had initiated Corney ' s termi nation,485 and McGahn asked attorneys in the White House Counsel's Office to work with the press office to correct the narrative.486 The next day, on May 11, 2017, the President participated in an interview with Lester Holt. The President told White House Counsel 's Office attorneys in advance of the interview that the communications team could not get the story right, so he was going on Lester Holt to say what really happened. 487 During the interview, the President stated that he had made the decision to fire Corney before the President met with Rosenstein and Sessions. The President told Holt, "I was going to fire regardless of recommendation . . . . [Rosenstein] made a recommendatio n. But regardless of recommendation, I was going to fire Corney knowing there was no good time to do it. " 48 8 The President continued, "And in fact, when I decided to just do it, I said to myself-I said, you know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made-up story . It's an excuse by the Democrats for having lost an election that they should've won."489 In response to a question about whether he was angry with Corney about the Russia investigation , the President said, "As far as I'm concerned, I want that thing to be absolutely done properly."490 The President added that he realized his termination of Corney " probably maybe will confuse people" with the result that it "might even lengthen out the investigation," but he "ha[d] to do the right thing for the American people" and Corney was "the wrong man for that 491 position." The President described Corney as "a showboat" and " a grandstander," said that "[t]he FBI has been in turmoil," and said he wanted "to have a really competent, capa ble d irector." 492 The President affirmed that he expected the new FBI director to continue the Russia investigation. 493 On the evening of May 11, 2017, following the Lester Holt interview, the President tweeted, "Russia must be laughing up their sleeves watching as the U.S. tears itself apart over a Democrat EXCUSE for losing the elect ion."494 The same day, the media reported that the President had demanded that Corney pledge his loyalty to the President in a private dinner shortly 484 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 16-17; Donaldson 11 /6/ 17 302, at 26; see Dhillon 11/21/17 302, at 11. 485 Donaldson 11/6/17 302, at 27. 486 McGahn 12/12/17 302, at 17 . 487 Dhillon 11/21 /17 302, at 11. 488 Interview with President Donald Trump , NBC (May 11, 2017) Transcript, at 489 2. Interview with President Donald Trump, NBC (May 11 , 2017) Transcript, 490 at 2. Interview with President Donald Trump, NBC (May 11, 2017) Transcript, at 3. 491 Interview with President Donald Trump, NBC (May 11, 2017) Transcript, at 3. 492 Interview with President Donald Trump, NBC (May 11, 2 017) Transcrip t, at 1, 5. 493 Interview with President Donald Trump, NBC (May 11, 2017) Transcript, at 7. 494 @rea!DonaldTrump 5/11/l 7 (4:34 p.m. ET) Tweet. U.S. Department of Justice A1'tArRe\ 1 WArl< Pf881:let // Mw.· G.A!'l AiR MA:terial Pl'Ateetea URaer Fee R Criffi p 6(e) after being sworn in.495 Late in the morning of May 12, 2017, the President tweeted, " Again, the story that there was collusion between the Russians & Trump campaign was fabricated by Dems as an excuse for losing the election." 496 The President also tweeted, "James Corney better hope that there are no 'tapes' of our conversations before he starts leaking to the press!" and "When James Clapper himself, and virtually everyone else with knowledge of the witch hunt, says there is no collusion, when does it end?"497 Analysis In analyzing the President's decision to fire Corney, the following evidence is relevant to the elements of obstruction of justice: a. Obstructive act. The act of firing Corney removed the individual overseeing the FBI's Russia investigation. The President knew that Corney was personally involved in the investigation based on Corney's briefing of the Gang of Eig ht, Corney's March 20, 2017 public testimony about the investigation, and the President's one-on-one conversations with Corney. Firing Corney would qualify as an obstructive act if it had the natural and probable effect of interfering with or impeding the investigation-for example, if the termination would have the effect of delaying or disrupting the investigation or providing the President with the opportunity to appoint a director who would take a different approach to the investigation that the President perceived as more protective of his personal interests. Relevant circumstances bearing on that issue include whether the President's actions had the potential to discourage a successor director or other law enforcement officials in their conduct of the Russia investigation. The President fired Corney abruptly without offering him an opportunity to resign, banned him from the FBI building, and criticized him publicly, calling him a " show boat" and claiming that the FBI was "in turmoil" under his leadership. And the President followed the termination with public statements that were highly critical of the investigation; for example, three days after firing Corney , the President referred to the investigation as a " witch hunt " and asked, "when does it end?" Those actions had the potential to affect a successor director' s conduct of the investigation. The anticipated effect of removing the FBI director, however, would not necessarily be to prevent or impede the FBI from continuing its investigation. As a general matter, FBI investigations run under the operational direction of FBI personnel levels below the FBI director. Bannon made a similar point when he told the President that he could fire the FBI director, but could not fire the FBI. The White House issued a press statement the day after Corney was fired that said, "The investigation would have always continued, and obviously, the termination of Corney would not have ended it." Tn addition, in his May 11 interview with Lester Holt, the President stated that he understood when he made the decision to fire Corney that the action might prolong the investigation. And the President chose McCabe to serve as interim director, even Michael S. Schmidt, In a Private Dinner, Trump Demanded Loyalty. Cam ey Demurred., New 495 York Times (May 11, 2017). 496 @realDonaldTrump 5/12/17 (7:51 a.m. ET) Tweet. 497 @realDonaldTrump 5/12/17 (8:26 a.m. ET) Tweet; @realDonaldTrump 5/12/17 (8:54 a.m. ET) Tweet. U.S. Department of Justice At1aoff1Pu \VAFlc PFAfl11 t // M,w GAAtaiA Mai'ct•iftl P11oteetea Uttder Fed. R. Crim P. 6(e) though McCabe told the President he had worked "very closely" with Corney and was part of all the decisions made in the Clinton investigation. b. Nexus to a proceeding. The nexus element would be satisfied by evidence showing that a grand jury proceeding or criminal prosecution arising from an FBI investigation was objectively foreseeable and actually contemplated by the President when he terminat ed Corney. Several facts would be relevant to such a showing. At.the time the President fired Corney, a grand jury had not begun to hear evidence related to the Russia investigation and no grand jury subpoenas had been issued. On March 20, 2017, however , Corney had announced that the FBI was investigating Russia's interference in the election , including "an assessment of whether any crimes were committed ." It was widely known that the FBI, as part of the Russia inv estigat ion, was investigating the hacking of the DNC's computers-a clear criminal offense. In addition, at the time the President fired Corney, evidence indicates the President knew that Flynn was still under criminal investigation and could potentially be prosecuted, despite the President's February 14, 2017 request that Corney "let[] Flynn go." On March 5, 2017, the White House Counsel's Office was informed that the FBI was asking for transition-period records relating to Flynn- ind icating that the FBI was still actively investigating him. The same day, the President told advisors he wanted to call Dana Boente, then the Acting Attorney Genera l for the Russia investigation, to find out whether the White House or the President was being investigated. On March 31, 2017, the President signaled his awareness that Flynn remained in legal jeopardy by tweeting that "Mike Flynn should ask for immunity" before he agreed to provide testimony to the FBI or Congress. And in late March or early April, the President asked McFarland to pass a message to Flynn telling him that the President felt bad for him and that he should stay strong, further demonstrating the President's awareness of Flynn's criminal exposure. c. Intent. Substantial evidence indicates that the catalyst for the President ' s decision to fire Corney was Corney ' s unwillingness to publicly state that the President was not personally under investigat io n, despite the President's repeated requests that Corney make such an announcement. In the week leading up to Corney's May 3, 2017 Senate Judiciary Committee testimony, the President told McGahn that it would be the last straw if Corney did not set the record straight and publicly announce that the President was not under investigation. But during his May 3 testimony , Corney refused to answer questions about whether the President was being investigated. Corney's refusal angered the Presid e nt, who criticized Sessions for leaving him isolated and exposed, saying "You left me on an island." Two days later, the President told advisors he had decided to fire Corney and dictated a letter to Stephen Miller that began with a reference to the fact that the President was not being investigated: "While I greatly appreciate you informing me that I am not under investigation concerning what I have often stated is a fabricated story on a Trump-Russia relationship ...." ThPresident later asked Rosenstein to include "Russia" in his memorandum and to say that Corney had told the President that he was not under investigation . And the President 's final termination letter included a sentence , at the President's insistence and against McGahn' s advice, stating that Corney had told the President on three separate occasions that he was not under investigation. The President's other stated rationales for why he fired Corney are not similarly supported by the evidence. The termination letter the President and Stephen Miller prepared in Bedminster U.S. Department of Justice A l>tPlrlHl'' "'Arie PrAAIIP.t // Mw,· GAR ftiR Ma efial Pl's ee eEi UrtEier Fea. R. Crim. P. 6(0 cited Co rney ' s handling of the Clinton email investigation , and the President told McCabe he fired Corney for that reason. But the facts surrounding Corney's handling of the Clinton email investigation were well known to the President at the time he assumed office, and the President had made it clear to both Corney and the President' s senior staff in early 2017 that he wanted Corney to stay on as director. And Rosenstein articulated his criticism of Corney's handling of the Clinton investigation after the President had already decided to fire Corney. The President's draft termination letter also stated that morale in the FBI was at an all-time low and Sanders told the press after Corney's termination that the White House had heard from " countless" FBI agents who had lost confidence in Corney. But the evidence does not support those claims. The President told Corney at their January 27 dinner that "the people of the FBI really like [him]," no evidence suggests that the President heard otherwise before deciding to terminate Corney, and Sanders acknowledged to investigators that her comments were not founded on anything. We also considered why it was important to the President that Corney announce publicly that he was not under investigatio n. Some evidence indicates that the President believed that the erroneous perception he was under investigation harmed his ability to manage domestic and foreign affairs, particularly in dealings with Russia. The President told Corney that the "cloud" of "this Russia business" was making it difficult to run the country. The President told Sessions and McGahn that foreign leaders had expressed sympathy to him for being under investigation and that the perception he was under investigation was hurting his ability to address foreign relations issues . The President complained to Rogers that "the thing with the Russians [was] messing up" his ability to get things done with Russia, and told Coats, "I can't do anything with Russ ia, there's things I'd like to do with Russia, with trade, with ISIS , they ' re all over me with this." The President also may have viewed Corney as insubordinate for his failure to make clear in the May 3 testimony that the President was not under investigation. Other evidence, however, indicates that the President wanted to protect himself from an investigation into his campaign . The day after learning about the FBI's interview of Flynn, the President had a one-on-one dinner with Corney, against the advice of senior aides , and told Corney he needed Corney's "loyalty." When the President later asked Corney for a second time to make public that he was not under investigation, he brought up loya lty again, saying " Because I have been very loyal to you, very loyal, we had that thing, you know." After the President learned of Sessions's recusal from the Russia investigation, the President was furious and said he wanted an Attorney General who would protect him the way he perceived Robert Kennedy and Eric Holder to have protected their preside nts. The President also said he wanted to be able to tell his Attorney General "who to investigate. " In additio n, the President had a motive to put the FBI's Russia investigation behind him. The evidence does not establish that the termination of Corney was designed to cover up a conspiracy between the Trump Campaign and Russia: As described in Volume I, the evidence uncovered in the investigation did not establish that the President or those close to him were involved in the charged Russian computer-hacking or active-measure conspiracies, or that the President otherwise had an unlawful relationship with any Russian official. But the evidence does indicate that a thorough FBI investigation would uncover facts about the campaign and the President personally that the President could have understood to be crimes or that would give rise to personal and political concerns. Although the President publicly stated during and after the election that he had no connection to Russia, the Trump Organization, through Michael Cohen, U.S. Department of Justice Aft:Al'fll'W Wml< PrAElttet // MR'o' rofl*Rifl M1ttel'i1tl Pl'Ateeted U!'laet' Fed R Criffl P 6(e) ··•···••l!I··•···· was pursuing the proposed Trump Tower Moscow project through June 2016 and candidate Trump was repeatedly briefed on the ro ress of those efforts.498 In addition , some witnesses said that . --s ■ at awa atirme ethwaht en· publi• cilrleiIp'IMo'ri•.tlsilislltlalltiei'dillltjlhlia"t· ·Russian intelligence officials were behind the hacks, and that Trump privately sought information about future WikiLeaks releases. 499 More broadly, multiple witnesses described the President' s preoccupation with press coverage of the Russia investigation and his persistent concern that it raised questions about the legitimacy of his election.500 Finally, the President and White House aides initially advanced a pretextual reason to the press and the public for Corney's termination. In the immediate aftermath of the firing, the President dictated a press statement suggesting that he had acted based on the DOJ recommendations, and White House press officials repeated that story. But the President had decided to fire Corney before the White House solicited those recommendations. Although the President ultimately acknowledged that he was going to fire Corney regardless of the Department of Justice 's recommendations, he did so only after DOJ officials made clear to him that they would resist the White House' s suggestion that they had prompted the process that led to Corney's termination. The initial reliance on a pretextual justification could support an inference that the President had concerns about providing the real reason for the firing, although the evidence does not resolve whether those concerns were personal, political, or both. E. The President's Efforts to Remove the Special Counsel Overview The Acting Attorney General appointed a Special Counsel on May 17, 2017, prompting the President to state that it was the end of his presidency and that Attorney General Sessions had failed to protect him and should resign. Sessions submitted his resignation, which the President ultimately did not accept. The President told senior advisors that the Special Counsel had conflicts of interest, but they responded that those claims were "ridiculous" and posed no obstacle to the Special Counsel ' s service. Department of Justice ethics officials similarly cleared the Special Counsel's service. On June 14, 2017 , the press reported that the President was being personally investigated for obstruction of justice and the President responded with a series of tweets 498 See Volume II, Section II.K. l, infra. 499 See Volume l, Section Ill.D.1, supra. 500 In addition to whether the President had a motive related to Russia-related matters that an FBI investigation could uncover, we considered whether the President's intent in firing Corney was connected to other conduct that could come to light as a result of the FBT's Russian-interference investigation. In pait ic ular, Michael Cohen was a potential subject of investigation because of his pursuit of the Trump Tower Moscow project and involvement in other activities. And facts uncovered in the Russia investig ation , which our Office referred to the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, ultimately led to the conviction of Cohen in the Southern District ofNew York for campaign- finance offenses related to payments he said he made at the direction of the President. See Volume II, Section II.K.5, infra. The investig ation, however, did not establish that when the President fired Corney, he was considering the possibili ty that the FBI's investigation would uncover these payments or that the President ' s intent in firing Corney was otherwise connected to a concern about these matters coming to light. U.S. Department of Justice AttAt'flflN \Vrn•lc P,nfl11e.t // r,,,4 R,, 1 PrnltlliA r,,,4RffllfiRI PFAffllfllff\A I IAAf\f J;,:e,l'l 'A. r,iff'I. p fr) criticizing the Special Counse l' s investigation. That weekend, the President called McGahn and directed him to have the Special Counsel removed because of asserted conflicts of interest. McGahn did not carry out the instruction for fear of being seen as triggering another Saturday Night Massacre and instead prepared to resign. McGahn ultimately did not quit and the President did not follow up with McGahn on his request to have the Special Counsel removed. Evidence 1. The Appointment of the Special Counsel and the President' s Reaction On May 17, 2017, Acting Attorney General Rosenstein appointed Robert S. Mueller, ITT as Special Counsel and authorized him to conduct the Russia investigation and matters that arose from the investigation .501 The President learned of the Special Counsel's appointment from Sessions, who was with the President, Hunt, and McGahn conducting interviews for a new FBI Director.502 Sessions stepped out of the Oval Office to take a call from Rosenstein, who told him about the Special Counsel appointment, and Sessions then returned to inform the President of the news.503 According to notes written by Hunt, when Sessions told the President that a Special Counsel had been appointed, the President slumped back in his chair and said, "Oh my God. This is terrible. This is the end of my Presidency. I' m fucked."504 The President became angry and lambasted the Attorney General for his decision to recuse from the investigation , stating, "How could you let this happen, Jeff?" 505 The President said the position of Attorney General was his most important appointment and that Sessions had " let [him] down," contrasting him to Eric Holder and Robert Kennedy. 506 Sessions recalled that the President said to him, " you were supposed to protect me," or words to that effect.507 The President returned to the consequences of the appointment and said, "Everyone tells me if you get one of these independent counsels it ruins your presidency. It takes years and years and I won' t be able to do anything. This is the worst thing that ever happened to me."508 501 Office of the Deputy Attorney General, Order No. 3915-2017, Appointment of Special Counsel to Investigate Russian Interference with the 2016 Presidential Election and Related Matters (May 17, 2017). 502 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 13; Hunt_2/ l/18 302, at 18; McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 4; Hunt-000039 (Hunt 5/17 / 17 Notes). 503 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 13; Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 18; McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 4; Hunt-000039 (Hunt 5/17/17 Notes). 504 Hunt-000039 (Hunt 5/17/17 Notes). 505 Hunt-000039 (Hunt 5/17 /17 Notes); Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 13- 14. 506 Hunt-000040; see Sessions 1/ 17 / 18 302, at 14. 507 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 14. 508 Hunt-000040 (Hunt 5/17/17 Notes); see Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 14. Early the next morning, the President tweeted, "This is the single greatest witch hunt of a politician in American history!" @realDonaldTrump 5/18/17 (7:52 a.m. ET) Tweet. U.S. Department of Justice A ttAFRP.>' Uhri• PrnFl11nf// HA" PARtAif! MAtfll'iAI Pl'Ateetefl { ff1AOI' JAee R Gl'iffl p Me) The President then told Sessions he should resign as Attorney General.509 Sessions agreed to submit his resignation and left the Oval Office.510 Hicks saw the President shortly after Sessions departed and described the President as being extremely upset by the Special Counsel's appointmen t.511 Hicks said that she had only seen the President like that one other time, when the Access Hollywood tape came out during the campaign.512 The next day, May 18, 2017, FBI agents delivered to McGahn a preservation notice that discussed an investigation related to Corney's termination and directed the White House to preserve all relevant documents.513 When he received the letter, McGahn issued a document hold to White House staff and instructed them not to send out any burn bags over the weekend while he sorted things out.514 Also on May 18, Sessions finalized a resignation letter that stated, "Pursuant to our conversation of yesterday, and at your request, I hereby offer my resignation."515 Sessions, accompanied by Hunt, brought the letter to the White House and handed it to the President. 516 The President put the resignation letter in his pocket and asked Sessions several times whether he wanted to continue serving as Attorney General.517 Sessions ultimately told the President he wanted to stay, but it was up to the President. 518 The President said he wanted Sessions to stay.519 At the conclusion of the meeting , the President shook Sessions's hand but did not return the resignation letter. 520 When Priebus and Bannon learned that the President was holding onto Sessions's resignation letter, they became concerned that it could be used to influence the Department of Justice.52 1 Priebus told Sessions it was not good for the President to have the letter because it 509 Hunt-000041 (Hunt 5/17/17 Notes); Sessions 1/ 17/18 302, at 14. 510 Hunt-000041 (Hunt 5/17/17 Notes); Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 14. 511 Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 21. 512 Hicks 12 /8 / 17 302, at 21. The Access Hollywood tape was released on October 7, 2016, as discussed in Volume I, Section III.D.1, supra. 513 McGahn 12/14 /17 302 , at 9; SCR015 _000175-82 (Undated Draft Memoranda to White House Staff). 514 McGahn 12 / 14/17 302, at 9; SCRO15_000175-82 (Undated Draft Memoranda to White House Staff). The White House Counsel' s Office had previously issued a document hold on February 27, 2017. SCRO15_000171 (2/17/17 Memorandum from McGahn to Executive Office of the President Staff). 515 Hunt-000047 (Hunt 5/18/17 Notes); 5/18/17 Letter, Sessions to President Trump (resigning as Attorney General). 516 Hunt-000047-49 (Hunt 5/18/17 Notes); Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 517 14. Hunt-000047-49 (Hunt 5/18/17 Notes); Sessions 1/17/18 302, 518 at 14. Hunt-000048-49 (Hunt 5/18/17 Notes); Sessions 1/17/I 8 302, at 14. 519 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 14. 520 Hunt-000049 (Hunt 5/18/17 Notes). 521 Hunt-000050-51 (Hunt 5/18/17 Notes). U.S. Department of Justice Atte n e' v Werle Pi=eattet // MR"' GAAtRciA Material Prnf:eetea UHE:ier Fee. R. Criffl P 6(e) would function as a kind of "shock collar" that the President could use any time he wanted ; Priebus said the President had "DOJ by the thro at." 522 Priebus and Bannon told Sessions they would attempt to get the letter back from the President with a notation that he was not accepting Sessions's resignat ion.523 On May 19, 2017, the President left for a trip to the Middle East. 524 Hicks recalled that on the President's flight from Saudi Arabia to Tel Aviv, the President pulled Sessions's resignation letter from his pocket, showed it to a group of senior advisors, and asked them what he should do about it.525 During the trip, Priebus asked about the resignation letter so he could return it to Sessions, but the President told him that the letter was back at the White House, somewhere in the residence. 526 It was not until May 30, three days after the President returned from the trip, that the President returned the letter to Sessions with a notation saying, "Not acce pted."527 2. The President Asse11s that the Special Counsel has Conflicts of Interest In the days following the Special Counsel ' s appointment, the President repeatedly told advisors, including Priebus, Bannon, and McGahn, that Special Counsel Mueller had conflicts of interes t.528 The President cited as conflicts that Mueller had interviewed for the FBI Director position sho11ly before being appointed as Special Counsel, that he had worked for a law firm that represented people affiliated with the President , and that Mueller had disputed certain fees relating to his membership in a Trump golf course in Northern Virgin ia.529 The President's advisors pushed 522 Hunt-000050 (Hunt 5/18/17 Notes); Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 21; Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 21. 523 Hunt-000051 (Hunt 5/18/17 Notes). 524 SCR026_000110 (Pres ide nt's Daily Diary, 5/19/17). 525 Hicks 12 /8/ 17 302, at 22. 526 Priebus 10/13/17 302, at 21. Hunt's notes state that when Priebus returned from the trip, Priebus told Hunt that the President was supposed to have given him the letter, but when he asked for it, the President "slapped the desk" and said he had forgotten it back at the hotel. Hunt-000052 (Hunt Notes, undated). 527 Hunt-000052-53 (Hunt 5/30/17 Notes); 5/18/17 Letter, Sessions to President Trump (resignation letter). Robert Porter, who was the White House Staff Secretary at the time, said that in the days after the President returned from the Middle East trip, the Presidenttook Sessions's letter out ofa drawer in the Oval Office and showed it to Porter. Porter 4/13/18 302, at 8. 528 Priebus1/18/18 302 , at 12; Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 10; McGahn 3/8/18 302, at I; McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 10; Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 12. 529 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 12; Bannon 2/14/ 18 302, at JO . In October 2011, Mueller resigned his family's membership from Trump National Golf Club in Sterling, Virginia, in a letter that noted that "we live in the District and find that we are unable to make full use of the Club" and that inquired " whether we would be entitled to a refund of a portion of our initial member ship fee," which was paid in 1994. I 0 / 12/11 Letter, Muellers to Trump National Golf Club. About two weeks later , the controller of the club res ponded that the Muellers' resignation would be effective October 31, 2011, and that they would be "placed on a waitlist to be refunded on a first resigned / first refunded basis" in accordance with the club's lega l U.S. Department of Justice AiatnrAe¼' 'Jhwlc Prna1:1et // MR... f'.nA RiA M1tt-eriel Prnteetea lJ Aa er Fee R Crim P 6(e) back on his assertion of conflicts, telling the President they did not count as true conflicts. 530 Bannon recalled telling the President that the purported conflicts were "ridiculous" and that none of them was real or could come close to justifying precluding Mueller from serving as Special Counse l.531 As for Mueller's interview for FBI Director, Bannon recalled that the White House had invited Mueller to speak to the President to offer a perspective on the institution of the FBI.532 Bannon said that, although the White House thought about beseeching Mueller to become Director again, he did not come in looking for the job.533 Bannon also told the President that the law firm position did not amount to a conflict in the legal community. 534 And Bannon told the President that the golf course dispute did not rise to the level of a conflict and claiming one was " ridiculous and petty."535 The President did not respond when Bannon pushed back on the stated conflicts of interest.536 On May 23, 2017, the Department of Justice announced that ethics officials had determined that the Special Counsel's prior law firm position did not bar his service, generating media reports that Mueller had been cleared to serve.537 McGahn recalled that around the same time, the President complained about the asserted conflicts and prodded McGahn to reach out to Rosenstein about the issue. 538 McGahn said he responded that he could not make such a call and that the President should instead consult his personal lawyer because it was not a White House issue.539 Co ntempo raneous notes of a May 23, 2017 conversatio n between McGahn and the President reflect that McGahn told the President that he would not call Rosenstein and that he would suggest that the President not make such a call either.540 McGahn advised that the Preside nt could discuss the issue with his personal attorney but it would "look like still trying to meddle in [the] investigation " and "knocking out Mueller" would be "[a]nother fact used to claim obst[ruction] of documents. 10/27/11 Letter, Muellers to Trump National Golf Club. The Muellers have not had further contact with the club. · Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 3; Bannon I 0/26/18 302, at 13 (confirming that he, Priebus, and 530 McGahn pushed back on the asserted conflicts). 531 Bannon I 0/26/18 302, at 12-13. 532 Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 12. 533 Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 12. 534 Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 12. 535 Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 13. 536 Bannon 10/26/18 302, at 12. 537 Matt Zapotosky & Matea Gold, Justice Department ethics experts clear Mueller to lead Russia probe, Washington Post (May 23, 2017). 538 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at I; McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 1O; Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 12. 539 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 1. McGahn and Donaldson said that after the appointment of the Special Counsel, they considered themse lves potential fact witnesses and accordingly told the President that inquiries related to the investigation should be brought to his personal counsel. McGahn 12/14/ 17 302, at 7; Donaldson 4/2/18 302, at 5. 540 SC_AD_00361 (Donaldson 5/31/17 Notes). U.S. Department of Justice AtatsAFAe't' >J,'011k Pmclttet // 4,r.r GAAtaifl 'Matet>ial Pmteetecl Uaclet' Fecl. R:. Crim P 6(e) just[ice]."541 McGahn told the President that his "biggest exposure" was not his act of firing Corney but his "other contacts" and "calls," and his "ask re: Flynn." 542 By the time McGahn provided this advice to the Preside nt, there had been widespread reporting on the President 's request for Corney's loyalty, which the President publicly denied; his request that Corney "let[] Flynn go," which the President also denied; and the President ' s statement to the Russian Foreign Minister that the termination of Corney had relieved "great pressure" related to Russia, which the President did not deny. 543 On June 8, 2017 , Corney testified before Congress about his interactions with the President before his termination , including the request for loyalty, the request that Corney "let[] Flynn go," and the request that Corney "lift the cloud" over the presidency caused by the ongoing invest igation. 544 Corney's testimony led to a series of news reports about whether the President had obstructedjustice.545 On June 9, 2017, the Special Counsel' s Office informed the White House Counsel's Office that investigators intended to interview intelligence community officials who had allegedly been asked by the President to push back against the Russia inves tigation.546 On Monday, June 12, 2017, Christopher Ruddy, the chief executive ofNewsmax Media and a longtime friend of the President ' s, met at the White House with Priebus and Bannon. 547 Ruddy recalled that they told him the President was strongly considering firing the Special Counsel 541 SC_AD_00361 (Donaldson 5/31/17 Notes). 542 SC AD 00361 (Donaldson 5/31/17 Notes). 543 See, e.g., Michael S. Schmidt, In a Private Dinner, Trump Demanded Loyalty. Corney Demurred., New York Times (May 11, 2017); Michael S. Schmidt, Corney Memorandum Says Trump Asked Him to End Flynn Investigation, New York Times (May 16 , 2017); Matt Apuzzo et al., Trump Told Russians That Firing 'Nut Job' Corney Eased Pressure From Investigation, New York Times (May 19, 2017). 544 Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, I 15th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (Statement for the Record of James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI, at 5-6). Corney testified that he deliberately caused his memorandum documenting the February 14, 2017 meeting to be leaked to the New York Times in response to a tweet from the President, sent on May 12, 2017, that stated "James Corney better hope that there are no ' tapes' of our conversations before he starts leaking to the press!," and because he thought sharing the memorandum with a reporter "might prompt the appointment of a special counsel." Hearing on Russian Election Interference Before the Senate Select Intelligence Committee, 115th Cong. (June 8, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 55) (testimony by James B. Corney, former Director of the FBI). 545 See, e.g., Matt Zapotosky, Corney lays out the case that Trump obstructed justice, Washington Post (June 8, 2017) ("Legal analysts said Corney's testimony clarified and bolstered the case that the president obstructed justice."). 546 6/9/17 Email, Special Counsel's Office to the White House Counsel's Office. This Office made the notification to give the White House an opportunity to invoke executive privilege in advance of the interviews. On June 12, 2017, the Special Counsel's Office interviewed Admiral Rogers in the presence of agency counsel. Rogers 6/12/17 302, at I. On June 13, the Special Counsel's Office interviewed Ledgett. Ledgett 6/13/17 302, at I. On June 14, the Office interviewed Coats and other personnel from his office. Coats 6/14/17 302, at 1; Gistaro 6/14/17 302, at I; Culver 6/14/17 302, at I. 547 Ruddy 6/6/18 302, at 5. U.S. Department of Justice Attm'Rev WArlc Pl'AEli-.tet // MR... r'ARtRiR MRtP.riRI Prnteeted I Jt1de r µea R Crim P 6(e) and that he would do so precipitously, without vetting the decision through Administration officials.548 Ruddy asked Priebus if Ruddy could talk publicly about the discussion they had about the Special Counsel, and Priebus said he could.549 Priebus told Ruddy he hoped another blow up like the one that followed the termination of Corney did not happen.550 Later that day, Ruddy stated in a televised interview that the President was "considering perhaps terminating the Special Counsel" based on purported conflicts of interest. 551 Ruddy later told another news outlet that " Trump is definitely considering" terminating the Special Counsel and "it's not something that' s being dismissed." 552 Ruddy's comments led to extensive coverage in the media that the President was considering firing the Special Counsel.553 White House officials were unhappy with that press coverage and Ruddy heard from friends that the President was upset with him. 554 On June 13, 2017, Sanders asked the President for guidance on how to respond to press inquiries about the possible firing of the Special Counsel.555 The President dictated an answer, which Sanders delivered , saying that "[w]hile the president has every right to" fire the Special Counsel, "he has no intention to do so."556 Also on June 13, 2017, the President' s personal counsel contacted the Special Counsel's Office and raised concerns about possible confl icts.557 The President's counsel cited Mueller's previous partnership in his law firm, his interview for the FBI Director position, and an asserted personal relationship he had with Comey.558 That same day, Rosenstein had testified publicly before Congress and said he saw no evidence of good cause to terminate the Special" Counsel, including for conflicts of interest.559 Two days later, on June 15, 2017, the Special Counsel's 548 Ruddy 6/6/18 302, at 5-6. 549 Ruddy 6/6/ l8 302, at 6. 550 Ruddy 6/6/18 302, at 6. 551 Trump Confidant Christopher Ruddy says Mueller has "real conflicts" as special counsel, PBS (June 12, 2017) ; Michael D. Shear & Maggie Haberman, Friend Says Trump ls Considering Firing Mueller as Special Counsel, New York Times (June 12, 2017). 552 Katherine Faulders & Veronica Stracqualursi, Trump friend Chris Ruddy says Spicer's 'bizarre' statement doesn't deny claim Trump seeking Mueller firing, ABC (June 13, 2017). See, e.g., Michael D. Shear & Maggie Haberman, Friend Says Trump Is Considering Firing 553 Mueller as Special Counsel, New York Times (June 12, 2017). 554 Ruddy 6/6/18 302, at 6-7. 555 Sanders 7/3/ 18 302, at 6-7. 556 Glenn Thrush et al., Trump Stews, Staff Steps In, and Mueller Is Safe for Now, New York Times (June I 3, 2017); see Sanders 7/3/18 302, at 6 (Sanders spoke with the President directly before speaking to the press on Air Force One and the answer she gave is the answer the President told her to give). 557 Special Counsel's Office Attorney 6/13/17 Notes. 558 Special Counsel's Office Attorney 6/13/17 Notes. 559 Hearing on Fiscal 2018 Justice Department Budget before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, and Science, 115th Cong. (June 13, 2017) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 14) (testimony by Rod Rosenstein, Deputy Attorney General). U.S. Department of Justice Aftflfflev WM,I< P,odttet // Mn.,· GMRtaiA Mate,ial PFotee1:ecl UReer Fed. R. CFiffi P 6(e) Office informed the Acting Attorney General's office about the areas of concern raised by the President's counsel and told the President' s counsel that their concerns had been communicated to Rosenstein so that the Department of Justice could take any appropriate actio n. 560 3. The Press Reports that the President is Being Investigated for Obstruction of Justice and the President Directs the White House Counsel to Have the Special Counsel Removed On the evening of June l 4, 20 l 7, the Washington Post published an article stating that the Special Counsel was investigating whether the President had attempted to obstruct justice. 561 This was the first public report that the President himself was under investigation by the Special Counsel's Office, and cable news networks quickly picked up on the report. 562 The Post story stated that the Special Counsel was interviewing intelligence community leaders, including Coats and Rogers, about what the President had asked them to do in response to Corney's March 20, 20 l 7 testimony; that the inquiry into obstruction marked "a major turning point" in the investigatio n; and that while "Trump had received private assurances from then-FBI Director James B. Corney starting in January that he was not personally under investigatio n," "[o]fficials say that changed shortly after Corney ' s firing. " 563 That evening, at approximately l 0:3l p.m., the President called McGahn on McGahn's personal cell phone and they spoke for about l5 minutes.564 McGahn did not have a clear memory of the call but thought they might have discussed the stories reporting that the President was under investigation. 565 Beginning early the next day, June 15, 2017, the President issued a series of tweets acknowledging the existence of the obstruction investigation and criticizing it. He wrote: "They made up a phony collusion with the Russians story, found zero proof, so now they go for obstruction of justice on the phony story. Nice";566 "You are witnessing the single greatest WITCH HUNT in American political history-led by some very bad and conflicted people! "; 567 and "Crooked H destroyed phones w/ hammer, 'bleached' emails, & had husband meet w/AG days 560 Special Counsel's Office Attorney 6/15/17 Notes. 561 Devlin Barrett et al., Special counsel is investigating Trump for possible obstruction of justice, officials say, Washington Post (June 14, 2017). 562 CNN, for example, began running a chyron at 6:55 p.m. that stated: "WASH POST: MUELLER INVESTIGATING TRUMP FOR OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE." CNN, (June 14, 2017, published online at 7:15 p.m. ET). 563 Devlin Barrett et al., Special counsel is investigating Trump for possible obstruction of justice, officials say, Washington Post (June 14, 2017). SCR026_000183 (President's Daily Diary, 6/14/17) (reflecting call from the President to 564 McGahn on 6/14/17 with start time 10:31 p.m. and end time 10:46 p.m.); Call Records of Don McGahn. 565 McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 1-2. McGahn thought he and the President also probably talked about the investiture ceremony for Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch, which was scheduled for the following day. McGahn 2/28/18 302, at 2. 566 @realDonaldTrump 6/15/ l7 (6:55 a.m. ET) Tweet. 567 @realDonaldTrump 6/15/17 (7:57 a.m. ET) Tweet. U.S. Department of Justice "ttAMI-'.>' Ulrn·lr Pl'AAIIP.t // MR ..' f:AAtRiA MRteFill-1 Proteetea UttdeF Fed. R. Crim P 6(e) before she was cleared- & they talk about obstruction?"568 The next day, June 16, 2017, the President wrote additional tweets criticizing the investigation: "After 7 months of investigations & committee hearings about my ' collusion with the Russians,' nobody has been able to show any proof. Sad!";569 and "I am being investigated for firing the FBI Director by the man who told me to fire the FBI Director! Witch Hunt." 570 On Saturday, June 17, 2017, the President called McGahn and directed him to have the Specia l Counsel removed.571 McGahn was at home and the President was at Camp David.572 In interviews with this Office, McGahn recalled that the Preside nt called him at home twice and on both occasions directed him to call Rosenstein and say that Mueller had conflicts that precluded him from serving as Special Counse l.573 On the first call, McGahn recalled that the President said something like, " You gotta do this. You gotta call Rod." 574 McGahn said he told the President that he would see what he could do.575 McGahn was perturbed by the call and did not intend to act on the request.576 He and other advisors believed the asserted conflicts were "silly " and "not real," and they had previously communicated that view to the Presiden t.577 McGahn also had made clear to the President that the White House Counsel's Office should not be involved in any effort to press the issue of conflicts.578 McGahn was concerned about having any role in asking the Acting Attorney General to fire the Special Counsel because he had grown up in the Reagan era and wanted to be more like Judge 568 @realDonaldTrump 6/15/17 (3:56 p.m. ET) Tweet. 569 @rea!DonaldTrump 6/16/17 (7:53 a.m. ET) Tweet. 570 @realDonaldTrump 6/16/17 (9:07 a.m. ET) Tweet. 571 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 1-2; McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 10. 572 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 1, 3; SCR026_000196 (President's Daily Diary, 6/17/17) (records showing President departed the White House at 11:07 a.m. on June 17, 2017, and arrived at Camp David at 11:37 a.m.). 573 McGahn 3/8/ l 8 302, at 1-2; McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 10. Phone records show that the President called McGahn in the afternoon on June 17, 2017, and they spoke for approximately 23 minutes. SCR026_000196 (President's Daily Diary, 6/17/17) (reflecting call from the President to McGahn on 6/17/17 with start time 2:23 p.m. and end time 2:46 p.m.); (Call Records of Don McGahn). Phone records do not show another call between McGahn and the President that day. Although McGahn recalled receiv ing multiple calls from the President on the same day, in light of the phone records he thought it was possible that the first call instead occurred on June 14, 2017, shortly after the press reported that the President was under investigation for obstruction of justice. McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 1-3. While McGahn was not certain of the specific dates of the calls, McGahn was confident that he had at least two phone conversat ions with the President in which the.President directed him to call the Acting Attorney General to have the Special Counsel removed. McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 1-3. 574 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at I. 575 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 1. 576 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 1. 577 McGahn 3/8/ I 8 302, at 1-2. 578 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 1-2. U.S. Department of Justice At-tArflew WArl< Prodttet // MRH GAAtaiA Material Protected UAder Fetl. R. Crim P 6(e) Robert Bork and not " Saturday Night Massacre Bork."579 McGahn considered the President ' s request to be an inflection point and he wanted to hit the brakes.580 When the President called McGahn a second time to follow up on the order to call the Department of Justice, McGahn recalled that the President was more direct, saying something like, "Call Rod, tell Rod that Mueller has conflicts and can 't be the Special Counse l."581 McGahn recalled the President telling him "Mueller has to go" and "C all me back when you do it."582 McGahn understood the President to be saying that the Special Counsel had to be removed by Rosenstein.583 To end the conversation with the President, McGahn left the President with the impression that McGahn would call Rosenste in.584 McGahn recalled that he had already said no to the President's request and he was worn down, so he just wanted to get off the phone.585 McGahn recalled feeling trapped because he did not plan to follow the President's directive but did not know what he would say the next time the President called .586 McGahn decided he had to resig n.587 He called his personal lawyer and then called his chief of staff, Annie Donaldson, to inform her of his dec ision. 588 He then drove to the office to pack his belongings and submit his resignation letter. 589 Donaldson recalled that McGahn told her the President had called and demanded he contact the Department of Justice and that the President wanted him to do something that McGahn did not want to do. 590 McGahn told Donaldson that the President had called at least twice and in one of the calls asked "have you done it?"591 McGahn did not tell Donaldson the specifics of the President's request because he was consciously trying not to involve her in the 579 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 2. 580 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 2. 581 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 582 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 2, 5; McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 3. 583 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 1-2, 5. 584 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 2. 585 McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 3; McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 2. 586 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 2. 587 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 2. 588 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 2-3; McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 3; Donaldson 4/2/18 302, at 4; Call Reco rds of Don McGahn. 589 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 2; Donaldson 4/2/ l8 302, at 4. 590 Donaldson 4/2/18 302, at 4. 591 Donaldson 4/2/18 302, at 4. U.S. Department of Justice AttF>rfle\' \llork PreElttet // MB:·•· GoA aiA M1tteri1tl PreteeteEl UHder F_ed R- Crim P 6(e) investigation, but Donaldson inferred that the President's directive was related to the Russia investigatio n.592 Donaldson prepared to resign along with McGahn.593 That evening, McGahn called both Priebus and Bannon and told them that he intended to resign.59 4 McGahn recalled that, after speaking with his attorney and given the nature of the President' s request, he decided not to share details of the President's request with other White House staff.595 Priebus recalled that McGahn said that the President had asked him to "do crazy shit," but he thought McGahn did not tell him the specifics of the President's request because McGahn was trying to protect Priebus from what he did not need to know. 596 Priebus and Bannon both urged McGahn not to quit, and McGahn ultimately returned to work that Monday and remained in his position. 597 He had not told the President directly that he planned to resign, and when they next saw each other the President did not ask McGahn whether he had followed through with calling Rosenstein. 598 Around the same time, Chris Christie recalled a telephone _ca ll with the President in which the President asked what Christie thought about the President firing the Special Counsel.599 Christie advised against doing so because there was no substantive basis for the President to fire the Special Counsel, and because the President would lose support from Republicans in Congress if he did so.600 Analysis In analyzing the President's direction to McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed, the following evidence is relevant to the elements of obstruction of justice: a. Obstructive act. As with the President's firing of Corney, the attempt to remove the Special Counsel would qualify as an obstructive act if it would naturally obstruct the 592 McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 3-4; Donaldson 4/2/18 302, at 4-5. Donaldson said she believed McGahn consciously did not share details with her because he did not want to drag her into the investigation. Donaldson 4/2/18 302, at 5; see McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 3.. 593 Donaldson 4/2/18 302, at 5. 594 McGahn 12/14/17 302, at IO; Call Records of Don McGahn; McGahn 2/28/19 302 , at 3-4; Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 6-7. 595 McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 4. Priebus and Bannon confirmed that McGahn did not tell them the specific details of the President's request. Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 7; Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 10. 596 Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 7. 597 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 3; McGahn 2/28/19 302, at 3-4. 598 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 3. 599 Christie 2/13/ I 9 302, at 7. Christie did not recall the precise date of this call, but believed it was after Christopher Wray was announced as the nominee to be the new FBI director, which was on June 7, 2017. Christie 2/13/19 302, at 7. Telephone records show that the President called Christie twice after that time period, on July 4, 2017, and July 14, 2017. Call Records of Chris Christie. 60 ° Christie 2/13/19 302, at 7. U.S. Department of Justice AtctAFfll?,V WArl{ Prna1,1et // MA... rAfltAifl MAt12,1•iAl Pl'Ateetea l JflSCf Fed R Criffl p 6(e) investigation and any grand jury proceedings that might flow from the inquiry. Even if the removal of the lead prosecutor would not prevent the investigation from continuing under a new appointee, a factfinder would need to consider whether the act had the potential to delay further action in the investigation, chill the actions of any replacement Special Counsel, or otherwise impede the investigation. A threshold question is whetherthe President in fact directed McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed. After news organizations reported that in June 2017 the President had ordered McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed, the President publicly disputed these acco unts, and privately told McGahn that he had simply wanted McGahn to bring conflicts of interest to the Department of Justice 's attention. See Volume II, Section II.I, infra. Some of the President's specific language that McGahn recalled from the calls is consistent with that explanation. Substantial evidence, however, supports the conclusion that the President went further and in fact directed McGahn to call Rosenstein to have the Special Counsel removed. First, McGahn's clear recollection was that the President directed him to tell Rosenstein not only that conflicts existed but also that "Mueller has to go." McGahn is a credible witness with no motive to lie or exaggerate given the position he held in the White House.601 McGahn spoke with the President twice and understood the directive the same way both times, making it unlikely that he misheard or misinterpreted the President' s request. In response to that request, McGahn decided to quit because he did not want to participate in events that he described as akin to the Saturday Night Massacre. He called his lawyer, drove to the White House, packed up his office, prepared to submit a resignation letter with his chief of staff, told Priebus that the President had asked him to " do crazy shit," and informed Priebus and Bannon that he was leaving. Those acts would be a highly unusual reaction to a request to convey information to the Department of Justice. Second, in the days before the calls to McGahn, the President, through his counsel, had already brought the asserted conflicts to the attention of the Department of Justice. Accordingly , the President had no reason to have McGahn call Rosenstein that weekend to raise conflicts issues that already had been raised. Third, the President's sense ofurgency and repeated requests to McGahn to take immediate action on a weekend- " You gotta do this. You gotta call Rod."-supp0ti McGahn's recollection that the President wanted the Department of Justice to take action to remove the Special Counsel. Had the President instead sought only to have the Department of Justice re- examine asserted conflicts to evaluate whether they posed an ethical bar, it would have been unnecessary to set the process in motion on a Saturday and to make repeated calls to McGahn. Finally, the President had discussed "knocking out Mueller" and raised conflicts of interest in a May 23, 2017 call with McGahn, reflecting that the President connected the conflicts to a plan to remove the Special Counsel. And in the days leading up to June 17, 2017, the President made clear to Priebus and Bannon, who then told Ruddy, that the President was considering terminating 601 When this Office first interviewed McGahn about this topic, he was reluctant to share detailed information about what had occurred and only did so after continued questioning. See McGahn 12/14/17 302 (agent notes). U.S. Department of Justice At4AFR8'•' Viol'!( Pt1oa1-.1et // M n•.1 rm1fnifl Mnferinl PFoteetea l JABeF Y:ea. R. Ct1iffl p 6(e) theSpecial Counsel. Also during this time period, the President reached out to Christie to get his thoughts on firing the Special Counsel. This evidence shows that the President was not just seeking an examination of whether conflicts existed but instead was looking to use asserted conflicts as a way to terminate the Special Counsel. b. Nexus to an official proceeding. To satisfy the proceeding requirement, it would be necessary to establish a nexus between the President's act of seeking to terminate the Special Counsel and a pending or foreseeable grand jury proceeding. Substantial evidence indicates that by June 17, 2017, the President knew his conduct was under investigation by a federal prosecutor who could present any evidence of federal crimes to a grand jury. On May 23, 2017, McGahn explicitly warned the President that his "biggest exposure" was not his act of firing Corney but his "other contacts" and "calls," and his "ask re: Flynn." By early June, it was widely reported in t}:ie media that federal prosecutors had issued grand jury subpoenas in the Flynn inquiry and that the Special Counsel had taken over the Flynn investigatio n.602 On June 9, 2017, the Special Counsel's Office informed the White House that investigators would be interviewing intelligence agency officials who allegedly had been asked by the President to push back against the Russia investigation. On June 14, 2017, news outlets began reporting that the President was himself being investigated for obstruction of justice. Based on widespread reporting, the President knew that such an investigation could include his request for Corney's loyalty; his request that Corney "let[] Flynn go"; his outreach to Coats and Rogers; and his termination of Corney and statement to the Russian Foreign Minister that the termination had relieved "great pressure" related to Russia. And on June 16, 2017, the day before he directed McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed, the President publicly acknowledged that his conduct was under investigation by a federal prosecutor, tweeting , "I am being investigated for firing the FBI Director by the man who told me to fire the FBI Director!" c. Intent. Substantial evidence indicates that the President's attempts to remove the Special Counsel were linked to the Special Counsel's oversight of investigations that involved the President's conduct- and, most immediately, to reports that the President was being investigated for potential obstruction of justice. Before the President terminated Corney, the President considered it critically important that he was not under investigation and that the public not erroneously think he was being investigated. As described in Volume TI, Section TI.D , supra, advisors perceived the President, while he was drafting the Corney termination letter, to be concerned more than anything else about getting out that he was not personally under investigation. When the President learned of the appointment of the Special Counsel on May 17, 2017, he expressed further concern about the investigation, saying "[t]his is the end of my Presidency." The President also faulted Sessions for recusing , saying "you were supposed to protect me." On June 14, 20 I 7, when the Washington Post reported that the Special Counsel was investigating the President for obstruction of justice, the President was facing what he had wanted 602 See, e.g., Evan Perez et al., CNN exclusive-: Grand jury subpoenas issued in FBJ's Russia investigation , CNN (May 9, 2017); Matt Ford, Why Mueller Is Taking Over the Michael Flynn Grand Jury, The Atlantic (June 2, 2017). U.S. Department of Justice AltAl'fle'o' \VArlc Pl'OBttet II l Jt1aer F-ea R Criffl P 6(e) 4R.'. DAfltRifl MRteriAI Pl'oteetea to avoid: a criminal investigation into his own conduct that was the subject of widespread media attention. The evidence indicates that news of the obstruction investigation prompted the President to call McGahn and seek to have the Special Counsel removed. By mid-June, the Department of Justice had already cleared the Special Counsel's service and the President's advisors had told him that the claimed conflicts of interest were "silly" and did not provide a basis to remove the Special Counsel. On June 13, 2017, the Acting Attorney General testified before Congress that no good cause for removing the Special Counsel existed, and the President dictated a press statement to Sanders saying he had no intention of firing the Special Counsel. But the next day, the media reported that the President was under investigation for obstruction of justice and the Special Counsel was interviewing witnesses about events related to possible obstruction - spurring the President to write critical tweets about the Special Counsel's investigation. The President called McGahn at home that night and then called him on Saturday from Camp David. The evidence accordingly indicates that news that an obstruction investigation had been opened is what led the President to call McGahn to have the Special Counsel terminated. There also is evidence that the President knew that he should not have made those calls to McGahn. The President made the calls to McGahn after McGahn had specifically told the President that the White House Counsel's Office-and McGahn himself-could not be involved in pressing conflicts claims and that the President should consult with his personal counsel if he wished to raise conflicts. Instead of relying on his personal counsel to submit the conflicts claims, the President sought to use his official powers to remove the Special Counsel. And after the media reported on the President's actions, he denied that he ever ordered McGahn to have the Special Counsel terminated and made repeated efforts to have McGahn deny the story, as discussed in Volume II, Section II.I, infra. Those denials are contrary to the evidence and suggest the President's awareness that the direction to McGahn could be seen as improper. F. The President's Efforts to Curtail the Special Counsel Investigation Overview Two days after the President directed McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed, the President made another attempt to affect the course of the Russia investigation. On June 19, 2017, the President met one-on-one with Corey Lewandowski in the Oval Office and dictated a message to be delivered to Attorney General Sessions that would have had the effect of limiting the Russia investigation to future election interference only. One month later, the President met again with Lewandowski and followed up on the request to have Sessions limit the scope of the Russia investigation. Lewandowski told the President the message would be delivered soon. Hours later, the President publicly criticized Sessions in an unplanned press interview, raising questions about Sessions ' s job security. l. The President Asks Corey Lewandowski to Deliver a Message to Sessions to Curtail the Special Counsel Investigation On June 19, 2017, two days after the President directed McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed, the President met one-on-one in the Oval Office with his former campaign U.S. Department of Justice Atterf!e'v' Werk Preettet // 4AV Ge,t1t1til'l Mitterittl Preteetee Ut1eer Fee. R Crim P 6(e) manager Corey Lewandowski. 603_ Senior White House advisors described Lewandowski as a "devotee" of the President and said the relationship between the President and Lewandowski was "close." 604 During the June 19 meeting, Lewandowski recalled that, after some small talk, the President brought up Sessions and criticized his recusal from the Russia invest igatio n.605 The President told Lewandowski that Sessions was weak and that if the President had known about the likelihood of recusal in advance , he would not have appointed Sessions. 606 The President then asked Lewandowski to deliver a message to Sessions and said "write this down." 607 This was the first time the President had asked Lewandowski to take dictation, and Lewandowski wrote as fast as possible to make sure he captured the content correctly. 608 The President directed that Sessions should give a speech publicly announcing: I know that I recused myself from certain things having to do with specific areas. But our POTUS . . . is being treated very unfairly. He shouldn't have a Special Prosecutor/Counsel b/c he hasn't done anything wrong. I was on the campaign w/ him for nine months, there were no Russians involved with him. I know it for a fact b/c I was there. He didn't do anything wrong except he ran the greatest campaign in American history. 609 The dictated message went on to state that Sessions would meet with the Special Counsel to limit his jurisdiction to future election interference: Now a group of people want to subvert the Constitution of the United States. T am going to meet with the Special Prosecutor to explain this is very unfair and let the Special Prosecutor move forward with investigating election medd ling for future elections so that nothing can happen in future elect ions.610 604 Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 7; Dearborn 6/20/18 302, at 1 (describing Lewandowski as a "comfort to the President" whose loyalty was appreciated). Kelly said that when he was Chief of Staff and the President had meetings with friends like Lewandowski, Kelly tried not to be there and to push the meetings to the residence to create distance from the West Wing. Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 7. 605 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 2. 606 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 2. 607 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 2. 608 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 3. 609 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 2-3; Lewandowski 6/19/17 Notes, at 1-2. 610 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 3; Lewandowski 6/19/17 Notes, at 3. U.S. Department of Justice A1'tArRP..,,. WArl< PPAAtmt // M,w rARfRiR MRteFi1-tl Pre,teetes. lJAs.ef Fes. R CFiffl P 6(e) The President said that if Sessions delivered that statement he would be the "most popular guy in the co untry."611 Lewandowski told the President he understood what the President wanted Sessions to do.612 Lewandowski wanted to pass the message to Sessions in person rather than over the phone.613 He did not want to meet at the Department of Justice because he did not want a public log of his visit and did not want Sessions to have an advantage over him by meeting on what Lewandowski described as Sessions's turf.614 Lewandowski called Sessions and arranged a meeting for the following evening at Lewandowski's office, but Sessions had to cancel due to a last minute conflict. 6 15 Shortly thereafter, Lewandowski left Washington, D.C., without having had an opportunity to meet with Sessions to convey the President's message.616 Lewandowski stored the notes in a safe at his home , which he stated was his standard procedure with sensitive items.617 2. The President Follows Up with Lewandowski Following his June meeting with the President, Lewandowski contacted Rick Dearborn, then a senior White House official, and asked if Dearborn could pass a message to Sessions. 618 Dearborn agreed without knowing what the message was, and Lewandowski later confirmed that Dearborn would meet with Sessions for dinner in late July and could deliver the message then.619 Lewandowski recalled thinking that the President had asked him to pass the message because the President knew Lewandowski could be trusted, but Lewandowski believed Dearborn would be a better messenger because he had a longstanding relationship with Sessions and because Dearborn was in the government while Lewandowski was not.620 On July 19, 2017, the President again met with Lewandowski alone in the Oval Office.621 In the preceding days, as described in Volume IT, Section ILG, infra, emails and other information about the June 9, 2016 meeting between several Russians and Donald Trump Jr., Jared Kushner, and Paul Manafort had been publicly disclosed. In the July 19 meeting with Lewandowski, the 611 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 3; Lewandowski 6/19/17 Notes, at 4. 612 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 3. 613 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 3-4. 614 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 4. 615 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 4. 616 Lewa ndowski 4/6/18 302, at 4. 617 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 4. 618 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 4; see Dearborn 6/20/18 302, at 3. 619 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302 , at 4-5. 620 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 4, 6. 621 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 5; SCR029b_000002-03 (6/5/18 Additional Response to Special Counsel Request for Certain Visitor Log Information). U.S. Department of Justice 1 u,,,.."'.. "'Ari, Pm,fop.t // Mw,· r,AAtAiA MA:l'efiA:I Prol'eel'ea l!fltier Fea. R. Ctiffl. P. 6 e) President raised his previous request and asked if Lewandowski had talked to Sessions.622 Lewandowski told the President that the message would be delivered soon. 623 Lewandowski recalled that the President told him that if Sessions did not meet with him, Lewandowski should tell Sessions he was fired.624 Immediately following the meeting with the President, Lewandowski saw Dearborn in the anteroom outside the Oval Office and gave him a typewritten version of the message the President had dictated to be delivered to Sessions.625 Lewandowski told Dearborn that the notes were the message they had discussed, but Dearborn did not recall whether Lewandowski said the message was from the Preside nt.626 The message "definitel y raised an eyebrow" for Dearborn, and he recalled not wanting to ask where it came from or think further about doing anything with it. 627 Dearborn also said that being asked to serve as a messenger to Sessions made him uncom fortable. 628 He recalled later telling Lewandowski that he had handled the situation, but he did not actually follow through with delivering the message to Sessions, and he did not keep a copy of the typewritten notes Lewandowski had given him.629 3. The President Publicly Criticizes Sessions in a New York Times Interview Within hours of the Pres ident' s meeting with Lewandowski on July 19, 2017 , the President gave an unplanned interview to the New York Times in which he criticized Sessions's decision to recuse from the Russia investigation. 630 The President said that "Sessions should have never recused himself, and if he was going to recuse himself, he should have told me before he took the job , and I would have picked somebody else." 631 Sessions's recusal, the President said, was "very unfair to the president. How do you take a job and then recuse yourself? Ifhe would have recused himself before the job, I would have said, 'Thanks, Jeff, but I can ' t, you know, I'm not going to 622 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 5. 623 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 5. Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 6. Priebus vaguely recalled Lewandowski telling him that in 624 approximately May or June 2017 the President had asked Lewandowski to get Sessions' s resignation. Priebus recalled that Lewandowski described his reaction as something like, "What can I do? I' m not an employee of the administration. I'm a nobody." Priebus 4 /3/18 302, at 6. 625 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 5. Lewandowski said he asked Hope Hicks to type the notes when he went in to the Oval Office, and he then retrieved the notes from her partway through his meeting with the President. Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 5. 626 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 5; Dearborn 6/20/18 302, at 3. 627 Dearborn 6/20/18 302, at 3. 628 Dearborn 6/20/ t8 302, at 3. 629 Dearborn 6/20/18 302, at 3-4. 630 Peter Baker et al., Excerpts From The Times's Interview With Trump, New York Times (July 19, 20 17) . 631 Peter Baker et al., Excerpts From The Times 's Interview With Trump, New York Times (July 19,2017). U.S. Department of Justice A1'teirAe >v 'Jleirlc Pred11et // 1 M R'< GeiAtfiiA Mal'erial Prefaeeted UHder Fed R Crim. P 6(e) 1 take you.' It's extremely unfair, and that's a mild word, to the president."632 Hicks , who was present for the inte rview, recalled trying to "throw [herself] between the reporters and [the President]" to stop parts of the interview, but the President "loved the interview." 633 Later that day, Lewandowski met with Hicks and they discussed the President's New York Times interview. 634 Lewandowski recalled telling Hicks about the President's request that he meet with Sessions and joking with her about the idea of firing Sessions as a private citizen if Sessions would not meet with him. 635 As Hicks remembered the conversation, Lewandowski told her the President had recently asked him to meet with Sessions and deliver a message that he needed to do the "right thing" and resign.636 While Hicks and Lewandowski were together, the President called Hicks and told her he was happy with how coverage of his New York Times interview criticizing Sessions was playing out.637 4. The President Orders Priebus to Demand Sessions's Resignation Three days later , on July 21, 2017 , the Washington Post repo1ted that U.S. intelligence intercepts showed that Sessions had discussed campaign-related matters with the Russian ambassador, contrary to what Sessions had said publicly.638 That evening, Priebus called Hunt to talk about whether Sessions might be fired or might resign.639 Priebus had previously talked to Hunt when the media had reported on tensions between Sessions and the President, and, after speaking to Sessions, Hunt had told Priebus that the President would have to fire Sessions if he wanted to remove Sessions because Sessions was not going to quit.640 According to Hunt, who took contemporaneous notes of the July 21 call, Hunt told Priebus that, as they had previously discussed, Sessions had no intention ofr esigning. 641 Hunt asked Priebus what the President would 632 Peter Baker et al., Excerpts From The Times 's Interview With Trump, New York Times (July 19, 2017). 633 Hicks 12/8/17 302, at 23. 634 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 10; Lewandowski 4/6 /18 302, at 6. 635 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 6. 636 Hicks 3/13 /18 302, at l0. Hicks thought that the President might be able to make a recess appointment of a new Attorney General because the Senate was about to go on recess. Hicks 3/ 13 / 18 302 , at I 0 . Lewandowski recalled that in the afternoon of July 19, 2017, following his meeting with the President, he conducted research on recess appointm ents but did not share his research with the President. Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 7. 637 Lewandowski 4/6/18 302, at 6. 638 Adam Entous et al., Sessions discussed Trump campaign-related matters with Russian ambassador, US. intelligence intercepts show, Washington Post (July 21, 2017). The underlying events concerning the Sessions-Kislyak contacts are discussed in Volume I, Section IV.A.4.c, supra. 639 Hunt 2/1118 302 , at 23. 640 Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 23. 641 Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 23-24; Hunt 7/2 1/17 Notes, at 1. U.S. Department of Justice I\ ttFH'MP.t,' \VAt1k Pt'AA11et // Un,. DAMtniM HntRt'iAI Pt'AtP.etefl l lRACt' vefl R Gt'im P Me) accomplish by firing Sessions, pointing out there was an investigation before and there would be an investigation after.642 Early the following morning, July 22, 2017, the President tweeted, "A new INTELLIGENCE LEAK from the Amazon Washington Post, this time against A.G. Jeff Sessions. These illegal leaks, like Corney's, must stop!" 643 Approximately one hour later, the President tweeted, "So many people are asking why isn't the A.G. or Special Council looking at the many Hillary Clinton or Corney crimes. 33,000 e-mails deleted?" 644 Later that morning, while aboard Marine One on the way to Norfolk, Virginia, the President told Priebus that he had to get Sessions to resign imme diately.645 The President said that the country had lost confidence in Sessions and the negative publicity was not tole rable. 646 According to contemporaneous notes taken by Priebus, the President told Priebus to say that he "need[ed] a letter of resignation on [his] desk imme diately" and that Sessions had " no choice" but "must immediately resign."647 Priebus replied that if they fired Sessions, they would never get a new Attorney General confirmed and that the Department of Justice and Congress would turn their backs on the President, but the President suggested he could make a recess appointment to replace Sessions.648 Priebus believed that the President's request was a problem, so he called McGahn and asked for advice, explaining that he did not want to pull the trigger on something that was "all wrong."649 Although the President tied his desire for Sessions to resign to Sessions's negative press and poor performance in congressional testimony, Priebus believed that the President's desire to replace Sessions was driven by the President's hatred of Sessions' s recusal from the Russia investig ation.650 McGahn told Priebus not to follow the President' s order and said they should consult their personal counsel, with whom they had attorney-client privilege. 65 1 McGahn 642 Hunt 2/1/18 302, at 23-24; Hunt 7/21/17 Notes, at 1-2. 643 @realDonaldTrump 7/22/17 (6:33 a.m. ET) Tweet. 644 @realDonaldTrJ.!mp 7/22/17 (7:44 a.m. ET) Tweet. Three minutes later, the President tweeted, "What about all of the Clinton ties to Russia, including Podesta Company, Uranium deal, Russian Reset, big dollar speeches etc." @realDonaldTrump 7/22/17 (7:47 a.m. ET) Tweet. 645 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 13-14. 646 Priebus 1/18 /18 302, at 14; Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 4-5; see RP_000073 (Priebus 7/22/17 Notes). 647 RP_000073 (Priebus 7/22/17 Notes). 648 Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 5. 649 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 14; Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 4-5. 650 Priebus 4/3/ 18 302, at 5. 651 RP_000074 (Priebus 7/22/17 Notes); McGahn 12/14/ 17 302, at 11; Priebus 1/ 18/18 302, at 14. Priebus followed McGahn's advice and called his personal attorney to discuss the President' s request because he thought it was the type of thing about which one would need to consult an attorney. Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 14. U.S. Department of Justice AM-ArAev WArk ProEl.1-iet // Mav Cel'!tail'I Material Pt=eteetee UHeet= Fee. R. Crim P 6(e) and Priebus discussed the possibility that they would both have to resign rather than carry out the President's order to fire Sessions.652 That afternoon, the President followed up with Priebus about demanding Sessions's resignation, using words to the effect of, "Did you get it? Are you working on it?" 653 Priebus said that he believed that his job depended on whether he followed the order to remove Sessions, although the President did not directly say so.654 Even though Priebus did not intend to carry out the President's directive, he told the President he would get Sessions to resign. 655 Later in the day, Priebus called the President and explained that it would be a calamity if Sessions resigned because Priebus expected that Rosenstein and Associate Attorney General Rachel Brand would also resign and the President would be unable to get anyone else confirmed.656 The President agreed to hold off on demanding Sessions's resignation until after the Sunday shows the next day, to prevent the shows from focusing on the firing. 657 By the end of that weekend, Priebus recalled that the President relented and agreed not to ask Sessions to resign.658 Over the next several days, the President tweeted about Sessions. On the morning of Monday , July 24, 2017, the President criticized Sessions for neglecting to investigate Clinton and called him " beleaguered." 659 On July 25, the President tweeted, "Attorney General Jeff Sessions has taken a VERY weak position on Hillary Clinton crimes (where are E mails & DNC server) & Intel leakers!"660 The following day, July 26, the President tweeted, " Why didn't A.G. Sessions replace Acting FBI Director Andrew McCabe, a Corney friend who was in charge of Clinton investigation."661 According to Hunt, in light of the President's frequent public attacks, Sessions prepared another resignation letter and for the rest of the year carried it with him in his pocket every time he went to the White House.662 652 McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 11; RP_000074 (Priebus 7/22/17 Notes) ("discuss resigning together") . 653 Priebus 1/18/18302, at 14; Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 4. 654 Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 4. 655 Priebu s 1/18/18 302, at 15. 656 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 15. 657 Prie bus l/18/18 302, at 15. 658 Priebus 1/18/18 302, at 15. 659 @realDonaldTrump 7/24/17 (8:49 a.m. ET) Tweet ("So why aren't the Committees and investig ators, and of course our beleagueerd A.G., looking into Crooked Hillarys crimes & Russia relations?"). 660 @realDonaldTrump 7/25/17 (6: I 2 a.m. ET) Tweet. The President sent another tweet shortly before this one asking "w here is the investigation A.G." @realDonaldTrump 7/25/17 (6:03 a.m. ET) Tweet. 661 @realDonaldTrump 7/26/17 (9:48 a.m. ET) Tweet. 662 Hunt 2/ 1/18 302, at 24-25. U.S. Department of Justice Altftf'fle I \l/ark Pf8ettet // MA'\,' C'.m1tAifl Mstet'isl Pt'ftteetee Utteer Fee_ R- Criffl p 6(e) Analysis In analyzing the President's efforts to have Lewandowski deliver a message directing Sessions to publicly announce that the Special Counsel investigation would be confined to future election interference, the following evidence is relevant to the elements of obstruction of justice: a. Obstructive act. The President' s effort to send Sessions a message through Lewandowski would qualify as an obstructive act if it would naturally obstruct the investigation and any grand jury proceedings that might flow from the inquiry. The President sought to have Sessions announce that the President " shouldn' t have a Special Prosec utor/Counse l" and that Sessions was going to "meet with the Special Prosecutor to explain this is very unfair and let the Special Prosecutor move forward with investigating election meddling for future elections so that nothing can happen in future elections." The President wanted Sessions to disregard his recusal from the investigation, which had followed from a formal DOJ ethics review, and have Sessions declare that he knew "for a fact" that "there were no Russians involved with the campaign" because he "was there." The President further directed that Sessions should explain that the President should not be subject to an investigation " because he hasn' t done anything wrong." Taken together , the President ' s directives indicate that Sessions was being instructed to tell the Special Counsel to end the existing investigation into the President and his campaign, with the Special Counsel being permitted to "move forward with investigating election meddling for future elections." b. Nexus to an official proceeding. As described above, by the time of the President's initial one-on-one meeting with Lewandowski on June 19, 2017, the existence of a grand jury investigation supervised by the Special Counsel was oublic knowledge. Bv the time of the President's follow-up meeting with Lewandowski,_ See Volume II, Section 11.G, infra. To satisfy the nexus requirement, it would be nece ss ary to show that limiting the Special Counsel's investigation would have the natural and probable effect of impeding that grand jury proceeding . c. Intent. Substantial evidence indicates that the President' s effort to have Sessions limit the scope of the Special Counsel's investigation to future election interference was intended to prevent further investigative scrutiny of the President' s and his campaign's conduct. As previously described, see Volume TT, Section II.B, supra, the Preside nt knew that the Russia investigation was focused in part on his campaign , and he perceived allegations of Russ ian interference to cast doubt on the legitimacy of his electio n. The Preside nt further knew that the investigation had broadened to include his own conduct and whether he had obstructed justice. Those investigations would not proceed if the Special Counsel's jurisdiction were limited to future election interferen ce only. The timing and circumstance s of the President's actions support the conclusion that he sought that result. The President's initial direction that Sessions should limit the Special Counsel's investigation came just two days after the President had ordered McGahn to ave the Special Counsel removed, which itself followed public reports that the President was persona lly under U.S. Department of Justice i\1;tfWACV Werk Preattet // Mw, (;AAtAiA Ms.tcri1tl Prntcctetl Uttaer Fee R Crim P 6(e) investigation for obstruction of justice. The sequence of those events raises an inference that after seeking to terminate the Special Counsel, the President sought to exclude his and his campaign's conduct from the investigatio n' s scope. The President raised the matter with Lewandowski again on July 19, 2017, just days after emails and information about the June 9, 2016 meeting between Russians and senior campaign officials had been publicly disclose d, generating substantial media coverage and investigative interest. The manner in which the President acted provides additional evidence of his intent. Rather than rely on official channels, the President met with Lewandowski alone in the Oval Office. The President selected a loyal "devotee " outside the White House to deliver the message, supporting an inference that he was working outside White House channels, including McGahn, who had previously resisted contacting the Department of Justice about the Special Counsel. The President also did not contact the Acting Attorney General, who had just testified publicly that there was no cause to remove the Special Counsel. Instead, the President tried to use Sessions to restrict and redirect the Special Counsel's investigation when Sessions was recused and could not properly take any action on it. The July 19, 2017 events provide further evidence of the President's intent. The President followed up with Lewandowski in a separate one-on-one meeting one month after he first dictated the message for Sessions, demonstrating he still sought to pursue the request. And just hours after Lewandowski assured the President that the message would soon be delivered to Sessions, the President gave an unplanned interview to the New York Times in which he publicly attacked Sessions and raised questions about his job security. Four days later, on July 22, 2017, the President directed Priebus to obtain Sessions's resignation. That evidence could raise an infer ence that the President wanted Sessions to realize that his job might be on the line as he evaluated whether to comply with the President ' s direction that Sessions publicly announce that, notwithstanding his recusal, he was going to confine the Special Counsel's investigation to future election interference. G. The President's Efforts to Prevent Disclosure of Emails About the June 9, 2016 Meeting Behveen Russians and Senior Campaign Officials Overview By June 2017, the President became aware of emails setting up the June 9, 2016 meeting between senior campaign officials and Russians who offered derogatory information on Hillary Clinton as "part of Russia and its government's support for Mr. Trump." On multiple occasions in late June and early July 2017, the President directed aides not to publicly disclose the emails, and he then dictated a statement about the meeting to be issued by Donald Trump Jr. describing the meeting as about adoption. Evidence 1. The President Learns About the Existence of Emails Concerning the June 9, 2016 Trump Tower Meeting In mid-June 2017- the same week that the President first asked Lewandowski to pass a message to Sessions- senior Administration officials became aware of emails exchanged during 98 U.S. Department of Justice "j;j:01·1'1"'" WA.,I, P11AA11f'!t // Mn, .. CAAtn,iA MateFial PFoteeted. UAd.er Fed. R. Criffi. P. 6(e) the campaign arranging a meeting between Donald Trump Jr., Paul Manafort, Jared Kushner, and a Russian attorney.663 As described in Volume I, Section TV.A.5, supra, the emails stated that the "Crown [P]rosecutor of Russia" had offered "to provide the Trump campaign with some official documents and information that would incriminate Hillary and her dealings with Russia" as part of "Russia and its government's support for Mr. Trump."664 Trump Jr. responded, "[I]f it's what you say I love it,"665 and he, Kushner, and Manafort met with the Russian attorney and several other Russian individuals at Trump Tower on June 9, 2016.666 At the meeting, the Russian attorney claimed that funds derived from illegal activities in Russia were provided to Hillary Clinton and other Democrats, and the Russian attorney then spoke about the Magnitsky Act, a 2012 U.S. statute that imposed financial and travel sanctions on Russian officials and that had resulted in a retaliato ry ban in Russia on U.S. adoptions of Russian children. 667 According to written answers submitted by the President in response to questions from this Office, the President had no recollection of learning of the meeting or the emails setting it up at the time the meeting occurred or at any other time before the elect ion.668 The Trump Campaign had previously received a document request from SSCI that called for the production of various information, including, "[a] list and a description of all meetings" between any "individual affiliated with the Trump campaign" and "any individual formally or informally affiliated with the Russian government or Russian business interests which took place between June 16, 2015, and 12 pm on January 20, 2017," and associated records.669 Trump Organization attorneys became aware of the June 9 meeting no later than the first week of June 2017, when they began interviewing the meeting participants, and the Trump Organization attorneys provided the emails setting up the meeting to the President's personal counsel.670 Mark Corallo, who had been hired as a spokesman for the President ' s personal legal team, recalled that he learned about the June 9 meeting around June 21 or 22, 2017.671 Priebus recalled learning about the June 9 meeting from Fox News host Sean Hannity in late June 2017.672 Priebus notified one 663 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 1; Raffel 2/8/18 302, at 2. 664 RG000061 (6/3/16 Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr.); @DonaldJTrumpJR 7/11/17 (11:01 a.m. ET) Tweet. 665 RG000061 (6/3/16 Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone); @DonaldJTrumpJR 7/11/17(11:01 a.m. ET) Tweet. 666 Samochornov 7/12/17 302, at 4. 667 See Volume I, Section IV.A.5, supra (describing meeting in detail). 668 Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 8 (Response to Question I, Parts (a) through (c)). The President declined to answer questions about his knowledge of the June 9 meeti ng or other events after the election. 669 DJTFP_SCO_pDF_00000001-02 (5/17/17 Letter, SSCI to Donald J. Trump for President, Inc.). 670 Goldstone 2/8/18 302, at 12; 6/2/l7 and 6/5/17 Emails, Goldstone & Garten; Raffel 2/8/18 302, at 3; Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 2. 672 Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 7. 99 671 Corallo 2/15/18 302, at 3. 672 Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 7. 99 U.S. Department of Justice "fat()t'fWN WArk PrAflm t // MEI..' GAAtaiA Mate,ial PFsfeetea Urtaer Feel. R. Criffl_ p_ 6(e) of the President' s personal attorneys, who told Priebus he was already working on it.673 By late June, several advisors recalled receiving media inquiries that could relate to the June 9 meeting .674 2. The President Directs Communications Staff Not to Publicly Disclose Information About the June 9 Meeting Communications advisors Hope Hicks and Josh Raffel recalled discussing with Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump that the emails were damaging and would inevitably be leaked.675 Hicks and Raffel advised that the best strategy was to proactively release the emails to the press.676 On or about June 22, 2017, Hicks attended a meeting in the White House residence with the President, Kushner, and Ivanka Trump. 677 According to Hicks, Kushner said that he wanted to fill the President in on something that had been discovered in the documents he was to provide to the congressional committees involving a meeting with him, Manafort, and Trump Jr.678 Kushner brought a folder of documents to the meeting and tried to show them to the President , but the President stopped Kushner and said he did not want to know about it, shutting the conversation down.679 On June 28, 2017, Hicks viewed the emails at Kushner' s attorney's office.680 She recalled being shocked by the emails because they looked "really bad."681 The next day, Hicks spoke privately with the President to mention her concern about the emai ls, which she understood were soon going to be shared with Congress.682 The President seemed upset because too many people knew about the emails and he told Hicks that just one lawyer should deal with the matter.683 The President indicated that he did not think the emails would leak, but said they would leak if everyone had access to them.684 673 Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 7. 674 Corallo 2/15/18 302, at 3; Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 8; Raffel 2/8/ l 8 302, at 3. 675 Raffel 2/8/18 302, at 2-3; Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 2. 676 Raffel 2/8/18 302 , at 2-3, 5; Hicks 3/13/ l 8 302, at 2; Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 8. 677 Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 6-7; Hicks 3/13 / 18 302, at I. 678 Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 7; Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 1. 679 Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 7; Hicks 3/13/18 302, at I. Counsel for Ivanka Trump provided an attorney proffer that is consistent with Hicks's account and with the other events involving lvanka Trump set forth in this section of the report. Kushner said that he did not recall talking to the President at this time about the June 9 meeting or the underlying emails. Kushner 4/11/18 302, at 30. 680 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 1-2. 681 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 2. 682 Hicks I 2/7117 302, at 8. 683 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 2-3; Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 8. 684 Hicks 12/7/l 7 302, at 8. 100 U.S. Department of Justice t\ ttoFAP' • WAFlc PFAfi11P.t // ·fo,., DoRtAiR Ml½fef'il½I Pf'Afeefed. lJHd.er Fe d.. R. Crim- p_ 6(e) Later that day, Hicks, Kushner, and Ivanka Trump went together to talk to the Preside nt.685 Hicks recalled that Kushner told the President the June 9 meeting was not a big deal and was about Russian adoption, but that emails existed setting up the meeting. 686 Hicks said she wanted to get in front of the story and have Trump Jr. release the emails as part of an interview with "so ftba ll questions." 687 The President said he did not want to know about it and they should not go to the press.688 Hicks warned the President that the emails were "really bad" and the story would be "mass ive" when it broke, but the President was insistent that he did not want to talk about it and said he did not want deta ils. 689 Hicks recalled that the President asked Kushner when his document ° production was due. 69 Kushner responded that it would be a couple of weeks and the President said, "then leave it alone." 691 Hicks also recalled that the President said Kushner's attorney should give the emails to whomever he needed to give them to, but the President did not think they would be leaked to the press.692 Raffel later heard from Hicks that the President had directed the group not to be proactive in disclosing the emails because the President believed they would not leak.693 3. The President Directs Trump Jr.'s Response to Press Inquiries About the June 9 Meeting The following week, the President departed on an overseas trip for the G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany, accompanied by Hicks, Raffel, Kushner, and Tvanka Trump , among others. 694 On July 7, 2017, while the President was overseas, Hicks and Raffel learned that the New York Times was working on a story about the June 9 meet ing. 695 The next day, Hicks told the President about the story and he directed her not to commen t. 696 Hicks thought the President's reaction was odd because he usually co nsidered not responding to the press to be the ultimate sin.697 Later that day, Hicks and the President again spoke about the story.698 Hicks recalled that the President asked 685 Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 8; Hicks 3/13/ 18 302, at 2. 686 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 2; Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 9. 687 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 2-3. 688 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 2-3; Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 9. 689 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 3; Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 9. 690 Hicks 3/13 / 18 302, at 3. 691 Hicks 3/13/18302, at 3. 692 Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 9. 693 Raffel 2/8/18 302, at 5. 694 Raffel 2/8/18 302, at 6. 695 Raffel 2/8/18 302, at 6-7; Hicks 3/13/ 18 302, at 3. 696 Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 10; Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 3. 697 Hicks 12/7/17 302, at IO. 698 Hicks 3/13/ I8 302, at 3. 10 I U.S. Department of Justice AtterRCV Werle Preattet // Mfi... GARtaiR Material Preteetea Uttaer Fea- R- Crim P 6(e) her what the meeting had been about, and she said that she had been told the meeting was about Russian adoption.699 The President responded, "then just say that." 700 On the flight home from the G20 on July 8, 2017, Hicks obtained a draft statement about the meeting to be released by Trump Jr. and brought it to the President. 701 The draft statement began with a reference to the information that was offered by the Russians in setting up the meeting: "I was asked to have a meeting by an acquaintance I knew from the 2013 Miss Universe pageant with an individual who I was told might have information helpful to the campaign."702 Hicks again wanted to disclose the entire story, but the President directed that the statement not be issued because it said too much.703 The President told Hicks to say only that Trump Jr. took a brief meeting and it was about Russian adoption. 704 After speaking with the President, Hicks texted Trump Jr. a revised statement on the June 9 meeting that read: It was a short meeting. I asked Jared and Paul to stop by. We discussed a program about the adoption of Russian children that was active and popular with American families years ago and was since ended by the Russian government, but it was not a campaign issue at that time and there was no follow up.705 Hicks' s text concluded , "Are you ok with this? Attributed to you."706 Trump Jr. responded by text message that he wanted to add the word "primarily" before "discussed" so that the statement would read, "We primarily discussed a program about the adoption of Russian children."707 Trump Jr. texted that he wanted the change because "[t]hey started with some Hillary thing which was bs and some other nonsense which we shot down fast."708 Hicks texted back, "I think that's right too but boss man worried it invites a lot of questions[.) [U]ltimately [d]efer to you and [your attorney] on that word Be I know it ' s important and I think the mention of a campaign issue adds something to it in case we have to go further." 709 Trump Jr. responded, "lfl don't have it in there it appears as though I'm lying later when they inevitably leak something ." 710 Trump Jr.' s statement-adding 699 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 3; Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 10. 700 Hicks 3/13/l 8 302, at 3; see Hicks 12/7/17 302, at I 0. 701 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 4. 702 Hicks 7/8/17 Notes. 703 Hicks 3/ 13/18 302, at 4-5; Hicks I2/7117 302, at 11. 704 Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 11. 705 SCRO11a_00000 4 (7/8/17 Text Message, Hicks to Trump Jr.). 706 SCR01 l a_000004 (7/8/17 Text Message, Hicks to Trump Jr.). 707 SCRO11a_000005 (7/8/17 Text Message, Trump Jr. to Hicks). 708 SCR01 la_000005 (7/8/17 Text Message, Trump Jr. to Hicks). 709 102 710 SCRO11a_000005 (7/8/17 Text Message, Hicks to Trump Jr.). SCRO l l a_000006 (7/8 /17 Text Message, Trump Jr. to Hicks). 103 U.S. Department of Justice AiatArf!e'o' '.VArl< PrAtfoet // MA'o' D.AfltAifl MAtet>iAl Pt>Ateetefl I Tf!Aer J:.efl R D.riffl P Me) the word " primarily" and making other minor additions-was then provided to the New York Times.711 The full statement provided to the Times stated: It was a short introductory meeting. I asked Jared and Paul to stop by. We primarily discussed a program about the adoption of Russian children that was active and popular with American families years ago and was since ended by the Russian government, but it was not a campaign issue at the time and there was no follow up. I was asked to attend the meeting by an acquaintance, but was not told the name of the person I would be meeting with beforehand.712 The statement did not mention the offer of derogatory information about Clinton or any discussion of the Magnitsky Act or U.S. sanctions, which were the principal subjects of the meeting, as described in Volume I, Section IV.A.5, supra. A short while later, while still on Air Force One, Hicks learned that Priebus knew about the emails, which further convinced her that additional information about the June 9 meeting would leak and the White House should be proactive and get in front of the story.713 Hicks recalled again going to the President to urge him that they should be fully transparent about the June 9 meeting, but he again said no, telling Hicks, "You've given a statement. We're done."714 Later on the flight home, Hicks went to the President's cabin, where the President was on the phone with one of his personal attomeys. 715 At one point the President handed the phone to Hicks, and the attorney told Hicks that he had been working with Circa News on a separate story, and that she should not talk to the New York Times.716 4. The Media Reports on the June 9, 2016 Meeting Before the President's flight home from the G20 landed, the New York Times published its story about the June 9, 2016 meeting.717 In addition to the statement from Trump Jr., the Times story also quoted a statement from Corallo on behalf of the President's legal team suggesting that the meeting might have been a setup by individuals working with the firm that produced the Steele reporting.718 Corallo also worked with Circa News on a story published an hour lat er that 711 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 6; see Jo Becker et al., Trump Team Met With Lawyer Linked to Kremlin During Campaign, New York Times (July 8, 2017). 712 See Jo Becker et al., Trump Team Met With Lawyer Linked to Kremlin During Campaign, New York Times (Ju ly 8, 2017). 713 Hick s 3/13/18 302, at 6; Raffel 2/8/18 302, at 9-10. 714 Hicks 12/7/17 302, at 12; Raffel 2/8/18 302, at 10. 715 Hicks 3/ 13/18 302, at 7. 716 Hicks 3/ 13/18 302, at 7. 717 See Jo Becker et al., Trump Team Met With Lawyer Linked to Kremlin During Campaign, New York Times (July 8, 2017); Raffel 2/8/18 302, at I0. 718 See Jo Becker et al., Trump Team Met With Lawyer Linked to Kremlin During Campaign, New York Times (July 8, 2017). U.S. Department of Justice A UAl'AP>' lJ'Af'lr p.,A,:l11p.t // lli4Al' PAAtAiA ll.4AtPf'iAI Pl'AtP.P.tP.,:1 I IAAP f' JJ:eA R rrilfl p Me) questioned whether Democratic operatives had arranged the June 9 meeting to create the appearance of improper connections between Russia and Trump family members. 719 Hicks was upset about Corallo's public statement and called him that evening to say the President had not approved the statemen t.720 The next day, July 9, 2017, Hicks and the President called Corallo together and the President criticized Corallo for the statement he had released.721 Corallo told the President the statement had been authorized and further observed that Trump Jr.'s statement was inaccurate and that a document existed that would contradict it. 722 Corallo said that he purposely used the term "document" to refer to the emails setting up the June 9 meeting because he did not know what the President knew about the emails. 723 Corallo recalled that when he referred to the "document" on the call with the President, Hicks responded that only a few people had access to it and said "it will never get out." 724 Corallo took contemporaneous notes of the call that say: "Also mention existence of doc. Hope says ' only a few people have it. It will never get out."' 725 Hicks later told investigators that she had no memory of making that comment and had always believed the emails would eventually be leaked, but she might have been channeling the President on the phone call because it was clear to her throughout her conversations with the President that he did not think the emaiis would leak.726 On July 11, 2017, Trump Jr. posted redacted images of the emails setting up the June 9 meeting on Twitter; the New York Times reported that he did so "[a]fter being told that The Times was about to publish the content of the emails." 727 Later that day, the media reported that the President had been personally involved in preparing Trump Jr.'s initial statement to the New York Times that had claimed the meeting "primarily" concerned "a program about the adoption of Russian children."728 Over the next several days, the President' s personal counsel repeatedly and 719 See Donald Trump Jr. gathered members of campaign/or meeting with Russian lawyer before election, Circa News (July 8, 2017). 720 Hicks 3/ 13/18 302, at 8; Corallo 2/ 15/ l 8 302, at 6-7. 721 Corallo 2/15/ 18 302, at 7. 722 Corallo 2/15/18 302, at 7. 723 Corallo 2/15/18 302, at 7-9. 724 Corallo 2/15 / 18 302, at 8. 725 Corallo 2/15/18 302, at 8; Corallo 7/9/17 Notes ("Sunday 9th - Hope calls w/ POTUS on line") . Corallo said he is "I 00% confident" that Hicks said "It will never get out" on the call. Corallo 2/ 15/18 302 , at 9. 726 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 9. 727 @DonaldJTrumpJR 7/11/17 (11:01 a.m. ET) Tweet; Jo Becker et al., Russian Dirt on Clinton? 'I Love It, 'Donald Trump Jr. Said, New York Times (July 11 , 2017). 728 See, e.g., Peter Baker & Maggie Haberman, Rancor at White House as Russia Story Refuses to Let the Page Turn, New York Times (July 11, 2017) (reporting that the President "signed off ' on Trump Jr.'s statement). U.S. Department of Justice A1-tAr fle"v WArk Preettet // M R,.1 · GAAtait=1 Material Preteetee Ut11eer Fee. R. Criffl P 6(e) 1 inaccurately denied that the President played any role in drafting Trump Jr.'s statement.729 After consulting with the President on the issue, White House Press Secretary Sarah Sanders told the media that the President "certainly didn't dictate" the statement, but that "he weighed in, offered suggestions like any father would do."730 Several months later, the President's personal counsel stated in a private communication to the Special Counsel's Office that "the President dictated a short but accurate response to the New York Times article on behalf of his son, Donald Trump, Jr."731 The President later told the press that it was " irrelevant" whether he dictated the statement and said, "It's a statement to the New York Times That's not a statement to a high tribunal of judges."732 ,ecial Counsel's Office Trump Jr. related to the June 9 meeting and those who attended the On July 19, 2017, the President had his follow-up meeting with Lewandowski and then met with reporters for the New York Times. In addition to criticizing Sessions in his Times interview, the President addressed the June 9, 2016 meeting and said he "didn' t know anything about the meeting" at the time.734 The President added, " As I've said-most other people, you know, when they call up and say, ' By the way, we have information on your opponent,' I think most politicians - I was just with a lot of people, they said ... , 'Who wouldn' t have taken a meeting like that?" '735 Analysis In analyzing the President' s actions regarding the disclosure of information about the June 9 meeting, the following evidence is relevant to the elements of obstruction of justice: a. Obstructive act. On at least three occasions between June 29, 2017 , and July 9, 2017, the President directed Hicks and others not to publicly disclose information about the June 729 See, e.g., David Wright, Trump lawyer: President was aware of "nothing", CNN (July 12, 2017) (quoting the President' s personal attorney as saying, "I wasn't involved in the statement drafting at all nor was the President."); see also Good Morning America, ABC (July 12, 2017) ("The President didn't sign off on anything The President wasn't involved in that.") ; Meet the Press, NBC (July 16 , 2017) ("I do want to be clear-the President was not involved in the drafting of the statement."). 730 Sarah Sanders, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN (Aug. 1, 2017); Sanders 7 /3/18 302, at 9 (the President told Sanders he "weighed in, as any father would" and knew she intended to tell the press what h·e said). 731 1/29/18 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office, at 18. 732 Remarks by President Trump in Press Gaggle (June 15, 2018). 733 734 Peter Baker et al., Excerpts From The Times's Interview With Trump, New York Times (July 19,2017). 735 Peter Baker et al., Excerpts From The Times's Interview With Trump, New York Times (July 19, 2017). U.S. Department of Justice A#AFl'HW WArk PrAtfoet // M 11.· C'Al'ltRil'l MRtet'iR-1 PrAteetee lJF1eer Fee. R. Criffl p 6(e) 9, 2016 meeting between senior campaign officials and a Russian attorney. On June 29, Hicks warned the President that the emails setting up the June 9 meeting were " really bad" and the story would be "massive" when it broke, but the President told her and Kushner to "leave it alone. " Early on July 8, after Hicks told the President the New York Times was working on a story about the June 9 meeting, the President directed her not to comment, even though Hicks said that the President usually considered not responding to the press to be the ultimate sin. Later that day, the President rejected Trump Jr.'s draft statement that would have acknowledged that the meeting was with "a n individual who I was told might have information helpful to the campaign." The President then dictated a statement to Hicks that said the meeting was about Russian adoption (which the President had twice been told was discussed at the meeting) . The statement dictated by the President did not mention the offer of derogatory information about Clinton. Each of these efforts by the President involved his communications team and was directed at the press. They would amount to obstructive acts only if the President, by taking these actions, sought to withhold information from or mislead congressional investigators or the Special Counsel. On May 17, 2017, the President's campaign received a document request from SSCI that clearly covered the June 9 meeting and underlying emails, and those documents also plainly would have been relevant to the Special Counsel ' s investigation . But the evidence does not establish that the President took steps to prevent the emails or other information about the June 9 meeting from being provided to Congress or the Special Counsel. The series of discussions in which the President sought to limit access to the emails and prevent their public release occurred in the context of developing a press strategy. The only evidence ,we have of the President discussing the production of documents to Congress or the Special Counsel is the conversation on June 29, 2017, when Hicks recalled the President acknowledging that Kushner' s attorney should provide emails related to the June 9 meeting to whomever he needed to give them to. We do not have evidence of what the President discussed with his own lawyers at that time. b. Nexus to an official proceeding. As described above, by the time of the President's attempts to prevent the public release of the emails regarding the June 9 meeting, the existence of a grand jury investigation supervised by the Special Counsel was public knowledge, and the President had been told that the emails were responsive to congressional inquiries. To satisfy the nexus requirement, however, it would be necessary to show that preventing the release of the emails to the public would have the natural and probable effect of impeding the grand jury proceeding or congressional inquiries. As noted above, the evidence does not establish that the President sought to prevent disclos ure of the emails in those official proceedings. c. intent. The evidence establishes the President' s substantial involvement in the communications strategy related to information about his campaign's connections to Russia and his desire to minimize public disclosures about those connection s. The President became aware of the emails no later than June 29, 2017, when he discussed them with Hicks and Kushner, and he could have been aware of them as early as June 2, 2017, when lawyers for the Trump Organizatio n began interviewing witnesses who participated in the June 9 meeting. The President thereafter repeatedly rejected the advice of Hicks and other staffers to publicly release information about the June 9 meeting. The President expressed concern that multiple people had access to the emails and instructed Hicks that only one lawyer should deal with the matter. And the President U.S. Department of Justice A1'tArAe-.· \llerk Preettet // Mw,· GAAtaiA Material Preteetea Urtaer Fee R Crim P 6(e) dictated a statement to be released by Trump Jr. in response to the first press accounts of the June 9 meeting that said the meeting was about adoption. But as described above, the evidence does not establish that the President intended to prevent the Special Counsel's Office or Congress from obtaining the emails setting up the June 9 meeting or other information about that meeting. The statement recorded by Corallo-that the emails "will never get out"-can be explained as reflecting a belief that the emails would not be made public if the President's press strategy were followed, even if the emails were provided to Congress and the Special Counsel. H. The President's Further Efforts to Have the Attorney General Take Over the Investigation Overview From summer 2017 through 2018, the President attempted to have Attorney General Sessions reverse his recusal, take control of the Special Counsel's investigation , and order an investigation of Hillary Clinton. Evidence 1. The President Again Seeks to Have Sessions Reverse his Recusal After returning Sessions's resignation letter at the end of May 2017, but before the President's July 19, 2017 New York Times interview in which he publicly criticized Sessions for recusing from the Russia investigation, the President took additional steps to have Sessions reverse his recusal. In particular, at some point after the May 17, 2017 appointment of the Special Counsel, Sessions recalled, the President called him at home and asked if Sessions would " unrecuse" himself. 736 According to Sessions, the President asked him to reverse his recusal so that Sessions could direct the Department of Justice to investigate and prosecute Hillary Clinton, and the "gist" of the conversation was that the President wanted Sessions to unrecus e from "all of it," including the Special Counsel's Russia investigation.737 Sessions listened but did not respond, and he did not reverse his recusal or order an investigation of Clinton.738 In early July 2017, the President asked Staff Secretary Rob Porter what he thought of Associate Attorney General Rachel Brand.739 Porter recalled that the President asked him if Brand was good, tough, and "o n the team. " 740 The President also asked if Porter thought Brand was interested in being responsible for the Special Counsel's investigation and whether she would want 736 Sessions I /17/18 302, at 15. That was the second time that the President asked Sessions to reverse his recusalfrom campaign-related investigations. See Volume II, Section 11.C.1, supra (describing President's March 2017 request at Mar-a-Lago for Sessions to unrecuse). 737 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 15. 738 Sessions 1/17/18 302, at 15. 739 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 11 ; Porter 5/8/18 302, at 6. 740 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 11; Porter 5/8/18 302, at 6. U.S. Department of Justice ,\ j;.j;f)FRP.'o' '.VAFk PFAA11et // UA" PARtRiR 114AtP.FiRl PFAtP.eitP.A ( lAAef J::ee R Gfiffi p 6fo) to be Attorney General one day.741 Because Pmter knew Brand, the President asked him to sound her out about taking responsibility for the investigation and being Attorney General.742 Contemporaneous notes taken by Porter show that the President told Porter to "Keep in touch with your friend," in reference to Brand.743 La ter, the President asked Porter a few times in passing whether he had spoken to Brand, but Porter did not reach out to her because he was uncomfortable with the task.744 In asking him to reach out to Brand, Porter understood the President to want to find someone to end the Russia investigation or fire the Special Counsel, although the President never said so explicitly. 745 Porter did not contact Brand because he was sensitive to the implications of that action and did not want to be involved in a chain of events associated with an effort to end the investigation or fire the Special Counsel.746 McGahn recalled that during the summer of 2017, he and the President discussed the fact that if Sessions were no longer in his position the Special Counsel would report directly to a non recused Attorney General.747 McGahn told the President that things might not change much under a new Attorney Genera l.748 McGahn also recalled that in or around July 2017, the President frequently brought up his displeasure with Sessio ns. 749 Hicks recalled that the President viewed Sessions's recusal from the Russia investigation as an act of disloyalty.750 In addition to criticizing Sessions's recusa l, the President raised other concerns about Sessions and his job performance with McGahn and Hic ks. 751 741 Porter 4/13/ I 8 302, at 11; Porter 5/8/18 302, at 6. Because of Sessions's recusal, if Rosenstein were no longer in his position, Brand would, by default, become the DOJ official in charge of supervising the Special Counsel's investigation, and if both Sessions and Rosenstein were removed, Brand would be next in line to become Acting Attorney General for all DOJ matters. See 28 U.S.C. § 508. 742 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 11; Porter 5/8/18 302, at 6. 743 SC_ RRP000020(Potter 7/10/17 Notes). 744 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 11-12. 745 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 11-12. 746 Porter 4/13/18 302 , at 11-12. Brand confirmed that no one ever raised with her the prospect of taking over the Russia investigation or becoming Attorney General. Brand 1/29/19 302, at 2. 747 McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 11. 748 McGahn 12 / 14/17302, at 11. 749 McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 9. 750 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 10. 751 McGahn 12/14/17 302, at 9; Hicks 3/13/ l 8 302, at 10. U.S. Department of Justice a f.l.'1FR<".» lJTm..Jf PF0A11P.t // Mw,· CoRfAiR MAfefial Pfol'eel'erl UHl'ier Ferl. R. Crim P 6(e) 2. Additional Efforts to Have Sessions Unrecuse or Direct Investigations Covered by his Recusal Later in 2017, the President continued to urge Sessions to reverse his recusal from campaign-related investigations and considered replacing Sessions with an Attorney General who would not be recused. On October 16, 2017, the President met privately with Sessions and said that the Department of Justice was not investigating individuals and events that the President thought the Department should be investigating. 752 According to contemporaneous notes taken by Porter, who was at the meeting, the President mentioned Clinton's emails and said, "Don't have to tell us, just take [a] loo k."753 Sessions did not offer any assurances or promises to the President that the Department of Justice would comply with that request.754 Two days later, on October 18, 2017, the President tweeted, "Wow, FBI confirms report that James Corney drafted letter exonerating Crooked Hillary Clinton long before investigation was complete. Many people not interviewed, including Clinton herself. Corney stated under oath that he didn't do this-obviously a fix? Where is Justice Dept?"755 On October 29, 2017, the President tweeted that there was " ANGER & UNITY" over a "lack of investigation" of Clinton arid " the Corney fix," and concluded: " DO SOMETHING !"756 On December 6, 2017, five days after Flynn pleaded guilty to lying about his contacts with the Russian government, the President asked to speak with Sessions in the Oval Office at the end of a cabinet meeting. 757 During that Oval Office meeting , which Porter attended, the President again suggested that Sessions could " unrecuse," which Porter linked to taking back supervision of the Russia investigation and directing an investigation of Hillary Clinto n.758 According to contemporaneous notes taken by Porter, the President said, "I don't know if you could un-recuse yourself. You'd be a hero. Not telling you to do anything. Dershowitz says POTUS can get involved. Can order AG to investigate. I don' t want to get involved. I'm not going to get involved. I'm not going to do anything or direct you to do anything. I just want to be treated fairly." 759 According to Porter's notes, Sessions responded, "We are taking steps; whole new leadership 752 Porter 5/8/18 302, at 10. 753 SC RRP000024 (Porter I0 / 16/17 Notes); see Porter 5/8/18 302, at 10. 754 Porter 5/8/18 302, at I 0. @realDonaldTrump 10/18/17 (6:21 a.m. ET) Tweet; @realDonaldTrump I 0/18/17 (6:27 a.m. 755 ET) Tweet. 756 @realDonaldTrump 10/29/17 (9:53 a.m. ET) Tweet;@realDonaldTrump 10/29/17 (10:02 a.m. ET) Tweet; @rea!DonaldTrump I 0/29/17 (10:17 a.rn. ET) Tweet. 757 Porter 4/13 /18 302, at 5-6; see SC_RRP000031 (Porter 12/6/17 Notes) ("12:45pm With the President, Gen. Kelly, and Sessions (who I pulled in after the Cabinet meeting)"); SC_RRP000033 (Porter 12/6/17 Notes) ("Post-cabinet meeting - POTUS asked me to get AG Sessions. Asked me to stay. Also COS Kelly."). 758 Porter 5/8/18 302, at 12; Porter 4/ 13/I8 302, at 5-6. 759 SC_RRP000033 (Porter 12/6/17 Notes); see Porter 4/13/18 302, at 6; Porter 5/8/18 302, at 12. U.S. Department of Justice AUrn·He·, W0,lc P,0tluet // MRv GtmtaiH Mate,ial PFeteetetl Ut1def Fed R. Critt1 P 6(e) team. Professionals; will operate according to the law ." 760 Sessions also said, "I never saw anything that was improper," which Porter thought was noteworthy because it did not fit with the previous discussion about Clinton.761 Porter understood Sessions to be reassuring the President that he was on the President's team.762 At the end of December, the President told the New York Times it was "too bad" that Sessions had recused himself from the Russia investigation. 763 When asked whether Holder had been a more loyal Attorney General to President Obama than Sessions was to him, the President said, "I don ' t want to get into loya lty, but I will tell you that, I will say this: Holder protected President Obama. Totally protected him. When you look at the things that they did, and Holder protected the president. And (have great respect for that, I'll behones t."764 Later in January, the President brought up the idea ofreplacing Sessions and told Porter that he wanted to "clean house" at the Department of Justice. 765 In a meeting in the White House residence that Porter attended on January 27, 2018, Porter recalled that the President talked about the great attorneys he had in the past with successful win records, such as Roy Cohn and Jay Goldberg, and said that one of his biggest failings as President was that he had not surrounded himself with good attorneys, citing Sessions as an example. 766 The President raised Sessions's recusal and brought up and criticized the Special Counsel's investigation. 767 Over the next several months, the President continued to criticize Sessions in tweets and media interviews and on several occasions appeared to publicly encourage him to take action in the Russia investigation despite his recusal. 768 On June 5, 2018, for example, the President 760 SC_RRP000033 (Porter 12/6/17 Notes); see Porter 4/13/18 302, at 6. 761 SC_RRP000033 (Porter 12/6 /17 Notes); Porter 4/13/ 18 302, at 6. 762 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 6-7. Michael S. Schmidt & Michael D. Shear, Trump Says Russia Inquiry Makes US. "Look Very 763 Bad" , New York Times (Dec. 28, 2017). Michael S. Schmidt & Michael D. Shear, Trump Says Russia Inquiry Makes US. "Look Very 764 Bad", New York Times (Dec. 28, 2017). 765 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 14. 766 Porter 5/8/18 302, at 15. Contemporaneous notes Porter took of the conversation state, "Roy Cohn (14-0) / Jay Goldberg (12-0)." SC _RRP000047 (Potter 1/27/18 Notes). 767 Porter 5/8/18 302, at 15- 16 . 768 See, e.g., @realDonaldT rump 2/28/18 (9:34 a.m. ET) Tweet ("Why is A.G. Jeff Sessions asking the Inspector General to investigate potentially massive FISA abuse. Will take forever, has no prosecutorial power and already late with reports on Corney etc. Isn' t the I.G. an Obama guy? Why not use Justice Depattment lawyers? DISGRACEFUL!"); @rea!DonaldTrump4/7/18 (4:52 p.m. ET) Tweet ("Lawmakers of the House Judiciary Committee are angrily accusing the Department of Justice of missing the Thursday Deadline for turning over UNREDACTED Documents relating to FISA abuse, FBI, Corney, Lynch, McCabe, Clinton Emails and much more. Slow walking - what is going on? BAD!"); @realDonaldT rump 4/22/18 (8:22 a.m. ET) Tweet (" 'GOP Lawmakers asking Sessions to Investigate 110 Corney and Hillary Clinton.' @FoxNews Good luck with that request!"); @rea!DonaldT rump 12/16/18 (3:37 p.m. ET) Tweet 110 U.S. Department of Justice AiatArRCV Worlc Pt'ABI-.IOt //) 4w. PAR*RiR MR*eriRI Pi:Ateetel'I l ;Reef J;.:ea R Criffi p 6(e) tweeted, "The Russian Witch Hunt Hoax continues, all because Jeff Sessions didn' t tell me he was going to recuse himself. . . . I would have quickly picked someone else. So much time and money wasted, so many lives ruined ... and Sessions knew better than most that there was No Collusion!" 769 On August 1, 2018, the President tweeted that '"Attorney General Jeff Sessions should stop this Rigged Witch Hunt right now."770 On August 23, 2018, the President publicly criticized Sessions in a press interview and suggested that prosecutions at the Department of Justice were politically motivated because Paul Manafo11 had been prosecuted but Democrats had not. 771 The President said, "I put in an Attorney General that never took control of the Justice Department, Jeff Sess ions." 772 That day, Sessions issued a press statement that said, "I took control of the Department of Justice the day I was sworn in .... While I am Attorney General, the actions of the Department of Justice will not be improperly influenced by political considerations." 773 The next day, the President tweeted a response: '"Department of Justice will not be improperly influenced by political considerations.' Jeff, this is GREAT, what everyone wants, so look into all of the corruption on the 'other side' including deleted Emails, Corney lies & leaks, Mueller conflicts , McCabe, Strzok, Page, Ohr, FISA abuse, Christopher Steele & his phony and corrupt Dossier, the Clinton Foundation, illegal surveillance of Trump campaign, Russian collusion by Dems - and so much more. Open up the papers & documents without redaction? Come on Jeff, you can do it, the country is waiting!"774 On November 7, 2018, the day after the midterm elections, the President replaced Sessions with Sessions's chief of staff as Acting Attorney General.775 Analysis In analyzing the President's efforts to have Sessions unrecuse himself and regain control of the Russia investigation, the following considerations and evidence are relevant to the elements of obstruction of justice: a. Obstructive act. To determine if the President' s effo11s to have the Attorney General unrecuse could qualify as an obstructive act, it would be necessary to assess evidence on whether those actions would naturally impede the Russia investigation. That inquiry would take into account the supervisory role that the Attorney General, if unrecused, would play in the Russia investigation . It also would have to take into account that the Attorney General's recusal covered ("Jeff Sessions should be ashamed of himself for allowing this total HOAX to get started in the first place!"). 769 @realDonaldTrump 6/5/18 (7:31 a.m. ET) Tweet. 770 @realDonaldTrump 8/1/18 (9:24 a.m. ET) Tweet. 771 Fox & Friends Interview of President Trump, Fox News (Aug. 23, 2018). 772 Fox & Friends Interview of President Trump, Fox News (Aug. 23, 2018). 773 Sessions 8/23/18 Press Statement. 774 @ real DonaldTrump 8/24/18 (6: 17 a.m. ET) Tweet; @ realDonaldTrump 8/24/18 (6:28 a.m. ET) Tweet. 775 @realDonaldTrump 11/7/18 (2:44 p.m. ET) Tweet. U.S. Department of Justice A1-tArRe.,· '.llerlc Predttet // ft.4w,· rARtRiR MAteri1tl PrAteetea lJReer Fed R Criffl P 6(e) other campaign-related matters. The inquiry would not tum on what Attorney General Sessions would actually do if unrecused, but on whether the efforts to reverse his recusal would naturally have had the effect of impeding the Russia investigation. On multiple occasions in 2017, the President spoke with Sessions about reversing his recusal so that he could take over the Russia investigation and begin an investigation and prosecution of Hillary Clinton. For example, in early summer 2017, Sessions recalled the President asking him to unrecuse , but Sessions did not take it as a directive. When the President raised the issue again in December 2017, the President said, as recorded by Porter , " Not telling you to do anything. . . . I' m not going to get involv ed. I' m not going to do anything or direct you to do anything . I just want to be treated fairly." The duration of the President's efforts-which spanned from March 2017 to August 2018- and the fact that the President repeatedly criticized Sessions in public and in private for failing to tell the President that he would have to recuse is relevant to assessing whether the President ' s effotts to have Sessions unrecuse could qualify as obstructive acts. b. Nexus to an official proceeding. As described above, by mid-June 2017, the existence of a grand jury investigation supervised by the Special Counsel was public knowledge. In addition, in July 2017, a different grand jury supervised by the Special Counsel was empaneled in the District of Columbia, and the press reported on the existence of this grand jury in early August 2017.776 Whether the conduct towards the Attorney General would have a foreseeable impact on those proceedings turns on much of the same evidence discussed above with respect to the obstructive-act element. c. Intent. There is evidence that at least one purpose of the President' s conduct toward Sessions was to have Sessions assume control over the Russia investigation and supervise it in a way that would restrict its scope. By the summer of 2017, the President was aware that the Special Counsel was investigating him personally for obstruction of justice. And in the wake of the disclosures of emails about the June 9 meeting between Russians and senior members of the campaign, see Volume IT, Section TI.G, supra, it was evident that the investigation into the campaign now included the President's son, son-in-law , and former campaign manager. The President had previously and unsuccessfully sought to have Sessions publicly announce that the Special Counsel investigation would be confined to future election interference. Yet Sessions remained recused. In December 2017, shortly after Flynn pleaded guilty, the President spoke to Sessions in the Oval Office with only Porter present and told Sessions that he would be a hero if he unrecused. Porter linked that request to the President's desire that Sessions take back supervision of the Russia investigation and direct an investigation of Hillary Clinton. The President said in that meeting that he "just want[ed] to be treated fairly," which could reflect his perception that it was unfair that he was being investigated while Hillary Clinton was not. But a principal effect of that act would be to restore supervision of the Russia inve stigation to the Attorney General-a position that the P resi dent frequently suggested should be occupied by someone like Eric Holder and Bobby Kennedy, who the President described as protecting their 776 E.g., Del Quentin Wilbur & Byron Tau, Special Counsel Robert Mueller Impanels Washington Grand Jury in Russia Probe, Wall Street Journal (Aug. 3, 2017); Carol D. Leonnig et al., Special Counsel Mueller using grand jury in federal court in Washington as part of Russia investigation, Washington Post (Aug. 3, 2017) . 112 U.S. Department of Justice A FtAl"R P.11 1l'Arlc PrAAIIP.t // Ma,· GAFitail'I Material Preteetea UHaer Fea. R. Crit'l'I. P . 6(e) presidents. A reasonable inference from those statements and the President ' s actions is that the President believed that an unrecused Attorney General would play a protective role and could shield the President from the ongoing Russia investigatio n. I. The President Orders McGahn to Deny that the President Tried to Fire the Special Counsel Overview In late January 2018, the media reported that in June 2017 the President had ordered McGahn to have the Special Counsel fired based on purported conflicts of interest but McGahn had refused, saying he would quit instead. After the story broke, the President, through his personal counsel and two aides, sought to have McGahn deny that he had been directed to remove the Special Counsel. Each time he was approached, McGahn responded that he would not refute the press accounts because they were accurate in reporting on the President's effort to have the Special Counsel removed. The President later personally met with McGahn in the Oval Office with only the Chief of Staff present and tried to get McGahn to say that the President never ordered him to fire the Special Counsel. McGahn refused and insisted his memory of the President' s direction to remove the Special Counsel was accurate. In that same meeting , the President challenged McGahn for taking notes of his discussions with the President and asked why he had told Special Counsel investigators that he had been directed to have the Special Counsel removed. Evidence I. The Press Reports that the President Tried to Fire the Special Counsel On January 25, 2018, the New York Times reported that in June 2017, the President had ordered McGahn to have the Department of Justice fire the Specia l Co unsel.777 According to the article, "[a]mid the first wave of news media reports that Mr. Mueller was examining a possible obstruction case, the president began to argue that Mr. Mueller had three conflicts of interest that disqualified him from overseeing the investigation."778 The article further reported that "[a]fter receiving the president's order to fire Mr. Mueller, the White House counsel . . . refused to ask the Justice Department to dismiss the special co un sel, saying he would quit inste ad." 779 The article stated that the president "ultimately backed down after the White House counsel threatened to resign rather than carry out the directive." 780 After the article was published, the President Michael S. Schmidt & Maggie Haberman, Trump Ordered Mueller Fired, but Backed Off When 777 White House Counsel Threatened to Quit, New York Times (Jan. 25. 2018) . 778 Michael S. Schmidt & Maggie Haberman, Trump Ordered Mueller Fired, but Backed Off When White House Counsel Threatened to Quit, New York Times (Jan.25.2018). Michael S. Schmidt & Maggie Haberman, Trump Ordered Mueller Fired, but Backed Off 779 When White House Counsel Threatened to Quit, New York Times (Jan. 25. 2018). Michael S. Schmidt & Maggie Haberman, Trump Ordered Mueller Fired, but Backed Off When 780 White House Counsel Threatened to Quit, New York Times (Jan.25.2018). U.S. Department of Justice AttoFRev Wm•k PFothtet // 4 w roRtRiR MRfeFiRl PFoteetefl lJRse1• Fed. R. Criffl P 6(e) dismissed the story when asked about it by reporters, saying, "Fake news, folks. Fake news. A typical New York Times fake story."781 The next day, the Washington Post reported on the same event but added that McGahn had not told the President directly that he intended to resign rather than carry out the directive to have the Special Counsel terminated.782 In that respect , the Post story clarified the Times story, which could be read to suggest that McGahn had told the President of his intention to quit, causing the President to back down from the order to have the Special Counsel fired.783 2. The President Seeks to Have McGahn Dispute the Press Reports On January 26, 2018, the President's personal counsel called McGahn 's attorney and said that the President wanted McGahn to put out a statement denying that he had been asked to tire the Special Counsel and that he had threatened to quit in protest. 784 McGahn's attorney spoke with McGahn about that request and then called the President's personal counsel to relay that McGahn would not make a statement.785 McGahn 's attorney informed the President's personal counsel that the Times story was accurate in reporting that the President wanted the Special Counsel removed.786 Accordingly, McGahn's attorney said, although the article was inaccurate in some other respects, McGahn could not comply with the President ' s request to dispute the story. 787 Hicks recalled relaying to the President that one of his attorneys had spoken to McGahn ' s attorney about the issue.788 781 Sophie Tatum & Kara Scannell, Trump denies he called for Mueller's firing, CNN (Jan. 26, 2018); Michael S. Schmidt & Maggie Haberman, Trump Ordered Mueller Fired, but Backed Off When White House Counsel Threatened to Quit, New York Times (Jan. 25, 2018). 782 The Post article stated, "Despite internal objections, Trump decided to assert that Mueller had unacceptable conflicts of interest and moved to remove him from his position. In response, McGahn said he would not remain at the White House if Trump went through with the move.........McGahn did not deliver his resignation threat directly to Trump but was serious about his threat to leave." Rosalind S. Helderman & Josh Dawsey, Trump moved to fire Mueller in June, bringing White House counsel to the brink of leaving, Washington Post (Jan. 26, 2018). 783 Rosalind S. Helderman & Josh Dawsey, Trump moved to fire Mueller in June, bringing White House counsel to the brink of leaving, Washington Post (Jan. 26, 2018); see McGahn 3/8/17 302, at 3-4. 784 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 3 (agent note). 785 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 3 (agent note). 786 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 3-4 (agent note). 787 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4 (agent note). 788 Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 11. Hicks also recalled that the President spoke on the phone that day with Chief of Staff John Kelly and that the President said Kelly told him that McGahn had totally refuted the story and was going to put out a statement. Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 11. But Kelly said that he did not speak to McGahn when the article came out and did not tell anyone he had done so. Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 1-2. U.S. Department of Justice AttAl'flfl'v' WAl'lf Pl'ARHet // Ma•,· Cfn t!tiR M1tteri1tl Preteeteti Utttier Fee. R. Crim P 6(e) Also on January 26, 2017, Hicks recalled that the President asked Sanders to contact McGahn about the story.789 McGahn told Sanders there was no need to respond and indicated that ° some of the article was accurate. 79 Consistent with that position, McGahn did not correct the Times story. On February 4, 20 l 8, Priebus appeared on Meet the Press and said he had not heard the President say that he wanted the Special Counsel fired.791 After Priebus's appearance, the President called Priebus and said he did a great job on Meet the Press.792 The President also told Priebus that the President had " never said any of those things about" the Special Counse l.793 The next day, on February 5, 2018, the President complained about the Times article to Porter.794The President told Porter that the article was "bullshit" and he had not sought to terminate the Special Counsel.795 The President said that McGahn leaked to the media to make himselflook good.796 The President then directed Porter to tell McGahn to create a record to make clear that the President never directed McGahn to fire the Special Counsel.797 Porter thought the matter should be handled by the White House communications office, but the President said he wanted McGahn to write a letter to the file "for our records" and wanted something beyond a press statement to demonstrate that the reporting was inaccurate.798 The President referred to McGahn as a "lying bastard" and said that he wanted a record from him.799 Porter recalled the President Hicks 3/13/18 302, at 11. Sanders did not recall whether the President asked her to speak to 789 McGahn or if she did it on her own. Sanders 7/23/18 302, at 2. 790 Sanders 7/23/18 302, at 1-2. 791 Meet the Press Interview with Reince Priebus, NBC (Feb. 4, 2018). 792 Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 10. 793 Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 10. 794 Porter 4/13/ 18 302, at 16-17. Porter did not recall the timing of this discussion with the President. Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17. Evidence indicates it was February 5, 2018. On the back of a pocket card dated February 5, 2018, Porter took notes that are consistent with his description of the discussion: "COS: (1) Letter from OM - Never threatened to quit- DJT never told him to fire M." SC_RRP000053 (Porter Undated Notes). Porter said it was possible he took the notes on a day other than February 5. Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17. But Porter also said that "COS" referred to matters he wanted to discuss with Chief of Staff Kelly, Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17, and Kelly took notes dated February 5, 2018, that state "POTUS - Don McGahn letter - Mueller + resigning." WH0000I 7684 (Kelly 2/5/18 Notes). Kelly said he did not recall what the notes meant, but thought the President may have " mused " about having McGahn write a letter. Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 3. McGahn recalled that Poiter spoke with him about the President's request about two weeks after the New York Times story was published, which is consistent with the discussion taking place on or about February 5. McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 795 Pmter 4/13/18 302, at 17. 796 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17. 797 Porter 4/13/18 302 , at 17. 798 Porter 4/13 / 18 302 , at 17; Porter 5/8/18 302, at 18. 799 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17; Porter 5/8/18 302, at 18. U.S. Department of Justice Aftflf'f!e'o' Wtwlc Predt1et II Mw.· rAl'lfRil'l M0Jeri0-I PFt'lteetea lJFtaer Fed R Crimp 6(e) saying something to the effect of, "If he doesn't write a letter, then maybe I'll have to get rid of him."oso Later that day, Porter spoke to McGahn to deliver the President's message .801 Porter told McGahn that he had to write a letter to dispute that he was ever ordered to terminate the Special Counsel.802 McGahn shrugged off the request, explaining that the media reports were true. 803 McGahn told Porter that the President had been insistent on firing the Special Counsel and that McGahn had planned to resign rather than carry out the order, although he had not personally told the President he intended to quit. 804 Porter told McGahn that the President suggested that McGahn would be fired ifhe did not write the letter. 805 McGahn dismissed the threat, saying that the optics would be terrible if the President followed through with firing him on that basis.806 McGahn said he would not write the letter the President had requested.807 Porter said that to his knowledge the issue ofMcGahn's letter never came up with the President again, but Porter did recall telling Kelly about his conversation with McGa hn.808 The next day, on February 6, 2018, Kelly scheduled time for McGahn to meet with him and the President in the Oval Office to discuss the Times article.809 The morning of the meeting , the President's personal counsel called ,McGahn's attorney and said that the President was going to be speaking with McGahn and McGahn could not resign no matter what happened in the meeting.810 The President began the Oval Office meeting by telling McGahn that the New York Times story did not " look good" and McGahn needed to correct it.811 McGahn recalled the President said, "I never said to fire Mueller. I never said ' fire.' This story doesn't look good. You need to correct this. You're the White House counsel."812 800 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17. 801 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17; McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 802 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17; McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 803 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17; McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 804 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17; McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 805 Porter 4/13/18 302, at 17; McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 806 Porter 4/13/ 18 302 , at 17- 18 ; McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 807 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 808 Potter 4/13/18 302, at 18. 809 McGahn 3/8/ 18 302, at 4; WH000017685 (Kelly 2/6/18 Notes). McGahn recalled that, before the Oval Office meeting, he told Kelly that he was not inclined to fix the article. McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 810 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5 (agent note); 2/26/19 Email, Co unsel for Don McGahn to Special Counsel's Office (confirming February 6, 2018 date of call from the President's personal counse l). 81 1 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4; Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 2. 812 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4; Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice A#Ar1uw WArk PFA011et // Mw., C'.ARhiiR MA erifll PrAteetee lJHder Fed R Critfl P 6(c) In response, McGahn acknowledged that he had not told the President directly that he planned to resign, but said that the story was otherwise acc urate. 813 The President asked McGahn, · "Did I say the word ' fire' ?"814 McGahn responded, " What you said is, ' Ca ll Rod [Rosenstein] , tell Rod that Mueller has conflicts and can't be the Special Counsel." '815 The President responded, "I never said that."816 The President said he merely wanted McGahn to raise the conflicts issue with Rosenstein and leave it to him to decide what to do. 817 McGahn told the President he did not understand the conversation that way and instead had heard, " Call Rod. There are conflicts. Mueller has to go."818 The President asked McGahn whether he would "do a correction," and McGahn said no.819 McGahn thought the President was testing his mettle to see how committed ° McGahn was to what happened. 82 Kelly described the meeting as " a little tense."821 The President also asked McGahn in the meeting why he had told Special Counsel' s Office investigators that the President had told him to have the Special Counsel removed. 822 McGahn responded that he had to and that his conversations with the President were not protected by attorney-client privilege. 823 The President then asked, "What -about these notes? Why do you take notes? Lawyers don' t take notes. I never had a lawyer who took notes." 824 McGahn responded that he keeps notes because he is a " real lawyer" and explained that notes create a record and are not a bad thing. 825 The President said, " I' ve had a lot of great lawyers, like Roy Cohn. He did not take notes. " 826 After the Oval Office meeting concluded, Kelly recalled McGahn telling him that McGahn and the President " did have that conversation" about removing the Special Counsel.827 McGahn recalled that Kelly said that he had pointed out to the President after the Oval Office that McGahn 813 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 4. 814 McGahn3/8/18 302, at 4; Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 2. 815 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 816 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 817 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 818 McGahn 3/8/18 30 2, at 5. 819 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5; Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 2. 820 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 821 Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 2. 822 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 823 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 824 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. McGahn said the President was referring to Dona ldson' s notes, which the President thought ofas McGahn's notes. McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 825 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 826 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. 827 Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice A ttAl'MPN \l/AFlc P11Afl11ct // ll 4A·• DAM AiM ll 4A P.1-iAI p.,A PPiPfl I IMfle:, Pefl R Grim P R(e) had not backed down and would not budge.828 Following the Oval Office meeting, the President's personal counsel called McGahn's counsel and relayed that the President was '"fi ne" with McGahn.829 Analysis In analyzing the President' s efforts to have McGahn deny that he had been ordered to have the Special Counsel removed, the following evidence is relevant to the elements of obstruction of justice: a. Obstructive act. The President's repeated efforts to get McGahn to create a record denying that the President had directed him to remove the Special Counsel would qualify as an obstructive act if it had the natural tendency to constrain McGahn from testifying truthfully or to undermine his credibility as a potential witness ifhe testified consistently with his memory, rather than with what the record said. There is some evidence that at the time the New York Times and Washington Post stories were published in late January 2018, the President believed the stories were wrong and that he had never told McGahn to have Rosenstein remove the Special Counsel. The President correctly understood that McGahn had not told the President directly that he planned to resign. Tn ad dition , the President told Priebus and Porter that he had not sought to terminate the Special Counsel , and in the Oval Office meeting with McGahn, the President said , "I never said to fire Mueller. T never said 'fire."' That evidence could indicate that the President was not attempting to persuade McGahn to change his story but was instead offering his own-but different-recollection of the substance of his June 2017 conversations with McGahn and McGahn ' s reaction to them. Other evidence cuts against that understanding of the President ' s conduct. As previously described, see Volume IT, Section ILE, supra, substantial evidence supports McGahn's account that the President had directed him to have the Special Counsel removed, including the timing and context of the President's direct ive ; the manner in which McGahn reacted; and the fact that the President had been told the conflicts were insubstantial, were being considered by the Department of Justice, and should be raised with the President's personal counsel rather than brought to McGahn. In addition, the President's subsequent denials that he had told McGahn to have the Specia l Counsel removed were carefully worded. When first asked about the New York Times story, the President said, "Fake news, folks. Fake news. A typical New York Times fake story." And when the President spoke with McGahn in the Oval Office, he focused on whether he had used the word "fi re," saying, "I never said to fire Mueller. I never said ' fire" ' and "Did T say the word ' fire ' ?" The President's assertion in the Oval Office meet ing that he had never directed McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed thus runs counter to the evidence. Tn addition, even if the President sincerely disagreed with McGahn's memory of the June 17, 2017 events, the evidence indicates that the President knew by the time of the Oval Office 828 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5. Kelly did not recall discussing the Oval Office meetin g with the President after the fact. Kelly 8/2/18 302, at 2. Handwritten notes taken by Kelly state, "Do n[:] Mueller discussion in June. - Bannon Priebus - came out okay." WH0000l7685 (Kelly 2/6/18 Notes). 829 McGahn 3/8/18 302, at 5 (agent note). U.S. Department of Justice ,\ 1-tAl'RPI' 'l'Ark PrAAIIPt // MA..' Gm1taifl Mttf:erittl Pref:eef:ea UHEler FeEl. R. Criffl_ p_ 6fe) meeting that McGahn's account differed and that McGahn was firm in his views. Shortly after the story broke, the President's counsel told McGahn ' s counsel that the President wanted McGahn to make a statement denying he had been asked to fire the Special Counsel, but McGahn responded through his counsel that that aspect of the story was accurate and he therefore could not comply with the President's request. The President then directed Sanders to tell McGahn to correct the story, but McGahn told her he would not do so because the story was accurate in reporting on the President's order. Consistent with that position, McGahn never issued a correction. More than a week later, the President brought up the issue again with Porter, made comments indicating the President thought McGahn had leaked the story , and directed Porter to have McGahn create a record denying that the President had tried to fire the Special Counsel. At that point, the President said he might "have to get rid of' McGahn ifMcGahn did not comply. McGahn again refused and told Porter, as he had told Sanders and as his counsel had told the President's counsel, that the President had in fact ordered him to have Rosenstein remove the Special Counsel. That evidence indicates that by the time of the Oval Office meeting the President was aware that McGahn did not think the story was false and did not want to issue a statement or create a written record denying facts that McGahn believed to be true. The President nevertheless persisted and asked McGahn to repudiate facts that McGahn had repeatedly said were accurate. b. Nexus to an official proceeding. By January 2018, the Special Counsel' s use of a grand jury had been further confirmed by the return of several indictments. The President also was aware that the Special Counsel was investigating obstruction-related events because, among other reasons, on January 8, 20 I 8, the Special Counsel's Office provided his counsel with a detailed list of topics for a possible interview with the President. 830 The President knew that McGahn had personal knowledge of many of the events the Special Counsel was investigating and that McGahn had already been interviewed by Special Counsel invest igators. And in the Oval Office meeting, the President indicated he knew that McGahn had told the Special Counsel's Office about the President's effort to remove the Special Counsel. The President challenged McGahn for disclosing that information and for taking notes that he viewed as creating unnecessary legal exposure. That evidence indicates the President's awareness that the June 17, 2017 events were relevant to the Special Counsel's investigation and any grand jury investigation that might grow out ofit. Toestablish a nexus, it would be necessary to show that the President's actions would have the natural tendency to affect such a proceeding or that they would hinder, delay, or prevent the communication of information to investigators. Because McGahn had spoken to Special Counsel investigators before January 2018, the President could not have been seeking to influence his prior statements in those interviews . But because McGahn had repeatedly spoken to investigators and the obstruction inquiry was not complete, it was foreseeable that he would be interviewed again on obstruction-related topics. If the President were focused solely on a press strategy in seeking to have McGahn refute the New York Times article, a nexus to a proceeding or to further investigative interviews would not be shown. But the President's efforts to have McGahn write a letter "for our records" approximately ten days after the stories had come out- well past the typical 830 1/29/ I 8 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office, at 1-2 ("In our conversation of January 8, your office identified the following topics as areas you desired to address with the President in order to complete your investigation on the subjects of alleged collus ion and obstruction of justice"; listing 16 topics). U.S. Department of Justice Al:tf'lrtte't· Werk Pret:ittet // MA,.. f'.Attt1titt M1tterial PrBteetet:i Urtt:ier Fet:i R- Crim P 6(e) time to issue a correction for a news story-indicates the President was not focused solely on a press strategy, but instead likely contemplated the ongoing investigation and any proceedings arising from it. c. Intent. Substantial evidence indicates that in repeatedly urging McGahn to dispute that he was ordered to have the Special Counsel terminated, the President acted for the purpose of influencing McGahn 's account in order to deflect or prevent further scrutiny of the President's conduct towards the investigation. Several facts support that conclusion. The President made repeated attempts to get McGahn to change his story. As described above, by the time of the last attempt, the evidence suggests that the President had been told on multiple occasions that McGahn believed the President had ordered him to have the Special Counsel terminated. McGahn interpreted his encounter with the President in the Oval Office as an attempt to test his mettle and see how committed he was to his memory of what had occurred . The President had already laid the groundwork for pressing McGahn to alter his account by telling Porter that it might be necessary to fire McGahn if he did not deny the story, and Porter relayed that statement to McGahn. Additional evidence of the President ' s intent may be gleaned from the fact that his counsel was sufficiently alarmed by the prospect of the President's meeting with McGahn that he called McGahn' s counsel and said that McGahn could not resign no matter what happened in the Oval Office that day. The President's counsel was well aware ofMcGahn's resolve not to issue what he believed to be a false account of events despite the President's request. Finally, as noted above, the President brought up the Special Counsel investigation in his Oval Office meeting with McGahn and criticized him for telling this Office about the June 17, 2017 events. The President's statements reflect his understanding-and hisdispleasure-that those events would be part of an obstruction-of-justice inquiry. J. The President's Conduct Towards Flynn, Manafort, Overview In addition to the interactions with McGahn described above, the President has taken ■ other actions directed at possible witnesses in the Special Counsel's investigatio n, including Flynn, Manafort, 1;c•w "nd as described in the next section, Cohen. When Flynn withdrew from a joint defense agreement with the President, the Pres ide nt' s personal counsel stated that Flynn' s actions would be viewed as reflecting "hostility" towards the President. During Manafort ' s prosecution and while the jury was deliberating, the President repeatedly stated that Manafo1t was bein reated unfairly and made it known that Manafort could receive a pardon. ,cuL&JJeW.. LLUt ' !f!lil! ■,, Evidence I. . Conduct Directed at Michael Flynn 120 As previously noted, see Volume II, Section 11.B, supra, the President asked for Flynn's resignation on February 13, 2017. Following Flynn' s resignation, the President made positive public comments about Flynn, describing him as a "wonder ful man ," "a fine person," and a "very 120 U.S. Department of Justice AttAFRP.\/ 'Jlnrlc Prntfoet // UA" PoRtAiR 4AtP.FiRI PrntP,P.tP.A IlRAP.F µefl, R., Griffl P Me) good person."831 The President also privately asked advisors to pass messages to Flynn conveying that the President still cared about him and encouraging him to stay strong.832 In late November 2017, Flynn began to cooperate with this Office. On November 22, 2017, Flynn withdrew from a joint defense agreement he had with the President. 833 Flynn's counsel told the President's personal counsel and counsel for the White House that Flynn could no longer have confidential communications with the White House or the Presiden t. 834 Later that night, the President's personal counsel left a voicemail for Flynn's counsel that said: I understand your situation, but let me see if I can't state it in starker terms............[I]t wouldn't surprise me if you've gone on to make a deal with ... the government........[I]f . . . there' s information that implicates the President, then we've got a national security issue, .., so, you know, . . . we need some kind of heads up. Um, just for the sake of protecting all our interests ifwe can..........[R]emember what we' ve always said about the ' President and his feelings toward Flynn and, that still remains.........835 On November 23, 2017, Flynn's attorneys returned the call from the President's personal counsel to acknowledge receipt of the voicema il.836 Flynn's attorneys reiterated that they were no longer in a position to share information under any sort of priv ilege.837 According to Fly nn' s attorneys, the President's personal counsel was indignant and vocal in his d isagree ment. 838 The President's personal counsel said that he interpreted what they said to him as a reflection ofFlynn's 831 See, e.g., Remarks by President Trump in Press Conference, White House (Feb. 16 , 2018) (stating that "Flynn is a fine person" and "I don't think [Flynn] did anything wrong. If anything, he did something right . . . You know, he was just doing his job"); Interview of Donald J Trump, NBC (May 11 , 2017) (stating that Flynn is a "very good person"). 832 See Priebus I /18/17 302, at 9-10 (the President asked Priebus to contact Fly nn the week he was terminated to convey that the President still cared about him and fel t bad about what happened to him; Priebus thought the President did not want Flynn to have a problem with him); McFarland 12/22/ 17 302, at 18 (about a month or two after Flynn was terminated, the President asked McFarland to get in touch with Flynn and tell him that he was a good guy, he should stay strong, and the President felt bad for him); Flynn 1/19/18 302, at 9 (recalling the call from Priebus and an additional call from Hicks who said she wanted to relay on behalf of the President that the President hoped Flynn was okay); Christie 2/13/19 302, at 3 (describing a phone conversation between Kushner and Flynn the day after Flynn was fired where Kushner said, "You know the President respects you. The President cares about you. I' II get the President to send out a positive tweet about you later," and the President nodded his assent to Kushner ' s comment promising a tweet). 833 Counsel for Flynn 3/1/18 302, at 1. 834 Counsel for Flynn 3/1/ 18 302, at I. 835 11/22 /17 Voicemail Transcript, President' s Personal Counsel to Counsel for Michael Flynn. 836 Counsel for Flynn 3/1/18 302 , at 1. 837 Counsel for Flynn 3/1/18 302, at 1. 121 838 Counsel for Flynn 3/1/ 18 302, at I . 122 U.S. Department of Justice At-tfll'fle•,· '.Verk Pt'ea1:1et // Mw,· rAl'ltAifl MlifeFi!il Pt'Afeetea l!ASet' Feel R Crim P 6(e) 839 hostility towards the President and that he planned to inform his client of that interpretation. F lynn' s attorneys understood that statement to be an attempt to make them reconsider their position because the President's personal counsel believed that Flynn would be disturbed to know that such a 840 message would be conveyed to the President . On December 1, 2017, Flynn pleaded guilty to making false statements pursuant to a cooperation agreement.841 The next day, the President told the press that he was not concerned 842 about what Flynn might tell the Special Counsel. In response to a question about whether the 843 President still stood behind Flynn, the President responded, "We'll see what happens." Over the next several days, the President made public statements expressing sympathy for Flynn and indicating he had not been treated fairly. 844 On December 15, 2017, the President responded to a press inquiry about whether he was considering a pardon for Flynn by saying, "I don't want to talk about pardons for Michael Flynn yet. We'll see what happens. Let's see. I can say this: When you look at what' s gone on with the FBI and with the Justice Department, people are very, very angry."845 2. Conduct Directed at Paul Manafort On October 27, 2017, a grand jury in the District of Columbia indicted Manafort and former deputy campaign manager Richard Gates on multiple felony counts, and on February 22, 2018, a grand jury in the Eastern District of Virginia indicted Manafort and Gates on additional felony 839 Counsel for Flynn 3/1/18 302, at 2. Because of attorney-client privilege issues, we did not seek to interview the President's personal counsel about the extent to which he discussed his statements to Flynn's attorneys with the Presiden t. 84 ° Counsel for Flynn 3/1/18 302, at 2. Information, United States v. Michael T Flynn, 1:17-cr-232 (D.D.C. Dec. 1, 2017), Doc. 1; 841 Plea Agreement, United States v. Michael T Flynn, 1:17-cr-232 (D.D.C. Dec. 1, 2017), Doc. 3. 842 President Trump Remarks on Tax Reform and Michael Flynn's Guilty Plea, C-SPAN (Dec. 2, 843 2017). President Trump Remarks on Tax Reform and Michael Flynn's Guilty Plea, C-SPAN (Dec. 2, 2017). 844 See @realDonaldTrump 12/2/17 (9:06 p.m. ET) Tweet ("So General Flynn lies to the FBI and his life is destroyed, while Crooked Hillary Clinton, on that now famous FBl holiday ' inter rogation' with no swearing in and no recording, lies many times ... and nothing happens to her? Rigged system, or just a double standard?"); President Trump Departure Remarks, C-SPAN (Dec. 4, 2017) ("Well, I feel badly for General Flynn. I feel very badly. He's led a very strong life. And I feel very badly.") . 845 President Trump White House Departure, C-SPAN (Dec. 15, 2017). U.S. Department of Justice .'\j;j;oFRP..'. l.VAFk PFAf-h1et // Hw· C'ontnin 4AtP.Finl PFAteeteti llAne,• r::es. R. Ct1iffl p Me) co unts. 846 The charges in both cases alleged criminal conduct by Manafort that began as early as 2005 and continued through 2018.847 In January 2018, Manafort told Gates that he had talked to the President's personal counsel and they were "going to take care of us."848 Manafort told Gates it was stupid to plead, saying that he had been in touch with the President's personal counsel and repeating that they should "sit tight" and "we' ll be taken care of."849 Gates asked Manafort outright if anyone mentioned pardons and Manafort said no one used that word.850 As the proceedings against Manafort progressed in court, the President told Porter that he never liked Manafort and that Manafort did not know what he was doing on the campaign. 851 The President discussed with aides whether and in what way Manafort might be cooperating with the Special Counsel's investigation, and whether Manafort knew any information that would be harmful to the President. 852 In public, the President made statements criticizing the prosecution and suggesting that Manafort was being treated unfairly. On June I5, 2018, before a scheduled court hearing that day on whether Manafort's bail should be revoked based on new charges that Manafort had tampered with witnesses while out on bail, the President told the press, "T feel badly about a lot of them 846 Indictment, United States v. Paul J. Manafort, Jr. and Richard W. Gates III, I:17-cr-201 (D.D.C. Oct, 27, 2017), Doc. 13 ("Manafort and Gates D.D.C. Indictment"); Indictment, United States v. Paul J. Manafort, Jr. and Richard W. Gates III, I:l 8-cr-83 (E.D. Va. Feb. 22, 2018), Doc. 9 (" Manafort and Gates E.D. Va. Indictment") 847 Manafort and Gates D.D.C. Indictment; Manafort and Gates E.D. Va. Indictment. 848 Gates 4/18/18 302, at 4. In February 2018, Gates pleaded guilty, pursuant to a cooperation plea agreeme nt, to a superseding criminal information charging him with conspiring to defraud and commit multiple offenses (i.e., tax fraud, failure to report foreign bank accounts, and acting as an unregistered agent of a foreign principal) against the United States, as well as making false statements to our Office. Superseding Criminal Information, Unit ed States v. Richard W. Gates III, 1:l7- cr-201 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 2018) , Doc. 195; Plea Agreement, United States v. Richard W. Gates III, l: l 7-cr- 201 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 2018), Doc. 205. Gates has provided information and in-court testimony that the Office has deemed to be reliable. 849 Gates 4/18/18 302, at 4. 850 Gates 4/18/18 302, at 4. Manafort told this Office that he never told Gates that he had talked to the President's personal counsel or suggested that they would be taken care of. Manafort also said he hoped for a pardon but never discussed one with the President, although he noticed the President' s public comments about pardons. Manafort 10/1/ 18 302, at 11. As explained in Volume I, Section IV.A.8, supra, Manafort entered into a plea agreement with our Office. The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia determined that he breached the agreement by being untruthful in proffer sessions and before the grand jury. Order, United States v. Manafort, l: l 7-cr-201 (D.D.C. Feb. 13, 201 9), Doc. 503. 851 Porter 5/8/18 302, at 11. Priebus recalled that the President never really liked Manafort. See Priebus 4/3/18 302, at 11. Hicks said that candidate Trump trusted Manafort's judgment while he worked on the Campaign, but she also once heard Trump tell Gates to keep an eye on Manafort. Hicks 3/13/18 302, at I6. 852 Porter 5/8/18 302, at 11; McGahn 12 / 14 /17 302, at 14. U.S. Department of Justice AttorHev '.l/orlc Proclttet // MR... rm,tRiH M!iteris,I Proteetecl Ut1cler Fee R Criffl P 6(e) because I think a lot of it is very unfair. I mean, I look at some of them where they go back 12 years. Like Manafort has nothing to do with our campaign. But I feel so-I tell you, I feel a little badly about it. They went back 12 years to get things that he did 12 years ago? ... I feel badly for some people, because they've gone back 12 years to find things about somebody, and I don't think it' s right."853 In response to a question about whether he was considering a pardon for Manafort or other individuals involved in the Special Counsel's investigation , the President said, "I don't want to talk about that. No, I don't want to talk about that. But loo k, I do want to see people treated fairly. That's what it's allabout." 854 Hours later, Manafort's bail was revoked and the President tweeted, "Wow, what a tough sentence for Paul Manafo rt, who has represented Ronald Reagan, Bob Dole and many other top political people and campaigns. Didn't know Manafort was the head of the Mob. What about Corney and Crooked Hillary and all the others? Very unfair!" 855 · Immediately following the revocation of Manafo rt' s bail, the President' s personal lawy er , Rudolph Giuliani, gave a series of interviews in which he raised the possibility of a pardon for Manafort. Giuliani told the New York Daily News that "[w]hen the whole thing is over, things might get cleaned up with some presidential pardons." 856 Giuliani also said in an interview that, although the President should not pardon anyone while the Special Counsel's investigation was ongoing, " when the investigation is concluded, he' s kind of on his own, right?" 857 In a CNN interview two days later, Giuliani said, " I guess I should clarify this once and for all. The president has issued no pardons in this investigation. The president is not going to issue pardons in this investigation....When it ' s over , hey, he's the president of the United States. He retains his pardon power. Nobody is taking that away from him."858 Giuliani rejected the suggestion that his and the President ' s comments could signal to defendants that they should not cooperate in a criminal prosecution because a pardon might follow, saying the comments were " certainly not intended that way."859 Giuliani said the comments only acknowledged that an individual involved in the investigation would not be "excluded from [a pardon], if in fact the president and his advisors . . . come to the conclusion that you have been treated unfairly." 860 Giuliani observed that pardons were not unusual in political investigations but said, "That doesn't mean they're going to happen 853 Remarks by President Trump in Press Gaggle, White House (June 15, 2018). 854 Remarks by President Trump in Press Gaggle, White House (June 15, 2018). 855 @realDonaldTrump 6/15 / 18 ( 1:41 p.m. ET) Tweet. 856 Chris Sommerfeldt, Rudy Giuliani says Mueller probe 'might get cleaned up' with 'presidential pardons' in light of Paul Manafort going to jail, New York Daily News (June 15, 2018). 857 Sharon LaFraniere, Judge Orders Paul Manafort Jailed Before Trial, Citing New Obstruction Charges, New York Times (June 15, 2018) (quoting Giuliani). 858 State of the Union with Jake Tapper Transcript, CNN (June 17, 2018); see Karoun Demitjian, Giuliani suggests Trump may pardon Manafort after Mueller's probe, Washington Post (June 17, 2018). 859 State of the Union with Jake Tapper Transcript, CNN (June 17, 2018). 860 State of the Union with Jake Tapper Transcript, CNN (June 17 , 2018). U.S. Department of Justice A tto ........ mml, PPAFl11r->t // 4A"' C:AFlh½ifl Materiel P,o ee es lJAcle, Fes. R. Crim p 6(e) here. Doesn't mean that anybody should rely on it........Big signal is, nobody has been pardoned yet.,,s61 On July 31, 2018, Manafort's criminal trial began in the Eastern District of Virginia, generating substantial news coverage.862 The next day, the President tweeted, "This is a terrible situation and Attorney General Jeff Sessions should stop this Rigged Witch Hunt right now, before it continues to stain our country any further. Bob Mueller is totally conflicted, and his I 7 Angry Democrats that are doing his dirty work are a disgrace to USA!" 863 Minutes later, the President tweeted, "Paul Manafort worked for Ronald Reagan, Bob Dole and many other highly prominent and respected political leaders. He worked for me for a very short time. Why didn't government tell me that he was under investigat io n. These old charges have nothing to do with Collusion-a Hoax!"864 Later in the day, the President tweeted, "Looking back on history, who was treated worse, Alfonse Capone, legendary mob boss, killer and 'Public Enemy Number One,' or Paul Manafort , political operative & Reagan/Dole darling, now serving solitary confinement- altho ugh convicted of nothing? Where is the Russian Collusion?" 865 The President's tweets about the Manafort trial were widely covered by the press. 866 When asked about the President's tweets, Sanders told the press, "Certainly, the President's been clear. He thinks Paul Manafort's been treated unfa irly."867 On August 16, 2018, the Manafort case was submitted to the jury and deliberations began. At that time, Giuliani had recently suggested to reporters that the Special Counsel investigation needed to be "done in the next two or three weeks,"868 and media stories reported that a Manafort acquittal would add to criticism that the Special Counsel investigation was not worth the time and expense, whereas a conviction could show that ending the investigation would be premature.869 861 State of the Union with Jake Tapper Transcript, CNN (June 17, 2018). 862 See, e.g., Katelyn Polantz, Takeaways from day one of the Paul Manafort trial, CNN (July 31, 2018); Frank Bruni, Paul Manafort 's Trial Is Donald Trump's, Too, New York Times Opinion (July 31, 2018); Rachel Weiner et al., Paul Manafort trial Day 2: Witnesses describe extravagant clothing purchases, home remodels, lavish cars paid with wire transfers, Washington Post (Aug. 1, 2018). 863 @realDonaldTrump 8/1/18 (9:24 a.m. ET) Tweet. Later that day, when Sanders was asked about the President's tweet, she told reporters, " It's not an order. It's the President's opinion." Sarah Sanders, White House Daily Briefing , C-SPAN (Aug. I, 2018). 864 @realDonaldTrump 8/1/18 (9:34 a.m. ET) Tweet. 865 @realDonaldTrump 8/1/18 (11:35 a.m. ET) Tweet. 866 See, e.g., Carol D. Leonnig et al., Trump calls Manafort prosecution "a hoax," says Sessions should stop Mueller investigation "right now", Washington Post (Aug. 1, 2018) ; Louis Nelson, Trump claims Manafort case has "nothing to do with collusion", Politico (Aug. I. 2018). 867 Sarah Sanders, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN (Aug. 1, 2018). 868 Chris Strohm & Shannon Pettypiece, Mueller Probe Doesn't Need to Shut Down Before Midterms, Officials Say, Bloomberg (Aug. 15, 2018). 869 See, e.g., Katelyn Polantz et al., Manafort jury ends first day of deliberationswithout a verdict, CNN (Aug. 16, 2018); David Voreacos, What Mueller's Manafort Case Means for the Trump Battle to U.S. Department of Justice AtatArAe"I Wel'k Pl'oEl11et // MR ... rAl'ltRil'l Mli erilil Prnl:eeteEI UAEler FeEI R Criffl P 6(e) On August 17, 2018, as jury deliberations continued, the President commented on the trial from the South Lawn of the White House. In an impromptu exchange with reporters that lasted approximately five minutes, the President twice called the Special Counsel's investigation a "rigged witch hunt." 870 When asked whether he would pardon Manafort if he was convicted, the President said, "I don't talk about that now. I don' t talk about that."871 The President then added, without being asked a further question , "I think the whole Manafort trial is very sad when you look at what's going on there. I think it's a very sad day for our country. He worked for me for a very short period of time. But you know what, he happens to be a very good person. And l think it's very sad what they've done to Paul Manafort."872 The President did not take further questions. 873 In response to the President's statements, Manafort's attorney said, "Mr. Manafort really appreciates the support of President Trump." 874 On August 21, 2018, the jury found Manafort guilty on eight felony counts. Also on August 21, Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to eight offenses, including a campaign-finance violation that he said had occurred " in coordination with, and at the direction of, a candidate for federal offtce."875 The President reacted to Manafo rt' s convictions that day by telling reporters, "Paul Manafort' s a good man" and "it's a very sad thing that happened." 876 The President described the Special Counsel's investigation as "a witch hunt that ends in d isgrace."877 The next day, the President tweeted, " I feel very badly for Paul Manafort and his wonderful family. ' Justice' took a 12 year old tax case, among other things, applied tremendous pressure on him and, unlike Michael Cohen, he refused to ' break'- make up stories in order to get a 'deal.' Such respect for a brave man!" 878 In a Fox News interview on August 22, 2018, the President said: " [Cohen] makes a better deal when he uses me, like everybody else. And one of the reasons l respect Paul Manafort so much is he went through that trial- you know they make up stories. People make up stories. This Come, Bloomberg (Aug. 2, 2018); Gabby Morrongiello, What a guilty verdict for Manafort would mean for Trump and Mueller, Washington Examiner (Aug. 18, 2018). 870 President Trump Remarks on John Brennan and Mueller Probe, C-SPAN (Aug. 17,2018). 871 President Trump Rem,irks on John Brennan and Mueller Probe, C-SPAN (Aug. 17, 2018). 872 873 President Trump Remarks on John Brennan and Mueller Probe, C-SPAN (Aug. 17 , 2018). President Trump Remarks on John Brennan and Mueller Probe, C-SPAN (Aug. 17 , 2018). 874 Trump calls Manafort "very good person," All In with Chris Hayes (Aug. 17, 2018) (transcript); Manafort lawyer: We appreciate Trump's support, CNN (Aug. 17, 2018) (https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2 018 /08 / 17/paul-manafort-attorney-trump-jUiy - de liberations schneider-lead-vpx.cnn). 875 Transcript at 23, United States v. Michael Cohen, I:18-cr-602 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 21, 2018), Doc. 7 (Cohen 8/21/18 Transcript). 876 President Trump Remarks on Manafort Trial, C-SPAN (Aug. 21, 2018). 877 President Trump Remarks on Manafort Trial, C-SPAN (Aug. 21, 2018). 878 @realDonaldTrump 8/22/18 (9:21 a.m. ET) Tweet. U.S. Department of Justice A ttAflAP,>1 WoFlc PFAclllP.t // M1t..• Gm1t1tiA Me:tel'i1tl Preteetea UAaer Fea. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) whole thing about flipping, they call it, T know all about flipping." 879 The President said that flipping was "not fair" and "almost ought to be outlawed ." 880 ln response to a question about whether he was considering a pardon for Manafort, the President said, "T have great respect for what he's done, in terms of what he's gone through.... Heworked for many, many people many, many years, and T would say what he d id, some of the charges they threw against him, every consultant, every lobbyist in Washington probably does." 881 Giuliani told journalists that the President "really thinks Manafort has been horribly treated" and that he and the President had discussed the political fallout if the President pardoned Manafort.882 The next day, Giuliani told the Washington Post that the President had asked his lawyers for advice on the possibility of a pardon for Manafort and other aides, and had been counseled against considering a pardon until the investigation concluded. 883 On September 14, 2018, Manafort pleaded guilty to charges in the District of Columbia and signed a plea agreement that required him to cooperate with in vestigato rs.884 Giuliani was reported to have publicly said that Manafort remained in a joint defense agreement with the President following Manafort's guilty plea and agreement to cooperate, and that Manafort' s attorneys regularly briefed the President's lawyers on the topics discussed and the information Manafort had provided in interviews with the Special Counsel's Office.885 On November 26, 2018, the Special Counsel's Office disclosed in a public court filing that Manafort had breached his plea agreement by lying about multiple subjects. 886 The next day, Giuliani said that the President had been "upset for weeks" about what he considered to be " the un-American, horrible treatment of 879 Fox & Friends Exclusive Interview with President Trump, Fox News (Aug. 23, 2018) (recorded the previous day). 88 ° Fox & Friends Exclusive Interview with President Trump, Fox News (Aug. 23, 2018) (recorded the previous day). 881 Fox & Friends Exclusive Interview with President Trump, Fox News (Aug. 23, 2018) (recorded the previous day). 882 . Maggie Haberman & Katie Rogers, "How Did We End Up Here?" Trump Wonders as the White House Soldiers On, New York Times (Aug. 22, 2018). 883 Carol D. Leonnig & Josh Dawsey, Trump recently sought his lawyers' advice on possibility of pardoning Manafort, Giuliani says, Washington Post (Aug. 23, 2018). 884 Plea Agreement, United States v. Paul J Manafort, Jr., l:17-cr-201 (D.D.C. Sept. 14, 2018) , Doc . 422. 885 Karen Freifeld & Nathan Layne, Trump lawyer: Manafort said nothing damaging in Mueller interviews, Reuters (Oct. 22, 2018); Michael S. Schmidt et al., Manafort's Lawyer Said to Brief Trump Attorneys on What He Told Mueller, New York Times (Nov. 27, 2018); Dana Bash, Mana/art teambriefed Giuliani on Mueller meetings, CNN, Posted 11/28/18, available at https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2018/11/28/mana fort-lawyers-keeping-trump -lawyers-giulia ni updated-mueller-probe-bash-sot-nr-vpx.cnn; see Sean Hannity, Interview with Rudy Giuliani, Fox News (Sept. 14, 2018) (Giuliani: "[T]here was a quote put out by a source close to Manafort that the plea agreement has, and cooperation agreement has, nothing to do with the Trump campaign Now, I know that because 1've been privy to a lot of facts I can't repea t."). 886 Joint Status Report, United States v. Paul J Mana/art, Jr., (D.D.C Nov. 26, 2018), Doc. 455. U.S. Department of Justice A1'fArRe¥ WArlf PrAettet // M1tv Cent1tin M1tteri1tl Preteetea Unaer Fea. R. Crim P 6(e) Manafo rt." 887 In an interview on November 28, 2018, the President suggested that it was "very brave" that Manafort did not " flip": If you told the truth, you go to jail. You know this flipping stuff is terrible. You flip and you lie and youget-the prosecutors will tell you 99 percent of the time they can get people to flip. It's rare that they can't. But I had three people: Manafort, Corsi-I don't know Corsi, but he refuses to say what they demanded. 888 Manafort, Corsi • . It' s actually very brave.889 In response to a question about a potential pardon for Manafort, the President said, "It was never discussed, but I wouldn't take it off the table. Why would I take it off the table?"890 3. Harm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter aHarm to Ongoing Matte IIIHarm to Ongoing Matter Harm to Ongoing Matter :•• Harm to Ongoing Matter 887 Stephen Collinson, Trump appears consumed by Mueller investigation as details emerge, CNN (Nov. 29, 2018). 888 "Corsi" is a reference to Jerome Corsi, • who was involved in efforts to coordinate with WikiLeaks and Assange, and who stated publicly at that time that he had refused a plea offer fro ' s Office because he was "not going to sign a lie." Sara Murray & Eli Watkins, says he won't agree to plea deal, CNN (Nov. 26, 2018). 889 Marisa Schultz & Nikki Schwab, Oval Office Interview with President Trump: Trump says pardon for Paul Manafort still a possibility, New York Post (Nov. 28, 2018). That same day, the President tweeted: "While the disgusting Fake News is doing everything within their power not to report it that way, at least 3 major players are intimating that the Angry Mueller Gang ofDems is viciously telling witnesses to lie about facts & they will get relief. This is our Joseph McCarthy Era!" @rea! DonaldTrump 11/28 /18 (8:39 a.m. ET) Tweet. 890 Marisa Schultz & Nikki Schwab, New York Post Oval Office Interview with President Trump: Trump says pardon for Paul Manafort still a possibility, New York Post (Nov. 28, 2018). 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(I) .., .., .., .., .., .., ..,.., s: s: s: s s: s: .... .... QI QI .... QI .... QI .... .... QI QI (I) (I) (I) (I) (I) (I) (I) (I) w I::c I::..,c 0 QI - :::I .., QI 3 3 .... 0 ::I0 0 s: 0cc ::I cc .... 0 QI 0 cc (I) :::I cc -- s: I !I) .., (I) .... .., I I U.S. Department of Justice Au.........,.. Uln,.lr p.,"' 11P.t // MAv rAAtAiA Matet'iHI PFoteeteEI l!AEiet' {:' DARtAiR HAtPriAI PrAtePJeA lJRfler Fefl. R.. Griff! P 6(c) that summer, Cohen recalled having a brief conversation with Trump in which Cohen said the Trump Tower Moscow project was going nowhere because the Russian development company had not secured a piece of property for the project.941 Trump said that was " too bad," and Cohen did not recall talking with Trump about the project after that.942 Cohen said that at no time during the campaign did Trump tell him not to pursue the project or that the project should be abandoned.943 2. Cohen Determines to Adhere to a "Party Line" Distancing Candidate Trump From Russia As previously discussed, see Volume II, Section II.A, supra, when questions about possib le Russian support for candidate Trump emerged during the 2016 presidential campaign, Trump denied having any personal, financial , or business connection to Russia, which Cohen described as the " party line" or "message" to follow for Trump and his senior advisors.944 After the election, the Trump Organization sought to formally close out certain deals in advance of the inauguration. 945 Cohen recalled that Trump Tower Moscow was on the list of deals to be closed out.946 In approximately January 2017, Cohen began receiving inquiries from the media about Trump Tower Moscow, and he recalled speaking to the President-Elect when those inquiries came in.947 Cohen was concerned that truthful answers about the Trump Tower Moscow project might not be consistent with the "message" that the President-Elect had no relations hip with Russia. 948 In an effort to "stay on message ," Cohen told a New York Times reporter that the Trump Tower Moscow deal was not feasible and had ended in January 2016.949 Cohen recalle d that this was part of a " script" or talking points he had developed with President-Elect Trump and others to 941 Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 2. Cohen could not recall the precise timing of this conversation, but said he thought it occurred in June or July 2016. Cohen recalled that the conversation happened at some point after candidate Trump was publicly stating that he had nothing to do with Russia. Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 2. 942 Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 2. 943 Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 2. 944 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at l; Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 3, 5; Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 9. 945 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 1-2; see also Rtskhiladze 4/4/18 302, at 8-9. 946 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 1-2. 947 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 3. 948 Cohen 11 /2 0/18 302, at 4. 949 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 5. The article was published on February 19, 2017, and reported that Sater and Cohen had been working on plan for a Trump Tower Moscow "as recently as the fall of2015" but had come to a halt because of the presidential campaign. Consistent with Cohen's intended patty line message, the article stated, "Cohen said the Trump Organization had received a letter of intent for a project in Moscow from a Russian real estate developer at that time but determined that the project was not feasible." Megan Twohey & Scott Shane, A Back-Channel Plan for Ukraine and Russia, Courtesy of Trump Associates, New York Times (Feb. 19, 2017). U.S. Department of Justice 11-tAl'Afv,· Wnrl< Prnfi11et // MRv f:m1tRiA MRteriRl Prnteetefi l )Ader ml R Cfiffl P 6(e) dismiss the idea of a substantial connection between Trump and Russia. 95 ° Cohen said that he discussed the talking points with Trump but that he did not explicitly tell Trump he thought they were untrue because Trump already knew they were untrue. 951 Cohen thought it was important to say the deal was done in January 2016, rather than acknowledge that talks continued in May and June 2016 , because it limited the period when candidate Trump could be alleged to have a relationship with Russia to an early point in the cam paig n, before Trump had become the party's presumptive nom inee.952 3. Cohen Submits False Statements to Congress Minimizing the Trump Tower Moscow Project in Accordance with the Party Line In early May 2017, Cohen received requests from Congress to provide test imony and documents in connection with congressional investigations of Russian interference in the 2016 election. 953 At that time, Cohen understood Congress's interest in him to be focused on the allegations in the Steele reporting concerning a meeting Cohen allegedly had with Russian officials in Prague during the campaign. 954 Cohen had never traveled to Prague and was not concerned about those allegations, which he believed were provably false.955 On May 18, 2017, Cohen met with the President to discuss the request from Congress, and the President instructed Cohen that he should cooperate because there was nothing there.956 Cohen eventually entered into a joint defense agreement (JDA) with the President and other individuals who were part of the Russia investigat ion. 957 In the months leading up to his congressional testimony, Cohen frequently spoke with the President's personal counse l.958 Cohen 95 ° Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 5-6. 951 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 6. 952 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at I 0. 953 P-SCO-000000328 (5/9/17 Letter, HPSCI to Cohen); P-SCO-000000331 (5/12/17 Letter, SSCI to Cohen). 954 Cohen 11/2 0 /18 302, at 2-3. 955 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 2-3. 956 Cohen 11/12/18 302, at 2; Cohen 11/20/19 302, at 3. 957 Cohen 11/12/18 302, at 2. 958 Cohen 11/ 12/18 302 , at 2-3; Cohen 11/20/18, at 2-6. Cohen told investigators about his conversations with the President's personal counsel after waiving any privilege of his own and after this Office advised his counsel not to provide any communicationsthat would be covered by any other privilege, including communications protected by a joint defense or common intere st privilege . As a result, most of what Cohen told us about his conversations with the President 's personal counsel concerned what Cohen had communicated to the President's personal counsel, and not what was said in respon se. Cohen described certain statements made by the President's personal counsel, howe ver, that are set forth in this section. Cohen and his counsel were better positioned than this Office to evaluate whether any privilege protected those statements because they had knowledge of the scope of their joint defense agreement and access to privileged communications that may have provided context for evaluating the statements they shared. After interviewing Cohen about these matters, we asked the President' s personal counsel if he wished to provide information to us about his conversations with Cohen related to Cohen's congressional testimony about U.S. Department of Justice AttArRP.'v' '.VArlc PrAA11d // Uw· PARtAiR ll, 4AtP.FiAI PrFitP.P.tP.A T IRAP.F '4P.A f'Fiffi P Rfo) said that in those conversations the President' s personal counsel would sometimes say that he had just been with the President.959 Cohen recalled that the President' s personal counsel told him the JOA was working well together and assured him that there was nothing there and if they stayed on message the investigations would come to an end soon. 960 At that time, Cohen's legal bills were being paid by the Trump Organization,961 and Cohen was told not to worry because the investigations would be over by summer or fall of 20 l 7.962 Cohen said that the President's personal counsel also conveyed that, as part of the JOA, Cohen was protected, which he would not be if he "went rogue." 963 Cohen recalled that the President's personal counsel reminded him that "the President loves you" and told him that ifhe stayed on message, the President had his back.964 In August 2017, Cohen began drafting a statement about Trump Tower Moscow to submit to Congress along with his document production.965 The final version of the statement contained several false statements about the project.966 First, although the Trump Organization continued to pursue the project until at least June 2016, the statement said, "The proposal was under consideration at the Trump Organization from September 2015 until the end of January 2016. By the end of January 2016, I determined that the proposal was not feasible for a variety of business reasons and should not be pursued further. Based on my business determ inatio ns, the Trump Organization abandoned the proposal."967 Second, although Cohen and candidate Trump had discussed possible travel to Russia by Trump to pursue the venture, the statement said, "Despite overtures by Mr. Sater, I never considered asking Mr. Trump to travel to Russia in connection with this proposal. I told Mr. Sater that Mr. Trump would not travel to Russia unless there was a definitive agreement in place." 968 Third, although Cohen had regularly briefed Trump on the status Trump Tower Moscow. The President's personal counsel declined and, through his own counsel, indicated that he could not disaggregate information he had obtained from Cohen from information he had obtained from other parties in the IDA. In view of the admonition this Office gave to Cohen's counsel to withhold communications that could be covered by privilege, the President's personal counsel 's uncertainty about the provenance of his own knowledge, the burden on a privilege holder to establish the elements to support a claim of privilege, and the substance of the statements themselves, we have included relevant statements Cohen provided in this report. If the statements were to be used in a context beyond this report, further analysis could be warranted. 959 Cohen I 1/20/18 302, at 6. 96 ° Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 2, 4. 961 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 4. 962 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 8; Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 3-4. 963 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 4. 964 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 11; Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 2. 965 P-SCO-000003680 and P-SCO-0000003687 (8/16/17 Email and Attachment, Michael Cohen's Counsel to Cohen). Cohen said it was not his idea to write a letter to Congress about Trump Tower Moscow. Cohen 9/18 /18 302, at 7. 966 P-SCO-00009478 (Statement of Michael D. Cohen, Esq. (Aug. 28, 2017)). 967 P-SCO-00009478 (Statement of Michael D. Cohen, Esq. (Aug. 28, 2017)). 140 968 P-SCO-00009478 (Statement of Michael D. Cohen, Esq. (Aug. 28, 2017)). 140 U.S. Department of Justice Au,,........... U'opl, PFAAIIP.t // Mw.· f'.AFttR ifl MRtet'iAI Proteetel'I l Jt.,iset' Fett. R. Criffl P 6(e) of the project and had numerous conversations about it, the statement said, "Mr. Trump was never in contact with anyone about this proposal other than me on three occasions, including signing a non-binding letter of intent in 2015." 969 Fourth, although Cohen's outreach to Peskov in January 2016 had resulted in a lengthy phone call with a representative from the Kremlin, the statement said that Cohen did "not recall any response to my email [to Peskov], nor any other contacts by me with Mr. Peskov or other Russian government officials about the proposal."970 Cohen's statement was circulated in advance to, and edited by, members of the JDA.971 Before the statement was finalized, early drafts contained a sentence stating, "The building project led me to make limited contacts with Russian government officials." 972 In the final version of the statement, that line was deleted.973 Cohen thought he was told that it was a decision of the JOA to take out that sentence, and he did not push back on the deletio n. 974 Cohen recalled that he told the President's personal counsel that he would not contest a decision of the JDA. 975 Cohen also recalled that in drafting his statement for Cong ress, he spoke with the President's personal counsel about a different issue that connected candidate Trump to Russia: Cohen's efforts to set up a meeting between Trump and Putin in New York during the 2015 United Nations General Assembly. 976 In September 2015, Cohen had suggested the meeting to Trump, who told Cohen to reach out to Putin' s office about it.977 Cohen spoke and emailed with a Russian official about a possible meeting, and recalled that Trump asked him multiple times for updates on the proposed meeting with Putin. 978 When Cohen called the Russian official a second time, she told him it would not follow proper protocol for Putin to meet with Trump, and Cohen relayed that 969 P-SCO-00009478 (Statement of Michael D. Cohen, Esq. (Aug. 28, 2017)). 970 P-SCO-00009478 (Statement of Michael D. Cohen, Esq. (Aug. 28, 2017)). 971 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 8-9. Cohen also testified in Congress that the President's counsel reviewed and edited the statement. Hearing on Issues Related to Trump Organization Before the House Oversight and Reform Committee, 1 16th Cong. (Feb. 27, 2019) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 24-25) (testimony by Michael Cohen). Because of concerns about the common interest privilege, we did not obtain or review all drafts of Cohen's statement. Based on the drafts that were released through this Office' s filter process, it appears that the substance of the four principal false statements described above were contained in an early draft prepared by Cohen and his counsel. P-SCO-0000003680and P- SCO-0000003687(8/16/17 Email and Attachment, Cohen's counsel to Cohen). 972 P-SCO-0000003687 (8/16/17 Draft Statement of Michael Cohen); Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 4. 973 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 4. A different line stating that Cohen did "not recall any response to my email [to Peskov in January 2016], nor any other contacts by me with Mr. Peskov or other Russian government officials about the proposal" remained in the draft. See P-SCO-0000009478 (Statement of Michael D. Cohen, Esq. (Aug. 28, 2017)). 974 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 4. 975 Cohen J l /20/18 302, at 5. 976 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at I 0-11. 977 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 11; Cohen 11/12/ I8 302, at 4. 978 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 11; Cohen 11 /12/18 302, at 5. 141 U.S. Department of Justice A Ff;AriRP... ll'Arilr PFAA11@.t // UA11 C'ARtAiR UAtrwiAI PFAtP.P.fP.A T fRAf'!t' J,:pfl R C'.1•iffl P 1,(e message to Trump.979 Cohen anticipated he might be asked questions about the proposed Trump Putin meeting when he testified before Congress because he had talked about the potential meeting ° on Sean Hannity's radio show.98 Cohen recalled explaining to the President's personal counsel the " whole story" of the attempt to set up a meeting between Trump and Putin and Trump's role in it.981 Cohen recalled that he and the President's personal counsel talked about keeping Trump out of the narrative, and the President's personal counsel told Cohen the story was not relevant and should not be included in his statement to Congress.982 Cohen said that his "agenda" in submitting the statement to Congress with false representations about the Trump Tower Moscow project was to minimize links between the project and the President, give the false impression that the project had ended before the first presidential primaries, and shut down further inquiry into Trump Tower Moscow, with the aim of limiting the ongoing Russia investigations .983 Cohen said he wanted to protect the President and be loyal to him by not contradicting anything the President had said.984 Cohen recalled he was concerned that ifhe told the truth about getting a response from the Kremlin or speaking to candidate Trump about travel to Russia to pursue the project, he would contradict the message that no connection existed between Trump and Russia, and he rationalized his decision to provide false testimony because the deal never happened. 985 He was not concerned that the story would be contradicted by individuals who knew it was false because he was sticking to the party line adhered to by the whol e group.986 Cohen wanted the support of the President and the White House, and he believed that following the party line would help put an end to the Special Counsel and congressional investigations. 987 Between August 18 , 2017, when the statement was in an initial draft stage, and August 28, 2017, when the statement was submitted to Congress, phone records reflect that Cohen spoke with the President's pcersonal counsel almost daily. 98 8 On August 27, 2017, the day before Cohen 979 Cohen 11/12/18 302, at 5. 98 ° Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 11. 981 Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 2. 982 Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 2; see Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 11 (recalling that he was told that if he stayed on message and kept the President out of the narrative, the President would have his back). 983 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 8; Information at 4-5, United States v. Michael Cohen, I: l 8-cr-850 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2018), Doc. 2 (Cohen Information). 984 Cohen I 1/20/18 302, at 4. 985 Cohen I I /20/18 302, at 4; Cohen 11/12/18 302 , at 2-3, 4, 6. 986 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 9. 987 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 8-9. 988 Cohen 11/12/18 302, at 2-3; Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 5; Call Records of Michael Cohen (Reflecting three contacts on August 18, 2017 (24 seconds; 5 minutes 25 seconds; and IO minutes 58 seconds); two contacts on August 19 (23 seconds and 24 minutes 26 seconds); three contacts on August 23 (8 seconds; 20 minutes 33 seconds; and 5 minutes 8 seconds); one contact on August 24 (11 minutes 59 seconds); 14 contacts on August 27 (28 seconds; 4 minutes 37 seconds; I minute 16 seconds; I minutes 35 U.S. Department of Justice A 14,.-..,. UlA1:I, p.,A,:;1110.t // 4Rv CAFltRifl MRtePi1tl Pl'Ateetea llflBBP Fee. R. Criffi p 6(e) submitted the statement to Congress, Cohen and the President's personal counsel had numerous contacts by phone, including calls lasting three, four, six, eleven, and eighteen minutes. 989 Cohen recalled telling the President's personal counsel, who did not have first-hand knowledge of the project, that there was more detail on Trump Tower Moscow that was not in the statement, including that there were more communications with Russia and more communications with ° candidate Trump than the statement reflected.99 Cohen stated that the President's personal counsel responded that it was not necessary to elaborate or include those details because the project did not progress and that Cohen should keep his statement short and " tight" and the matter would soon come to an end. 991 Cohen recalled that the President's personal counsel said " his client" appreciated Cohen, that Cohen should stay on message and not contradict the President, that there was no need to muddy the water, and that it was time to move on.992 Cohen said he agreed because it was what he was expected to do.993 After Cohen later pleaded guilty to making false statements to Congress about the Trump Tower Moscow project, this Office sought to speak with the President's personal counsel about these conversations with Cohen, but counsel declined, citing potential privilege concerns.994 At the same time that Cohen finalized his written submission to Congress, he served as a source for a Washington Post story published on August 27, 2017, that reported in depth for the first time that the Trump Organization was " pursuing a plan to develop a massive Trump Tower in Moscow" at the same time as candidate Trump was "running for preside.nt in late 2015 and early 2016." 995 The article reported that "the project was abandoned at the end of January 2016, just before the presidential primaries began, several people familiar with the proposal sa id."996 Cohen recalled that in speaking to the Post, he held to the false story that negotiations for the deal ceased in January 2016.997 seconds; 6 minutes 16 seconds; I minutes 10 seconds; 3 minutes 5 seconds; 18 minutes 55 seconds; 4 minutes 56 seconds; 11 minutes 6 seconds; 8 seconds; 3 seconds; 2 seconds; 2 seconds). 989 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 5; Call Records of Michael Cohen. (Reflecting 14 contacts on August 27, 2017 (28 seconds; 4 minutes 37 seconds; 1 minute 16 seconds; I minutes 35 seconds; 6 minutes 16 seconds; I minute s IO seconds; 3 minutes 5 seconds; 18 minutes 55 seconds; 4 minutes 56 seconds; 11 minutes 6 seconds; 8 seconds; 3 seconds; 2 seconds; 2 seconds)). 99 ° Cohen 1 l /20/18 302, at 5. 991 Cohen 1 I /20/18 302, at 5. Cohen also vaguely recalled telling the President's personal counsel that he spoke with a woman from the Kremlin and that the President' s personal counsel responded to the effect of "so what?" because the deal never Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 5. happened·. 992 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 5. 993 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 5. 994 2/8/19 email, Counsel for personal counsel to the President to Special Counsel's Office. Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 7; Carol D. Leonnig et al., Trump's business sought deal on a Trump 995 Tower in Moscow while he ran/ or president, Washington Post (Aug. 27, 2017). 996 Carol D. Leonnig et al., Trump's business sought deal on a Trump Tower in Moscow while he ran/or president, Washington Post (Aug. 27, 2017). 997 Cohen 9/18/I8 302, at 7. U.S. Department of Justice A U A Fl'IP ."' "'AFlr PFA11At // Mw,· Gflf!t!tif! Me:tet1ie:I Pl'oteeted Uf!det1 Fed . R. Crim P 6(e) On August 28, 2017, Cohen submitted his statement about the Trump Tower Moscow project to Congress.998 Cohen did not recall talking to the President about the specifics of what the statement said or what Cohen would later testify to about Trump Tower Moscow. 999 He recalled speaking to the President more generally about how he planned to stay on message in his testimony . 1000 On September 19, 2017, in anticipation of his impending testimony, Cohen orchestrated the public release of his opening remarks to Congress, which criticized the allegations in the Steele material and claimed that the Trump Tower Moscow project "was terminated in January of 2016; which occurred before the Iowa caucus and months before the very first primary." 1001 Cohen said the release of his opening remarks was intended to shape the narrative and let other people who might be witnesses know what Cohen was saying so they could follow the same message. 1002 Cohen said his decision was meant to mirror Jared Kushner's decision to release a statement in advance of Kushner's congressional testimony, which the President's personal counsel had told Cohen the President liked.1003 Cohen recalled that on September 20, 2017, after Cohen's opening remarks had been printed by the media, the President' s personal counsel told him that the President was pleased with the Trump Tower Moscow statement that had gone out.1004 On October 24 and 25, 2017, Cohen testified before Congress and repeated the false statements he had included in his written statement about Trump Tower Moscow.1005 Phone records show that Cohen spoke with the President's personal counsel immediately after his testimony on both days.1006 4. The President Sends Messages of Support to Cohen In January 2018, the media reported that Cohen had arranged a $130,000 payment during the campaign to prevent a woman from publicly discussing an alleged sexual encounter she had 998 P-SCO-000009477 - 9478 (8/28/17 Letter and Attachment, Cohen to SSCI). 999 Cohen 11/12/18 302, at 2; Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 9. 100 ° Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 9. 1001 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 7; see, e.g., READ: Michael Cohen's statement to the Senate intelligence committee, CNN (Sept. 19, 2017). 1002 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 7. 1003 Cohen 9/18/18 302, at 7; Cohen 11/2 0/18 302, at 6. 1004 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 6. Phone records show that the President's persona l counsel called Cohen on the morning of September 20, 2017, and they spoke for approximately 11 minutes, and that they had two more contacts that day, one of which lasted approximately 18 minutes. Call Records of Michael Cohen. (Reflecting three contacts on September 20, 2017 , with calls lasting for 11 minutes 3 seconds; 2 seconds; and 18 minutes 38 seconds). Cohen Information, at 4; Executive Session, Permanent Select Committee on Intellige nce, 1005 U.S. House of Representatives, Interview of Michael Cohen (Oct. 24, 2017), at I0-11, 117-119. 100 6 Call Records of Michael Cohen. (Reflecting two contacts on October 24, 2017 (12 minutes 8 seconds and 8 minutes 27 seconds) and three contacts on October 25, 2017 (1 second; 4 minut es 6 seconds; and 6 minutes 6 seconds)). U.S. Department of Justice A ttAFRP• W rl PrAfl11Pt // M!t'<' Gf'lflt1tifl M!tterial Proteeted UAder Fed . R. Crim P 6(e) with the President before he ran for office. 1007 This Office did not investigate Cohen's campaign period payments to women.1008 However, those events, as described here, are potentially relevant to the President's and his personal counse l' s interactions with Cohen as a witness who later began to cooperate with the government. On February 13, 2018, Cohen released a statement to news organizations that stated, "In a private transaction in 2016, I used my own personal funds to facilitate a payment of $130,000 to [the woman]. Neither the Trump Organization nor the Trump campaign was a party to the transaction with [the woman], and neither reimbursed me for the payment, either directly or indirectly." 1009 In congressional testimony on February 27, 2019, Cohen testified that he had discussed what to say about the payment with the President and that the President had directed Cohen to say that the President "was not knowledgeable . . . of [Cohen's] actions" in making the payment.1010 On February 19, 2018, the day after the New York Times wrote a detailed story attributing the payment to Cohen and describing Cohen as the President's "fixer," Cohen received a text message from the President's personal counsel that stated, " Client says thanks for what you do."1011 On April 9, 2018, FBI agents working with the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern 1012 District of New York executed search warrants on Cohen's home, hotel room, and office. That day, the President spoke to reporters and said that he had "just heard that they broke into the office of one of my personal attorneys-a good man."1013 The President called the searches "a real disgrace" and said, "It's an attack on our country, in a true sense. It's an attack on what we all 1007 See, e.g., Michael Rothfeld & Joe Palazzolo, Trump Lawyer Arranged $130,000 Payment for Adult-Film Star's Silence, Wall Street Journal (Jan. 12, 2018). 1008 The Office was authorized to investigate Cohen 's establishment and use of Essential Consultants LLC, which Cohen created to facilitate the $130,000 payment during the campaign, based on evidence that the entity received funds from Russian-backed entities. Cohen's use of Essential Consultants to facilitate the $130,000 payment to the woman during the campaign was part of the Office's referral of certain Cohen-related matters to the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York. 1009 See, e.g., Mark Berman, Longtime Trump attorney says he made $130,000 payment to Stormy Daniels with his money, Washington Post (Feb. 14, 2018). 1010 Hearing on issues Related to Trump Organization Before the House Oversight and Reform Committee, I W" Cong . (Feb. 27, 2019) (CQ Cong. Transcripts, at 147-148) (testimony ofMichael Cohen). Toll records show that Cohen was connected to a White House phone number for approximately five minutes on January 19, 2018, and for approximately seven minutes on January 30, 2018, and that Cohen called Melania Trump's cell phone several times between January 26, 2018, and January 30, 2018. Call Records of Michael Cohen. 1011 2/19/18 Text Message, President's personal counsel to Cohen; see Jim Rutenberg et al., Tools of Trump's Fixer: Payouts, Intimidation and the Tabloids, New York Times (Feb. 18, 2018). 1012 Gov't Opp. to Def. Mot. for Temp. Restraining Order, In the Matter of Search Warrants Executed on April 9, 2018, 18-mj-3161 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2018) , Doc. 1 ("On April 9, 2018, agents from the New York field office of the Federal Bureau oflnvestigation . . . executed search warrants for Michael Cohen' s residence, hotel room, office, safety deposit box, and electronic devices."). 1013 Remarks by President Trump Before Meeting with Senior Military Leadership, White House (Apr. 9, 2018). U.S. Department of Justice ;1\JatAFfll'W WArlt= PfARuet // MAv C'AAtAil'I MAteFinl Prnteetea Uttaef Fee R CFim P 6(e) stand for." 1 014 Cohen said that after the searches he was concerned that he was "an open book," that he did not want issues arising from the payments to women to " come out," and that his false statements to Congress were "a big concern." 1015 . A few days after the searches, the President called Cohen .1016 According to Cohen, the President said he wanted to "che k in"and asked if Cohen was okay, and the President encouraged Cohen to "hang in there" and " stay strong."1017 Cohen also recalled that following the searches he heard from individuals who were in touch with the President and relayed to Cohen the President's support for him. 1018 Cohen recalled that , a friend of the President's, reached out to say that he was with " the Boss" in Mar-a-La o and the President had said " he loves you" and not to worry.1019 Cohen recalled that for the Trump Organization, told him, "the boss loves you." , a friend of the Pres ident' s, told him, "everyone knows the boss has your back." On or about April l 7, 20 l8, Cohen began speaking with an attorney, Robert Costello, who had a close relationship with Rudolph Giuliani, one of the President's personal lawyers. 1022 Costello told Cohen that he had a "back channel of communication" to Giuliani, and that Giuliani had said the "channel" was "crucial" and "must be maintained. " 1023 On April 20, 2018, the New York Times published an article about the President's relationship with and treatment of Cohen.1024 The President responded with a series of tweets predicting that Cohen would not " flip": The New York Times and a third rate reporter ... are going out of their way to destroy Michael Cohen and his relationship with me in the hope that he will ' flip.' They use non existent 'sources' and a drunk/drugged up loser who hates Michael, a fine person with a wonderful family. Michael is a businessman for his own account/lawyer who I have always liked & respected. Most people will flip if the Government lets them out of trouble, everi 1014 Remarks by President Trump Before Meeting with Senior Military Leadership, White House (Apr. 9, 2018). 1015 Cohen, 10/17/18 302, at 11. 1016 Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 4. 1017 Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 4. 1018 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 11. 1019 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 11. 102 ° Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 11. 1021 Cohen 9/12/18 302, at 11. 1022 4/17/18 Email, Citron to Cohen; 4/19/18 Email, Costello to Cohen; MC-SCO-001 (7/7/18 redacted billing statement from Davidoff, Hutcher & Citroh to Cohen). 1023 4/21/18 Email, Costello to Cohen. 1024 See Maggie Haberman et al., Michael Cohen Has Said He Would Take a Bullet for Trump. Maybe Not Anymore., New York Times (Apr. 20, 2018). U.S. Department of Justice Atl:Offl8'<' Work Proattet II MR'e' <='.AA fliA MMefial Proteetea Ufl68f Fee. R. Crifflp 6(e) if it means lying or making up stories. Sorry, I don't see Michael doing that despite the horrible Witch Hunt and the dishonest media! 1025 In an email that day to Cohen, Costello wrote that he had spoken with Giuliani.1026 Costello told Cohen the conversation was "Very Very Positive[.] You are ' love d' ... they are in our corner. . . . Sleep well tonight[] , you have friends in high places."1027 Cohen said that following these messages he believed he had the support of the White House if he continued to toe the party line, and he determined to stay on message and be part of the team. 102 8 At the time, Cohen's understood that his legal fees were still being paid by the Trump Organization, which he said was important to him.1029 Cohen believed he needed the power of the President to take care of him, so he needed to defend the President and stay on message. 1030 Cohen also recalled speaking with the President's personal counsel about pardons after the searches of his home and office had occurred, at a time when the media had reported that pardon discussions were occurring at the White House.1031 Cohen told the President ' s personal counsel he had been a loyal lawyer and servant, and he said that after the searches he was in an uncomfortable position and wanted to know what was in it for him.1032 According to Cohen, the President's personal counsel responded that Cohen should stay on message, that the investigation was a witch hunt, and that everything would be fine.1033 Cohen understood based on this conversation and previous conversations about pardons with the President' s personal counsel that as long as he stayed on message, he would be taken care of by the President, either through a pardon or through the investigation being shut down.1034 1025 @realDonaldTrump 4121118 (9:10 a.m. ET) Tweets. 1026 4121/18 Email, Costello to Cohen. 1028 Cohen 9112/18 302, at 11. 1029 Cohen 9112118 302, at 10. ° Cohen 9/12/18 302, at IO. 103 1031 Cohen 1 1/20/18 302, at 7. At a White House press briefing on April 23, 2018, in response to a question about whether the White House had "close[d] the door one way or the other on the President pardoning Michael Cohen," Sanders said, "It's hard to close the door on somethi ng that hasn't taken place. I don't like to discuss or comment on hypothetical situations that may or may not ever happen. I would refer you to personal attorneys to comment on anything specific regarding that case, but we don' t have anything at this point." Sarah Sanders, White House Daily Briefing, C-SPAN (Apr. 23, 2018). 1032 Cohen 11/20/18 302, at 7; Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 3. 1033 Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 3. 1034 Cohen 3/19/19 302, at 3-4. U.S. Department of Justice Attert1e, 'Jleirk Preitittet // MRv C:t=mtttifl Mrttet"ial PPeteetea UAtier Feti_ R- Crim P 6(e) On April 24, 2018, the President responded to a reporter's inquiry whether he would consider a pardon for Cohen with, "Stupid question." 1035 On June 8, 2018, the President said he "hadn't even thought about" pardons for Manafort or Cohen, and continued, "It' s far too early to be thinking about that. They haven't been convicted of anything. There's nothing to pardon." 1036 And on June 15, 2018, the President expressed sympathy for Cohen, Manafort, and Flynn in a press interview and said, " I feel badly about a lot of them, because I think a lot of it is very unfair." 1037 5. The President's Conduct After Cohen Began Cooperating with the Government On July 2, 2018, ABC News reported based on an " exclusive" interview with Cohen that Cohen "strongly signaled his willingness to cooperate with special counsel Robert Mueller and federal prosecutors in the Southern District of New York--even if that puts President Trump in jeopardy." 103 8 That week, the media repotted that Cohen had added an attorney to his legal team who previously had worked as a legal advisor to President Bill Clinton.1039 Beginning on July 20, 2018, the media reported on the existence of a recording Cohen had made of a conversation he had with candidate Trump about a payment made to a second woman who said she had had an affair with Trump. 1040 On July 21, 2018, the President responded : "Inconceivable that the government would break into a lawyer ' s office (early in the morning) almost unheard of. Even more inconceivable that a lawyer would tape a client-totally unheard of & perhaps illegal. The good news is that your favorite President did nothing wrong!"1041 On July 27, 2018, after the media reported that Cohen was willing to inform investigators that Donald Trump Jr. told his father about the June 9, 2016 meeting to get "dirt" on Hillary Clinton,1042 the President tweeted: "[S]o the Fake News doesn't waste my time with dumb questions, NO, I did NOT know of the meeting with my son, Don jr. Sounds to me like someone is trying to make up Remarks by President Trump and President Macron of France Before Restricted Bil.atera l 1035 Meeting, The White House (Apr. 24, 2018). President Donald Trump Holds Media Availability Before Departing for the G- 7 Summit, CQ 1036 Newsmaker Transcripts (June 8, 2018). 1037 Remarks by President Trump in Press Gaggle, The White House (June 15, 2018). 1038 EXCLUSIVE: Michael Cohen says family and country, not President Trump, is his 'first loyalty', ABC (July 2, 2018). Cohen said in the interview, "To be crystal clear, my wife, my daughter and my son, and this country have my first loyal ty." 1039 See e.g., Darren Samuelsohn, Michael Cohen hires Clinton scandal veteran Lanny Davis, Politico (July 5, 2018). See, e.g., Matt Apuzzo et al., Michael Cohen Secretly Taped Trump Discussing Payment to 1040 Playboy Model, New York Times (July 20, 2018). 1041 @r alDonaldTrump 7/21/18 (8:10 a.m. ET) Tweet. 1042 See, e.g., Jim Sciutto, Cuomo Prime Time Transcript, CNN (July 26, 2018). U.S. Department of Justice .. 1'tAl'R P1.1 '.llAl'k Pl'AAlmt // MRv r.rn'ltfliR MRfeFiRI Pl'A ee ea lJf!ael' Fea. R. Criffl p 6(e) stories in order to get himself out of an unrelated jam (Taxi cabs maybe?). He even retained Bill and Crooked Hillary's lawyer. Gee, I wonder if they helped him make the choice!"1043 On August 21, 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty in the Southern District of New York to eight felony charges, including two counts of campaign-finance violations based on the payments he had made during the final weeks of the campaign to women who said they had affairs with the President.1044 During the plea hearing, Cohen stated that he had worked "at the direction of' the candidate in making those payments. 1045 The next day, the President contrasted Cohen' s cooperation with Manafort ' s refusal to cooperate, tweeting, "I feel very badly for Paul Manafort and his wonderful family. 'Justice' took a 12 year old tax case, among other things, applied tremendous pressure on him and, unlike Michael Cohen, he refused to 'break'-make up stories in order to get a 'deal.' Such respect for a brave man!"1046 On September 17, 2018, this Office submitted written questions to the President that included questions about the Trump Tower Moscow project and attached Cohen's written statement to Congress and the Letter of Intent signed by the President. 1047 Among other issues, the questions asked the President to describe the timing and substance of discussions he had with Cohen about the project, whether they discussed a potential trip to Russia, and whether the President "at any time direct[ed] or suggest[ed] that discussions about the Trump Moscow project should cease," or whether the President was "informed at any time that the project had been abandoned." 1048 On November 20, 2018, the President submitted written responses that did not answer those questions about Trump Tower Moscow directly and did not provide any information about the timing of the candidate's discussions with Cohen about the project or whether he participated in any discussions about the project being abandoned or no longer pursued. 1049 Instead, the President's answers stated in relevant part: I had few conversations with Mr. Cohen on this subject. As I reca;ll they were brief, and they were not memorable. I was not enthused about the proposal, and I do not recall any discussion of travel to Russia in connection with it. I do not remember discussing it with 1043 @realDonaldTrump 7/27/18 (7:26 a.m. ET) Tweet; @realDonaldTrump7/27/18 (7:38 a.m. ET) Tweet; @realDonaldTrump 7/27/18 (7:56 a.m. ET) Tweet. At the time of these tweets, the press had reported that Cohen's financial interests in taxi cab medallions were being scrutinized by inve stigators. See,e.g., Matt Apuzzo et al., Michael Cohen Secretly Taped Trump Discussing Payment to Playboy Model, New York Times (July 20, 2018). 1044 Cohen Information. 1045 Cohen 8/21/18 Transcript, at 23. 1046 @realDonaldTrump 8/22/18 (9:21 a.m. ET) Tweet. 1047 9/17/18 Letter, Special Counsel's Office to President's Personal Counsel (attaching written questions for the President, with attachments). 1048 9/17/18 Letter, Special Counsel's Office to President's Personal Counsel (attaching written questions for the President), Question III, Parts (a) through (g). 1049 Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018). U.S. Department of Justice A #F1!'An,., lJ.,£0.,1< P!'AAmit // MA... f'AnfAiA Material PFA eeted lJAde, Fed_ R- Criffl P 6(e) anyone else at the Trump Organization, although it is possible . T do not recall being aware at the time of any communications between Mr. Cohen and Felix Sater and any Russian government official regarding the Letter of lntent. 1050 On November 29, 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty to making false statements to Congress based on his statements about the Trump Tower Moscow project.105 1 In a plea agreement with this Office, Cohen agreed to "provide truthful information regarding any and all matters as to which this Office deems relevant." 1052 Later on November 29, after Cohen's guilty plea had become public, the President spoke to reporters about the Trump Tower Moscow project, saying: I decided not to do the project. . . . I decided ultimately not to do it. There would have been nothing wrong ifI did do it. Ifl did do it, there would have been nothing wrong. That was my business.... It was an option that I decided not to do I decided not to do it. The primary reason . . . T was focused on running for President. I was running my business while I was campaigning. There was a good chance that I wouldn't have won, in which case I would've gone back into the business. And why should I lose lots of opportunities?1053 The President also said that Cohen was "a weak person. And by being weak, unlike other people that you watch-he is a weak person. And what he's trying to do is get a reduced sentence. So he's lying about a project that everybody knew about." 105 4 The President also brought up Cohen' s written submission to Congress regarding the Trump Tower Moscow project: "So here' s the story: Go back and look at the paper that Michael Cohen wrote before he testified in the House and/or Senate. It talked about his position."1055 The President added, "Even if [Cohen] was right, it doesn't matter because I was allowed to do whatever I wanted during the campaign." 1056 In light of the President' s public statements following Cohen's guilty plea that he "decided not to do the project," this Office again sought information from the President about whether he participated in any discussions about the project being abandoned or no longer pursued, including when he "decide d not to do the project," who he spoke to about that decision , and what motivated 1050 Written Responses of Donald J. Trump (Nov. 20, 2018), at 15 (Response to Question III, Parts (a) through (g)). 1051 Cohen Information; Cohen 8/21/18 Transcript. 1052 Plea Agreement at 4, United States v. Michael Cohen, 1: l8-cr-850 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2018). 1053 President Trump Departure Remarks, C-SPAN (Nov. 29, 2018). In contrast to the President's remarks fo llowing·c ohen's guilty plea, Cohen's August 28, 2017 statement to Congressstated that Cohen, not the President, "decided to abandon the proposal" in late January 2016; that Cohen "did not ask or brief Mr. Trump before I made the decision to terminate further work on the proposal"; and that the decision · to abandon the proposal was "unrelated" to the Campaign. P-SCO-000009477 (Statement of Michael D. Cohen, Esq. (Aug. 28, 2017)). 1054 President Trump Departure Remarks, C-SPAN (Nov. 29, 2018). 150 1055 President Trump Departure Remarks, C-SPAN (Nov. 29, 2018). 1056 President Trump Departure Remarks , C-SPAN (Nov. 29, 2018). 150 U.S. Department of Justice A1alaAFAP."' WAFlt PrAA11e.t //MA,· GAn*Ail'I M!ttaerial PF0teetecl lJHcleF Fecl. R. Crim P 6(e) the decisio n.1057 The Office also again asked for the timing of the President's discussions with Cohen about Trump Tower Moscow and asked him to specify "what period of the campaign" he was involved in discussions concerning the project. 1058 In response, the President's personal counsel declined to provide additional information from the President and stated that "the President has fully answered the questions at issue." 1059 In the weeks following Cohen' s plea and agreement to provide assistance to this Office, the President repeatedly implied that Cohen's family members were guilty of crimes. On December 3, 2018, after Cohen had filed his sentencing memorandum, the President tweeted, '"Michael Cohen asks judge for no Prison Time .' You mean he can do all of the TERRIBLE, unrelated to Trump, things having to do with fraud, big loans, Taxis, etc., and not serve a long prison term? He makes up stories to get a GREAT & ALREADY reduced deal for himself, and get his wife and father-in-law (who has the money?) off Scott Free. He lied for this outcome and should, in my opinion, serve a full and complete sentence." 1060 11 · · ·-•" u. ' • '·"'"!+" On Decemher 12, 2018, Cohen was sentenced to three years of imprisonmen t. 1062 The next day, the President sent a series of tweets that said: I never directed Michael Cohen to break the law......Those charges were just agreed to by him in order to embarrass the president and get a much reduced prison sentence, which he did-including the fact that his family was temporarily let off the hook. As a lawyer, Michael has great liability to me!1063 On December 16, 2018, the President tweeted, "Remember, Michael Cohen only became a 'Rat' after the FBI did something which was absolutely unthinkable & unheard of until the Witch Hunt was illegally started. They BROKE INTO AN ATTORNEY'S OFFICE! Why didn't they break into the DNC to get the Server, or Crooked' s office?"1064 In January 2019, after the media reported that Cohen would provide public testimony in a congressional hearing, the President made additional public comments suggesting that Cohen's 1057 1/23/19 Letter, Special Counsel's Office to President's Personal Counsel. 1058 1/23/19 Letter, Special Counsel's Office to President' s Personal 1059 Counsel. 2/6/ l 9 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office. 1060 @rea!DonaldTrump 12/3/18 (l 0:24 a.m. ET and l 0:29 a.m. ET) Tweets (emphasis added). 1061 @realDonaldTrump 12/3/18 (10 :48 a.m. ET) Tweet. 1062 Cohen 12/12/18 Transcript. added). 1063 @realDonaldTrump 12/13/18 (8:17 a.m. ET,8:25 a.m. ET, and 8:39 a.m. ET) Tweets (emphasis 151 1064 @realDonaldTrump12/16/18 (9:39 a.m. ET) Tweet. 152 U.S. Department of Justice A.ffFlf'AP.V WAf'l( Pt1of111et // ll 4na I C'FIAfRiA MRfe:FiRl Pl'oteetefl l JAt.fol' Fea R Cril'fl p 6(e) family members had committed crimes. In an interview on Fox on January 12, 2019 , the Preside nt was asked whether he was worried about Cohen's testimony and responded: [I]n order to get his sentence reduced, [Cohen] says "I have an idea, I'll ah, tell-I'll give you some information on the president." Well, there is no information. But he should give information maybe on his father-in-law because that's the one that people want to look at because where does that money-that's the money in the family. And I guess he didn't want to talk about his father-in-law, he's trying to get his sentence reduced. So it's ah, pretty sad. You know, it' s weak and it's very sad to watch a thing like that.1065 On January 18, 2019, the President tweeted, "Kevin Corke, @FoxNews ' Don' t forget , Michael Cohen has already been convicted of perjury and fraud, and as recently as this week, the Wall Street Journal has suggested that he may have stolen tens of thousands of dollars....' Lying to reduce his jail time! Watch father-in-law/" 1066 On January 23, 2019, Cohen postponed his congressional testimony, citing threats against his family.1067 The next day, the President tweeted, "So interesting that bad lawyer Michael Cohen, who sadly will not be testifying before Congress, is using the lawyer of Crooked Hillary Clinton to represent him- Gee, how did that happen? " 1068 Also in January 2019, Giuliani gave press interviews that appeared to confirm Cohen's account that the Trump Organization pursued the Trump Tower Moscow project well past January 2016. Giuliani stated that " it' s our understanding that [discussions about the Trump Moscow project] went on throughout 2016. Weren't a lot of them, but there were conversations. Can't be sure of the exact date. But the president can remember having conversatio ns with him about it. . . . The president also remembers-yeah, probably up-could be up to as far as October, November."1069 In an interview with the New York Times, Giuliani quoted the President as saying that the discussions regarding the Trump Moscow project were "going on from the day I announced to the day I won."10 70 On January 21, 2019, Giuliani issu ed a statement that said: "My recent statements about discussions during the 2016 campaign between Michael Cohen and candidate Donald Trump about a potential Trump Moscow ' project' were hypothetical and not based on conversations I had with the pres ide nt."1071 1065 Jeanine Pirro Interview with President Trump, Fox News (Jan. 12, 2019) (emphasis added). 1066 @rea!DonaldTrump 1/18/19 (10:02 a.m. ET) Tweet (emphasis added). 1067 Statement by Lanny Davis, Cohen ' s personal counsel (Jan. 23, 2019). 1068 @realDonaldTrump1/24/19 (7:48 a.m. ET) Tweet. 1069 Meet the Press Interview with Rudy Giuliani, NBC (Jan. 20, 2019). 1070 Mark Mazzetti et al., Moscow Skyscraper Talks Continued Through " the Day I Won, " Trump Is Said to Acknowledge, New York Times (Jan. 20, 2019). 1071 Maggie Haberman, Giuliani Says His Moscow Trump Tower Comments Were "Hypothetical", New York Times (Jan. 21, 2019). In a letter to this Office, the President's counsel stated that Giuliani 's pub!ic comments "were not intended to suggest nor did they reflect knowledge of the existence or timing U.S. Department of Justice 1 t;.t;AFRP." WAFI< PFAfim t // MRv rARtRiR 4Atet'ifil Pt1flteetecl lJRcler Fecl_ R Crim P 6(e) Analysis In analyzing the President's conduct related to Cohen, the following evidence is relevant to the elements of obstruction of justice. a. Obstructive act. We gathered evidence of the President' s conduct related to Cohen on two issues: (i) whether the President or others aided or participated in Cohen's false statements to Congress, and (ii) whether the President took actions that would have the natural tendency to prevent Cohen from providing truthful information to the government. i. First, with regard to Cohen's false statements to Congress, while there is evidence, described below, that the President knew Cohen provided false testimony to Congress about the Trump Tower Moscow project, the evidence available to us does not establish that the President directed or aided Cohen's false testimony. Cohen said that his statements to Congress followed a " party line" that developed within the campaign to align with the President's public statements distancing the President from Russia. Cohen also recalled that, in speaking with the President in advance of testifying, he made it clear that he would stay on message-which Cohen believed they both understood would require false testimony. But Cohen said that he and the President did not explicitly discuss whether Cohen's testimony about the Trump Tower Moscow project would be or was false, and the President did not direct him to provide false testimony. Cohen also said he did not tell the President about the specifics of his planned testimony. During the time when his statement to Congress was being drafted and circulated to members of the JOA, Cohen did not speak directly to the President about the statement, but rather communicated with the President's personal counsel-as corroborated by phone records showing extensive communications between Cohen and the President's personal counsel before Cohen submitted his statement and when he testified before Congress. Cohen recalled that in his discussions with the President's personal counsel on August 27, 2017- the day before Cohen's statement was submitted to Congress-Cohen said that there were more communications with Russia and more communications with candidate Trump than the statement reflected. Cohen recalled expressing some concern at that time. According to Cohen, the President's personal counsel-who did not have first-hand knowledge of the project responded by saying that there was no need to muddy the water, that it was unnecessary to include those details because the project did not take place, and that Cohen should keep his statement short and tight, not ela borate, stay on message, and not contradict the President. Cohen's recollection of the content of those conversations is consistent with direction about the substance of Cohen' s draft statement that appeared to come from members of the JOA. For example, Cohen omitted any reference to his outreach to Russian government officials to set up a meeting between Trump and Putin during the United Nations General Assembly, and Cohen believed it was a decision of of conversations beyond that contained in the President's [written responses to the Special Counsel's Office]." 2/6/19 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office. U.S. Department of Justice "ttnP,w U'Arl, PFAA11P.t // MR"' rARtAiR MAteriAl Pl'Ateehid I l Hde F Fed_ R Crim P Me) the JOA to delete the sentence, "The building project led me to make limited contacts with Russian government officials." The President's personal counsel declined to provide us with his account of his conversations with Cohen, and there is no evidence available to us that indicates that the President was aware of the information Cohen provided to the President's personal counsel. The President's conversations with his personal counsel were presumptively protected by attorney- client privilege, and we did not seek to obtain the contents of any such communications. The absence of evidence about the President and his counsel's conversations about the drafting of Cohen' s statement precludes us from assessing what, if any, role the President played. ii. Second, we considered whether the President took actions that would have the natural tendency to prevent Cohen from providing truthful information to criminal investigators or to Congress. Before Cohen began to cooperate with the government , the President publicly and privately urged Cohen to stay on message and not "flip." Cohen recalled the President's personal counsel telling him that he would be protected so long as he did not go " rogue." In the days and weeks that followed the ApriI 2018 searches of Cohen' s home and office, the President told reporters that Cohen was a " good man" and said he was " a fine person with a wonderful family ... who I have always liked & respected." Privately, the President told Cohen to "hang in there" and "stay strong." People who were close to both Cohen and the President passed messages to Cohen that "the President loves you," "the boss loves you," and " everyone knows the boss has your back." Through the Preside nt' s personal counsel, the President also had previously told Cohen "thanks for what you do" after Cohen provided information to the media about payments to women that, according to Cohen, both Cohen and the President knew was false . At that time, the Trump Organization continued to pay Cohen' s legal fees, which was important to Cohen. Cohen also recalled discussing the possibility of a pardon with the President' s personal coun sel, who told him to stay on message and everything would be fine. The President indicated in his public statements that a pardon had not been ruled out, and also stated publicly that " [m]ost people will flip if the Government lets them out of trouble" but that he "d[idn' t] see Michael doing that." After it was reported that Cohen intended to cooperate with the government, however, the President accused Cohen of "mak[ing] up stories in order to get himself out of an unrelated jam (Taxi cabs maybe?), " called Cohen a " rat," and on multiple occasions publicly sugge sted that Cohen's family members had committed crimes. The evidence concerning this sequence of events could suppot1 an inference that the President used inducements in the form of positive messages in an effort to get Cohen not to cooperate, and then turned to attacks and intimidation to deter the provision of information or undermine Cohen's credibility once Cohen began cooperating. b. Nexus to an official proceeding. The President ' s relevan(conduct towards Cohen occurred when the President knew the Special Counsel' s Office, Congress, and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York were investigating Cohen's conduct. The President acknowledged through his public statements and tweets that Cohen potentiall y could cooperate with the government investigations. U.S. Department of Justice AHflffle'v '.Verk PreE:ittet // Mw,· f'.nA RiA M1tf:eFi0l Pre,f:eef:ee lJf!ttet' Fee. R. Crim P 6(e) c. Intent. In analyzing the President's intent in his actions towards Cohen as a potential witness, there is evidence that could support the inference that the President intended to discourage Cohen from cooperating with the government because Cohen's information would shed adverse light on the President's campaign-period conduct and statements. i. Cohen's false congressional testimony about the Trump Tower Moscow project was designed to minimize connections between the President and Russia and to help limit the congressional and DOJ Russia investigations-a goal that was in the President's interest, as reflected by the President's own statements. During and after the campaign, the President made repeated statements that he had "no business" in Russia and said that there were "no deals that could happen in Russia, because we' ve stayed away." As Cohen knew, and as he recalled communicating to the President during the campaign, Cohen ' s pursuit of the Trump Tower Moscow project cast doubt on the accuracy or completeness of these statements. In connection with his guilty plea, Cohen admitted that he had multiple conversations with candidate Trump to give him status updates about the Trump Tower Moscow project, that the conversations continued through at least June 2016, and that he discussed with Trump possible travel to Russia to pursue the project. The conversations were not off-hand, according to Cohen, because the project had the potential to be so lucrative. In addition, text messages to and from Cohen and other records further establish that Cohen's efforts to advance the project did not end in January 2016 and that in May and June 2016, Cohen was considering the timing for possible trips to Russia by him and Trump in connection with the project. The evidence could support an inference that the President was aware of these facts at the time of Cohen's false statements to Congress. Cohen discusse d the project with the President in early 2017 following media inquiries. Cohen recalled that on September 20, 2017, the day after he released to the public his opening remarks to Congress- which said the project "was terminated in January of 2016"-the President' s personal counsel told him the President was pleased with what Cohen had said about Trump Tower Moscow. And after Cohen' s guilty plea, the President told reporters t_hat he had ultimately decided not to do the project, which supports the inference that he remained aware of his own involvement in the project and the period during the Campaign in which the project was being pursued. ii. The President's public remarks following Cohen's guilty plea also suggest that the President may have been concerned about what Cohen told investigators about the Trump Tower Moscow project. At the time the President submitted written answers to questions from this Office about the project and other subjects, the media had reported that Cohen was cooperating with the government but Cohen had not yet pleaded guilty to making false statements to Congress. Accordingly, it was not publicly known what information about the project Cohen had provided to the government. In his written answers, the President did not provide details about the timing and substance of his discussions with Cohen about the project and gave no indication that he had decided to no longer pursue the project. Yet after Cohen pleaded guilty, the President publicly stated that he had personally made the decision to abandon the project. The President then declined to clarify the seeming discrepancy to our Office or answer additional questions. The content and timing of the President's provision of information about his knowledge and actions regarding the Trump Tower Moscow project is evidence that the President may have been concerned about the information that Cohen could provide as a witness. U.S. Department of Justice AttAl'l'lf'l',' \Vnl'k Pl'AA11et // ll.4w. · r'Al'ltRil'I MAteri1tl Pt'o1:ee1:ea lJf!aer Fee_ R Criffl p 6(e) 111. The President's concern about Cohen cooperating may have been directed at the Southern District of New York investigation into other aspects of the President's dealings with Cohen rather than an investigation of Trump Tower Moscow. There also is some evidence that the President's concern about Cohen cooperating was based on the President's stated belief that Cohen would provide false testimony against the President in an attempt to obtain a lesser sentence for his unrelated criminal conduct. The President tweeted that Manafort, unlike Cohen, refused to " break" and " make up stories in order to get a 'deal."' And after Cohen pleaded guilty to making false statements to Congress, the President said, " what [Cohen]'s trying to do is get a reduced sentence. So he' s lying about a project that everybody knew about." But the President also appeared to defend the underlying conduct, saying, " Even if [Cohen] was right, it doesn't matter because I was allowed to do whatever I wanted during the campaign." As described above, there is evidence that the President knew that Cohen had made false statements about the Trump Tower Moscow project and that Cohen did so to protect the President and minimize the President' s connections to Russia during the campaign. iv. Finally, the President's statements insinuating that members of Cohen's family committed crimes after Cohen began cooperating with the government could be viewed as an effort to retaliate against Cohen and chill further testimony adverse to the President by Cohen or others. It is possible that the President believes, as reflected in his tweets, that Cohen " ma[d]e[] up stories" in order to get a deal for himself and "get his wife and father-in-law . . . off Scott Free." It also is possible that the President's mention of Cohen' s wife and father-in-law were not intended to affect Cohen as a witness but rather were part of a public-relations strategy aimed at discrediting Cohen and deflecting attention away from the President on Cohen-related matters. But the President's suggestion that Cohe n' s family members committed crimes happened more than once, including just before Cohen was sentenced (at the same time as the President stated that Cohen "should, in my opinion, serve a full and complete sentence") and again just before Cohen was scheduled to testify before Congress. The timing of the statements supports an in ferenc e that they were intended at least in part to discourage Cohen from further cooperation. L. Overarching Factual Issues Although this report does not contain a traditional prosecution decision or declination decision, the evidence supports several general conclusions relevant to analysis of the facts concerning the President's course of conduct. 1. Three features of this case render it atypical compared to the heartland obst ruction- of justice prosecutions brought by the Department of Justice. First, the conduct involved actions by the President. Some of the conduct did not implicate the President's constitutional authority and raises garden-variety obstruction-of- justice issues. Other events we investigated , however, drew upon the President's Article II authority, which raised constitutional issues that we address in Volume II, Section III.B, infra. A factual analysis of that conduct would have to take into account both that the President's acts were facially lawful and that his position as head of the Executive Branch provides him with unique and powerful means of influencing official proceedings, subordinate officers, and potential witnesses. U.S. Department of Justice AttflrAe.,· Wflrk Prfttfoet // M1w GftAtfliA MRJerifll Prftteetefl ( JAfler Pefl R Gril'FI P Me) Second, many obstruction cases involve the attempted or actual cover-up of an underlying crime. Personal criminal conduct can furnish strong evidence that the individual had an improper obstructive purpose, see, e.g., United States v. Willoughby, 860 F.2d 15, 24 (2d Cir. 1988), or that he contemplated an effect on an official proceeding, see, e.g., United States v. Binday, 804 F.3d 558, 591 (2d Cir. 2015). But proof of such a crime is not an element of an obstruction offense. See United States v. Greer, 872 F.3d 790, 798 (6th C ir . 2017) (stating, in applying the obstruction sentencing guideline, that "obstruction of a criminal investigation is punishable even if the prosecution is ultimately unsuccessful or even if the investigation ultimately reveals no underlying crime"). Obstruction of justice can be motivated by a desire to protect non-criminal personal interests, to protect against investigations where underlying criminal liability falls into a gray area, or to avoid personal embarrassment. The injury to the integrity of the justice system is the same regardless of whether a person committed an underlying wrong. In this investigation, the evidence does not establish that the President was involved in an underlying crime related to Russian election interference. But the evidence does point to a range of other possible personal motives animating the President's conduct. These include concerns that continued investigation would call into question the legitimacy of his election and potential uncertainty about whether certain events-such as advance notice of WikiLeaks ' s release of hacked information or the June 9, 2016 meeting between senior campaign officials and Russians could be seen as criminal activity by the President, his campaign, or his family. Third , many of the President's acts directed at witnesses, including discouragement of cooperation with the government and suggestions of possible future pardons, occurred in public view. While it may be more difficult to establish that public-facing acts were motivated by a corrupt intent, the President's power to influence actions , persons, and events is enhanced by his unique ability to attract attention through use of mass communications . And no principle of law excludes public acts from the scope of obstruction statutes. If the likely effect of the acts is to intimidate witnesses or alter their testimony, the justice system's integrity is equally threatened. 2. Although the events we investigated involved discrete acts- e.g., the President's statement to Corney about the Flynn investigation , his termination of Corney, and his efforts to remove the Special Counse l- it is important to view the President' s pattern of conduct as a whole. That pattern sheds light on the nature of the President' s acts and the inferences that can be drawn about his intent. a. Our investigation found multiple acts by the President that were capable of exetting undue influence over law enforcement investigations, including the Russian-interference and obstruction investigations. The incidents were often carried out through one-on-one meetings in which the President sought to use his official power outside of usual channels. These actions ranged from efforts to remove the Special Counsel and to reverse the effect of the Attorney General' s recusal; to the attempted use of official power to limit the scope of the investigation; to direct and indirect contacts with witnesses with the potential to influence their testimony. Viewing the acts collectively can help to illuminate their significance. For example, the President ' s direction to McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed was followed almost immediately by his direction to Lewandowski to tell the Attorney General to limit the scope of the Russia inve stigatio n to prospective election-interference only-a temporal connection that suggests that both acts were taken with a related purpose with respect to the investigation. U.S. Department of Justice A1atAl'APN 'JIArk PrAAIIP.t // J).4A,.' f'AAtAiA M At P.f iAI Pl'AtP.P.tP.fl T TRA P.I' J:sP.A R Cri P MP.'\ The President' s efforts to influence the investigation were mostly unsuccessful, but that is largely because the persons who surrounded the President declined to carry out orders or accede to his requests. Corney did not end the investigation of Flynn, which ultimately resulted in Flynn's prosecution and conviction for lying to the FBI. McGahn did not tell the Acting Attorney General that the Special Counsel must be removed, but was instead prepared to resign over the President's order. Lewandowski and Dearborn did not deliver the President' s message to Sessions that he should confine the Russia investigation to future election meddling only. And McGahn refused to recede from his recollections about events surrounding the President's direction to have the Special Counsel removed, despite the President's multiple demands that he do so. Consistent with that pattern, the evidence we obtained would not support potential obstruction charges against the President's aides and associates beyond those already filed. b. In considering the full scope of the conduct we investigated, the President's actions can be divided into two distinct phases reflecting a possible shift in the President' s motives. In the first phase, before the President fired Corney, the President had been assured that the FBI had not opened an investigation of him personally. The President deemed it critically important to make public that he was not under investigation, and he included that information in his termination letter to Corney after other efforts to have that information disclosed were unsuccessful. Soon after he fired Corney, however, the President became aware that investigators were conducting an obstruction-of-justice inquiry into his own conduct. That awareness marked a significant change in the President's conduct and the start of a second phase of action. The President launched public attacks on the investigation and individuals involved in it who could possess evidence adverse to the President, while in private, the President engaged in a series of targeted efforts to control the investigation. For instance, the President attempted to remove the Special Counsel; he sought to have Attorney General Sessions unrecuse himself and limit the investigation; he sought to prevent public disclosure of information about the June 9, 2016 meeting between Russians and campaign officials; and he used public forums to attack potential witnesses who might offer adverse information and to praise witnesses who declined to cooperate with the government. Judgments about the nature of the President's motiv es during each phase would be informed by the totality of the evidence. U.S. Department of Justice & ttAf'R r 'l'Arlc PrAR11P.t // Mw,· r.ARtRiR MRtP.riRl PrAtP.P.terl T TRdet' i;;:ed R. Gt1ilfl P Me) III. LEGAL DEFENSES To THE APPLICATION OF OBSTRUCTION-OF-JUSTICE STATUTES To THE PRESIDENT The President's personal counsel has written to this Office to advance statutory and constitutional defenses to the potential application of the obstruction-of-justice statutes to the President's conduct.1072 As a statutory matter, the President's counsel has argued that a core obstruction-of-justice statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2), does not cover the President ' s actions .1073 As a constitutional matter, the President's counsel argued that the President cannot obstruct justice by exercising his constitutional authority to close Department of Justice investigations or terminate the FBI Director. 1074 Under that view, any statute that restricts the President ' s exercise of those powers would impermissibly intrude on the President's constitutional role. The President's counsel has conceded that the President may be subject to criminal laws that do not directly involve exercises of his Article JI authority, such as laws prohibiting bribing witnesses or suborning perjury.1075 But counsel has made a categorical argument that "the President's exercise of his constitutional authority here to terminate an FBI Director and to close investigations cannot constitutionally constitute obstruction of just ice." 1076 In analyzing counsel's statutory arguments, we concluded that the President's proposed interpretation of Section 1512(c)(2) is contrary to the litigating position of the Department of Justice and is not supported by principles of statutory construction. As for the constitutional arguments, we recognized that the Department of Justice and the courts have not definitively resolved these constitutional issues. We therefore analyzed the President's position through the framework of Supreme Court precedent addressing the separation of powers. Under that framework, we concluded, Article II of the Constitution does not categorically and permanently immunize the President from potential liability for the conduct that we investigated. Rather, our analysis led us to conclude that the obstruction-of- justice statutes can 1072 6/23/17 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office; see also 1/29 /18 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel ' s Office; 2/6/18 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office; 8/8/18 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office, at 4. 2/6/18 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel ' s Office, at 2-9. Counsel has 1073 also noted that other potentially applicable obstruction statutes, such as 18 U.S.C. § 1505, protect only pending proceedings. 6/23/17 Letter, President' s Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office, at 7-8. Section 1512(c)(2) is not limited to pending proceedings, but also applies to future proceedings that the person contemplated. See Volume II, Section III.A, supra. 1074 6/23/17 Letter, President' s Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office , at 1 (" [T ]he President cannot obstruct ... by simply exercising these inherent Constitutional powers."). 1075 6/23/17 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office, at 2 n. 1. 1076 6/23/17 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel' s Office, at 2 n. I (dashes omitted); see also 8/8/18 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel' s Office, at 4 ("[T]he obstruction-of-justice statutes cannot be read so expansively as to create potential liability based on facially lawful acts undertaken by the President in furtherance of his core Article TT discretionary authority to remove principal officers or carry out the prosecution function.") . U.S. Department of Justice Al'fAFFlfW WArk PFAAtrnt // U1w Pn1d11iM 411t@ri11l P l'AtP.e.*@.A I l RA P.r ¥AA f".Fiffl P Me) validly prohibit a Pres ident ' s corrupt efforts to use his official powers to curtail, end, or interfere with an investigation . A. Statutory Defenses to the Application of Obstruction-Of-Justice Provisions to the Conduct Under Investigation The obstruction-of-justice statute most readily applicable to our investigation is 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2). Section 1512(c) provides: (c) Whoever corruptly- (!) alters, destroys, mutilates, or conceals a record, document, or other object, or attempts to do so, with the intent to impair the object's integrity or availability for use in an official proceeding; or (2) otherwise obstructs, influences, or impedes any official proceeding, or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. The Department of Justice has taken the position that Section 1512(c)(2) states a broad, independent, and unqualified prohibition on obstruction of justice. 1077 While defendants have argued that subsection (c)(2) should be read to cover only acts that would impair the availability or integrity of evidence because that is subsection (c)(l)'s focus, strong arguments weigh against that proposed limitation. The text of Section 1512(c)(2) confirms that its sweep is not tethered to Section 1512(c)(1); courts have so interpreted it; its history does not counsel otherwise; and no principle of statutory construction dictates a contrary view. On its face, therefore, Section 1512(c)(2) applies to all corrupt means of obstructing a proceeding, pending or contemplated including by improper exercises of official power. In addition, other statutory provisions that are potentially applicable to certain conduct we investigated broadly prohibit obstruction of proceedings that are pending before courts, grand juries, and Congress. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1505. Congress has also specifically prohibited witness tampering. See 18 U.S.C. § I 512(6). 1. The Text of Section I 5 l 2{c){2) Prohibits a Broad Range of Obstructive Acts Several textual features of Section 1512(c)(2) support the conclusion that the provision broadly prohibits corrupt means of obstructing justice and is not limited by the more specific prohibitions in Section I 512(c)(I), which focus on evidence impairment. First, the text of Section 1512(c)(2) is unqualified: it reaches acts that " obstruct[], influence[], or impede[] any official proceeding" when committed "corruptly." Nothing in Section 1512(c)(2)'s text limits the provision to acts that would impair the integrity or availability of evidence for use in an official proceeding. In contrast, Section 1512(c)(I) explicitly includes the requirement that the defendant act "w ith the intent to impair the object's integrity or availability 1077 See U.S. Br., United States v. Kumar, Nos. 06- 5482-cr(L), 06-5654-cr(CON) (2d Cir. filed Oct. 26, 2007), at pp. 15-28; United States v. Singleton, Nos. H-04-CR-514SS, H-06-cr-80 (S.D. Tex. filed June 5, 2006). 160 U.S. Department of Justice AttArAe..· 'JlArlc Pt'AAltet // Uw. C'nA*RiA 411*@.l'iRI PrAtP.P.tP.A I IAAf'.t' i:::P.A R rl'ilfl p Me) for use in an official proceeding," a requirement that Congress also included in two other sections of Section 1512. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1512(a)(2)(B)(ii) (use of physical force with intent to cause a person to destroy an object " with intent to impair the integrity or availability of the object for use in an official proceeding"); 1512(6)(2)(B) (use of intimidation, threats, corrupt persuasio n, or misleading conduct with intent to cause a person to destroy an object " with intent to impair the integrity or availability of the object for use in an official proceeding"). But no comparable intent or conduct element focused on evidence impairment appears in Section 1512(c)(2). The intent element in Section l 512(c)(2) comes from the word "co rruptly. " See, e.g., United.States v. McKibbins, 656 F.3d 707, 711 (7th Cir. 2011) ("The intent element is important because the word ' corruptly ' is what serves to separate criminal and innocent acts of obstruction." ) (internal quotation marks omitted). And the conduct element in Section 1512(c)(2) is "obstruct[ing], influenc[ing], or imped[ing]" a proceeding. Congress is presumed to have acted intentionally in the disparate inclusion and exclusion of evidence-impairment language. See Loughrin v. United States, 573 U.S. 351, 358 (2014) ("[W]hen 'Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another'-let alone in the very next provis ion - this Court ' presume[s]' that Congress intended a difference in meaning") (quoting Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16 , 23 (1983)); accord Digital Realty Trust, Inc. v. Somers, 138 S. Ct. 767, 777(2018). Second, the structure of Section 1512 supports the conclusion that Section 1512(c)(2) defines an independent offense. Section 1512(c)(2) delineates a complete crime with different elements from Section I 5 I 2(c)(l)-and each subsection of Section 1512(c) contains its own "attempt" prohibition, underscoring that they are independent prohibitions. The two subsections of Section 1512(c) are connected by the conjunction "or," indicating that each provides an alternative basis for criminal liability. See Loughrin, 573 U.S. at 357 ("ordinary use [of ' or'] is almost always disjunctive , that is, the words it connects are to be given separate meanings") (internal quotation marks omitted). In Loughrin, for example, the Supreme Court relied on the use of the word "or" to hold that adjacent and overlapping subsections of the bank fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1344 , state distinct offenses and that subsection 1344(2) therefore should not be interpreted to contain an additional element specified only in subsection 1344(1). Id.; see also Shaw v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 462, 465-469 (2016) (recognizing that the subsections of the bank fraud statute "overlap substantially" but identifyin g distinct circumstances covered by each).1078 And here, as in Loughrin, Section 1512(c)'s "two clauses have separate numbers , line breaks before, between, and after them, and equivalent indentation- thus placing the clauses visually on an equal footing and indicating that they have separate meanings." 573 U.S. at 359. Third, the introductory word "otherwise" in Section 1512(c)(2) signals that the provision covers obstructive acts that are different from those listed in Section 1512(c)(1). See Black's Law Dictionary 1101 (6th ed. 1990) ("otherwise" means " in a different manner ; in another way, or in other ways"); see also, e.g., American Heritage College Dictionary Online (" I. In another way; 1078 The Office of Legal Counsel recently relied on several of the same interpretive principles in concluding th at lang uage that appeared in the first clause of the Wire Act, 18 U.S.C. § I 084, restricting its prohibition against certain betting or wagering activities to "any sporting event or contest," did not apply to the second clause of the same statute, which reaches other betting or 161 wagering activities. See Reconsidering Whether the Wire Act Applies to Non-Sports Gambling (Nov. 2, 2018), slip op. 7 (relying on plain language); id. at 11 (finding it not "tenable to read into the second clause the qualifier ' on any sporting event or contest' that appears in the first clause");id. at 12 (relying on Digital Realty ). 162 U.S. Department ofJustice At-fAt'FIC'• \Vflt>lt Pf'ASttet // MA>' C'rndAifl M Aff'.t'iAI Pf'AfP.f'.fP.A r tFIAf'.t" J:.e.A R PFim p Me) differently; 2. Under other circumstances"); see also Gooch v. United States, 297 U.S. 124, 128 (1936) (characterizing "otherwise" as a "broad term" and holding that a statutory prohibition on kidnapping "for ransom or reward or otherwise" is not limited by the words "ransom" and "reward" to kidnappings for pecuniary benefits); Collazos v. United States, 368 F.3d 190,200 (2d Cir. 2004) (construing "otherwise" in 28 U.S.C. § 2466(l)(C) to reach beyond the "specific examples" listed in prior subsections, thereby covering the "myriad means that human ingenuity might devise to permit a person to avoid the jurisdiction of a court"); cf Begay v. United States, 553 U.S. 137, 144 (2006) (recognizing that "otherwise" is defined to mean "in a different way or manner," and holding that the word " otherwise" introducing the residual clause in the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), can, but need not necessarily, "refer to a crime that is similar to the listed examples in some respects but different in others").1079 The purpose of the word "otherwise" in Section 1512(c)(2) is therefore to clarify that the provision covers obstructive acts other than the destruction of physical evidence with the intent to impair its integrity or availab ili ty, which is the conduct addressed in Section l 5 l 2(c)( I). The word "o therwise" does not signal that Section 1512(c)(2) has less breadth in covering obstructive conduct than the language of the provision implies. 2. Judicial Decisions Support a Broad Reading of Section 1512(c)(2) Courts have not limited Section 1512(c)(2) to conduct that impairs evidence, but instead have read it to cover obstructive acts in any form. As one court explained, "[t]his expansive subsection operates as a catch-all to cover ' otherwise' obstructive behavior that might not constitute a more specific offense like document destruction, which is listed in (c)(l)." United States v. Volpendesto, 746 F.3d 273, 286 (7th Cir. 2014) (some quotation marks omitted). For example, in United States v. Ring, 628 F. Supp. 2d 195 (D.D.C. 2009), the court rejected the argument that"§ 1512(c)(2)'s reference to conduct that ' otherwise obstructs, influences, or impedes any official proceeding' is limited to conduct that is similar to the type of conduct proscribed by subsection (c)(l)-namely, conduct that impairs the integrity or availability of ' record[s], documents[s], or other object[s] for use in an official proceeding." Id. at 224. The court explained that "the meaning of§ 1512(c)(2) is plain on its face." Id. (alternations in original). And courts have upheld convictions under Section l 512(c) (2) that did not involve evidence impairment, but instead resulted from conduct that more broadly thwarted arrests or investigations. See, e.g., United States v. Martinez, 862 F.3d 223, 238 (2d Cir. 2017) (police officer tipped off suspects about issuance of arrest warrants before "outstanding warrants could be executed, thereby potentially interfering with an ongoing grand jury proceeding" ); United States v. Ahrensfield, 698 F.3d 1310 , 1324-1326 (10th Cir. 2012) (officer disclosed existence of an undercover investigation to its target); United States v. Phillips, 583 F.3d 1261, 1265 (10th Cir. 2009) (defendant disclosed identity of an undercover officer thus preventing him from making controlled purchases from methamphetamine dealers). Those cases illustrate , that Section 1512(c)(2) applies to corrupt acts- including by public officials-that frustrate the 1079 In Sykes v. United States, 564 U.S. 1, 15 (2011), the Supreme Court substantially abandoned Begay's reading of the residual clause, and in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), the Court invalidated the residual clause as unconstitutionally vague. Begay's analysis of the word " otherwise" is thus of limited value. U.S. Department of Justice ii tato_p.. m.,,,,1, PFA"111P.t // 4,h Gf'lnta,in Ma,te,ia,I P,eteeted Under Fed. R. Criffl P. 6(e) commencement or conduct of a proceeding, and not just to acts that make evidence unavailable or impair its integrity. Section 1512(c)(2)'s breadth is reinforced by the similarity of its language to the omnibus clause of 18 U.S.C. § 1503, which covers anyone who " corruptly ... obstructs, or impedes, or endeavors to infl uence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice." That clause of Section 1503 follows two more specific clauses that protect jurors, judges, and court officers. The omnibus clause has nevertheless been construed to be "far more general in scope than the earlier clauses of the statute." United States v. Aguilar, 515 U.S. 593, 599 (1995). "The omnibus clause is essentially a catch-all provision which generally prohibits conduct that interferes with the due administration of justice." United States v. Brenson, 104 F.3d 1267, 1275 (11th Cir. 1997). Courts have accordingly given it a "non-restrictive reading." United States v. Kumar, 617 F.3d 612, 620 (2d Cir. 201O); id. at 620 n.7 (collecting cases from the Third, Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eleventh Circuits). As one court has explained, the omnibus clause "prohibits acts that are similar in result, rather than manner , to the conduct described in the first part of the statute." United States v. Howard, 569 F.2d 1331, 1333 (5th Cir. 1978). While the specific clauses "forbid certain means of obstructing justice ... the omnibus clause aims at obstruction of justice itself, regardless of the means used to reach that result." Id. (collecting cases). Given the similarity of Section 1512(c)(2) to Section 1503's omnibus clause, Congress would have expected Section 1512(c)(2) to cover acts that produced a similar result to the evidence-impairment provisions-i.e., the result of obstructing justice-rather than covering only acts that were similar in manner. Read this way, Section 1512(c)(2) serves a distinct function in the federal obstruction-of-justice statutes: it captures corrupt conduct, other than document destruction , that has the natural tendency to obstruct contemplated as well as pending proceedings. Section 1512(c)(2) overlaps with other obstruction statutes, but it does not render them superfluous. Section 1503, for example, which covers pending grand jury and judicial proceedings, and Section 1505, which covers pending administrative and congressional proceedings, reach " endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede" the proceedings-a broader test for inchoate violations than Section 1512(c)(2)'s "attempt" standard, which requires a substantial step towards a completed offense. See United States v. Sampson, 898 F.3d 287,302 (2d Cir.2018) ("[E]fforts to witness tamper that rise to the level of an ' endeavor' yet fall short of an 'attempt' cannot be prosecuted under§ 1512.") ; United States v. Leisure, 844 F.2d 1347, 1366 -1367 (8th C ir. 1988) (collecting cases recognizing the difference between the " endeavor" and "attempt" standards). And 18 U.S.C. § 1519, which prohibits destruction of documents or records in contemplation of an investigation or proceeding, does not require the "nexus" showing under Aguilar, which Section 1512(c)(2) demands. See, e.g., United States v. Yielding, 657 F.3d 688, 712 (8th Cir.2011) ("The requisite knowledge and intent [under Section 1519] can be present even if the accused lacks knowledge that he is likely to succeed in obstructing the matter."); United States v. Gray, 642 F.3d 371, 376-377 (2d Cir. 2011) ("[I]n enacting§ 1519, Congress rejected any requirement that the government prove a link between a defendant' s conduct and an imminent or pending official proceeding."). The existence of even "substantial" overlap is not " uncommon" in criminal statutes. Loughrin, 573 U.S. at 359 n.4; see Shaw, 137 S. Ct. at 458-469; Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 616 (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("The fact that there is now some overlap between§ 1503 and § 1512 is no more intolerable than the fact that there is some overlap between the omnibus clause of§ 1503 and the other provisions of§ 1503 itself."). But given that Sections 1503, 1505 , and U.S. Department of Justice ti fatF'll'Mfv,r '.l/F111lt PFArhmt // MA-.· C::F1MtAil'I MAtefiAI PFF'lteeterl lJAACI' J;:efl R CFiffi P 6(e) 1519 each reach conduct that Section 1512(c)(2) does not, the overlap provides no reason to give Section 1512(c)(2) an artificially limited construction. See Shaw, 137 S. Ct. at 469.108 0 3. The Legislative History of Section l512(c)(2) Does Not Justify Narrowing Its Text "Given the straightforward statutory command" in Section l512(c)(2), "there is no reason to resort to legislative history." United States v. Gonzales, 520 U.S. 1, 6 (1997). In any event, the legislative history of Section 1512(c)(2) is not a reason to impose extratextual limitations on its reach. Congress enacted Section 1512(c)(2) as part the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-204, Tit. XI, § 1102, 116 Stat. 807. The relevan t section of the statute was entitled "Tampering with a Record or Otherwise Impeding an Official Proceeding." 116 Stat. 807 (emphasis added). That title indicates that Congress intended the two clauses to have independent effect. Section 1512(c) was added as a floor amendment in the Senate and explained as closing a certain "loophole" with respect to "document shredding." See 148 Cong. Rec. S6545 (July 10 , 2002) (Sen. Lott); id. at S6549-S6550 (Sen: Hatch). But those explanations do not limit the enacted text. See Pittston Coal Group v. Sebben, 488 U.S. 105, 115 (1988) ("[l]t is not the law that a statute can have no effects which are not explicitly mentioned in its legislative history." ); see also Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 138 S. Ct. 1134, 1143 (2018) ("Even if Congress did not foresee all of the applications of the statute, that is no reason not to give the statutory text a fair reading."). The floor statements thus cannot detract from the meaning of the enacted text. See Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co., 534 U.S. 438, 457 (2002) ("Floor statements from two Senators .cannot amend the clear and unambiguous language of a statute. We see no reason to give greater weight to the views of two Senators than to the collective votes of both Houses , which are memorialized in the unambiguous statutory text."). That principle has particular force where one of the proponents of the amendment to Section 1512 introduced his remarks as only "briefly elaborat[ing] on some of the specific provisions contained in this bill." 148 Cong. Rec. S6550 (Sen. Hatch). Indeed, the language Congress used in Section 1512(c)(2)-prohibiting "corruptly ... obstruct[ing], influenc[ing], or imped[ing] any official proceeding" or attempting to do so- parallels a provision that Congress considered years earlier in a bill designed to strengthen protections against witness tampering and obstruction of justice. While the earlier provision is not a direct antecedent of Section 1512(c)(2), Congress's understanding of the broad scope of the 1080 The Supreme Court's decision in Marinello v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1101 (2018), does not support imposing a non-textual limitation on Section I 512(c)(2). Marinello interpreted the tax obstruction statute, 26 U.S.C. § 7212(a), to require "a ' nexus' between the defendant's conduct and a particular administrative proceeding." Id. at 1109. The Court adopted that construction in light of the similar interpretation given to "other obstruction provisions," id. (citing Aguilar and Arthur Andersen), as well as considerations of context, legislative history, structure of the criminal tax laws, fair warning, and lenity. Id. at 1106-1108. The type of "nexus" element the Court adopted in Marinello already applies under Section 1512(c)(2), and the remaining considerations the Court cited do not justify reading into Section l512(c)(2) language that is not there. See Bates v. United States, 522 U.S. 23, 29 (1997) (the Court "o rdinarily resist[s] reading words or elements into a statute that do not appear on its face."). U.S. Department of Justice Attm•Afw WAt=lc Pt=Afl11et // MRY r'AAfRiA Ma1'et=ial PFoteetecl lJHcler Fecl R Criffl P 6(e) earlier provision is instructive. Recognizing that "the proper administration of justice may be impeded or thwarted" by a "variety of corrupt methods ... limited only by the imagination of the criminally inclined," S. Rep. No. 532, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. 17-18 (1982), Congress considered a bill that would have amended Section 1512 by making it a crime, inter alia, when a person "corruptly . . . influences, obstructs, or impedes . . . [t]he enforcement and prosecution of federal law," "administration of a law under which an official proceeding is being or may be conducted," or the "exercise of a Federal legislative power of inquiry." Id. at 17-19 (quoting S. 2420). The Senate Committee explained that: [T]he purpose of preventing an obstruction of or miscarriage of justice cannot be fully carried out by a simple enumeration of the commonly prosecuted obstruction offenses. There must also be protection against the rare type of conduct that is the product of the inventive criminal mind and which also thwarts justice. Id. at 18. The report gave examples of conduct " actually prosecuted under the current residual clause [in 18 U.S.C. § 1503] , which would probably not be covered in this series [of provisions] without a residual clause." Id. One prominent example was "[a] conspiracy to cover up the Watergate burglary and its aftermath by having the Central Intelligence Agency seek to interfere with an ongoing FBI investigation of the burglary." Id. (citing United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31 (D.C. Cir. 1976)). The report therefore indicates a congressional awareness not only that residual-clause language resembling Section 1512(c)(2) broadly covers a wide variety of obstructive conduct, but also that such language reaches the improper use of governmental processes to obstruct justice- specifically, the Watergate cover-up orchestrated by White House officials including the President himself. See Haldeman, 559 F.3d at 51, 86-87, 120-129, 162.1081 4. General Principles of Statutory Construction Do Not Suggest That Section 1512(c)(2) is Inapplicable to the Conduct in this Investigation The requirement of fair warning in criminal law, the interest in avoiding due process concerns in potentially vague statutes, and the rule of lenity do not justify narrowing the reach of Section 1512(c)(2)' s text.1082 a. As with other criminal laws, the Supreme Court has "exercised restraint" in interpreting obstruction-of-justice provisions, both out ofrespect for Congress' s role in defining crimes and in the interest of providing individuals with " fair warn ing " of what a criminal statute prohi bits . Marinello v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1101, 1106 (2018); Arthur Andersen, 544 U.S. at 703; 1081 The Senate ultimately accepted the House version of the bill, which excluded an omnibus clause. See United States v. Poindexter, 951 F.2d 369, 382-383 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (tracing history of the proposed omnibus provision in the witness-protection legislation). During the floor debate on the bill, Senator Heinz, one of the initiators and primary backers of the legislation, explained that the omnibus clause was beyond the scope of the witness-protection measure at issue and likely "duplicative" of other obstruction laws, 128 Cong. Rec. 26,810 (1982) (Sen. Heinz), presumably referring to Sections 1503 and 1505. 1082 In a separate section addressing considerations unique to the presidency, we consider principles of statutory construction relevant in that context. See Volume TI, Section III.B.l, infra. U.S. Department of Justice A tto.-...0>1 Worlr Pri:,ial11ot // Ma' Gl"lAfA:iA 4afel'ial Pl'l"lfeetaeel. UAaef Feel. R Crim p 6(e) Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 599-602. In several obstruction cases, the Court has imposed a nexus test that requires that the wrongful conduct targeted by the provision be sufficiently connected to an official proceeding to ensure the requisite culpability. Marinello, 138 S. Ct. at 1109; Arthur Andersen, 544 U.S. at 707-708; Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 600-602. Section 1512(c)(2) has been interpreted to require a similar nexus. See, e.g., United States v. Young, 916 F.3d 368, 386 (4th Cir. 2019); United States v. Petruk, 781 F.3d 438, 445 (8th Cir. 2015); United States v. Phillips , 583 F.3d 1261, 1264 (10th Cir. 2009); United States v. Reich, 479 F.3d 179, 186 (2d Cir. 2007). To satisfy the nexus requireme nt, the government must show as an objective matter that a defendant acted "in a manner that is likely to obstruct justice," such that the statute " excludes defendants who have an evil purpose but use means that would only unnaturally and improbably be successful." Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 601-602 (internal quotation marks omitted); see id. at 599 ("the endeavor must have the natural and probable effect of interfering with the due administration of justice") (internal quotation marks omitted). The government must also show as a subjective matter that the actor "contemplated a particular, foreseeable proceeding." Petruk, 781 F.3d at 445. Those requirements alleviate fair-warning concerns by ensuring that obstructive conduct has a close enough connection to existing or future proceedings to implicate the dangers targeted by the obstruction laws and that the individual actually has the obstructive result in mind. b. Courts also seek to construe statutes to avoid due process vagueness concerns. See, e.g., McDonnell v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2355 , 2373 (2016); Skilling v. United States, 561 U.S. 358, 368, 402-404 (2010). Vagueness doctrine requires that a statute define a crime " with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited " and " in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. " Id. at 402-403 (internal quotation marks omitted). The obstruction statutes' requirement of acting "corruptly" satisfies that test. "Acting 'corruptly' within the meaning of§ 1512(c)(2) means acting with an improper purpose and to engage in conduct knowingly and dishonestly with the specific intent to subvert, impede or obstruct" the relevant proceeding. United States v. Gordon, 710 F.3d 1124, I 151 (10th Cir. 2013) (some quotation marks omitted). The majority opinion in Aguilar did not address the defendant's vagueness challenge to the word "corruptly," 515 U.S. at 600 n. 1, but Justice Scalia's separate opinion did reach that issue and would have rejected the challenge, id. at 616-617 (Scalia, J., joined by Kennedy and Thomas, JJ., concurring in part and dissenting in part). "Statutory language need not be colloquial ," Justice Scalia explained, and "the term ' co rruptly ' in criminal laws has a longstanding and well-accepted meaning. It denotes an act done with an intent to give some advantage inconsistent with official duty and the rights of others." Id. at 616 (internal quotation marks omitted; citing lower court authority and legal dictionaries). Justice Scalia added that "in the context of obstructing jury proceedings, any claim of ignorance of wrongdoing is incredible." Id. at 617. Lower courts have also rejected vagueness challenges to the word "corruptly." See, e.g., United States v. Edwards, 869 F.3d 490, 501-502 (7th Cir. 2017); United States v. Brenson, 104 F.3d 1267, 1280-1281 (11th Cir. 1997); United States v. Howard, 569 F.2d 1331, 1336 n.9 (5th Cir. 1978). This well-established intent standard precludes the need to limit the obstruction statutes to only certain kinds of inherently wrongful conduct.1083 1083 In United States v. Poindexter, 951 F.2d 369 (D.C. Cir. 1991), the court of appeals found the term "corruptly" in 18 U.S.C. § 1505 vague as applied to a person who provided false information to Congress. After suggesting that the word "c orruptly" was vague on its face, 951 F.2d at 378, the court U.S. Department of Justice A Un_,.,, mm:I, PFAAIIP.t // Mfl, GoAtfl:iA Matet'ifl:I Pt'oteeted UAaet' Fed . R. Ct'ilfl P. 6(e) c. Finally, the rule of lenity does not justify treating Section 1512(c)(2) as a prohibition on evidence impairment, as opposed to an omnibus clause. The rule of lenity is an interpretive principle that resolves ambiguity in criminal laws in favor of the less-severe constructio n. Cleveland v. United States, 531 U.S. 12, 25 (2000). "[A]s [the Court has] repeatedly emphasized," however, the rule of lenity applies only if, "after considering text, structure, history and purpose, there remains a grievous ambiguity or uncertainty in the statute such that the Court must simply guess as to what Congress intended." Abramski v. United States, 573 U.S . 169, 188 n.10 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) . The rule has been cited, for example, in adopting a narrow meaning of"tangible object" in an obstruction statute when the prohibition's title, history, and list of prohibited acts indicated a focus on destruction of records. See Yates v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1074 , 1088 (20 I 5) (plurality opinion) (interpreting "tangible object" in the phrase " record, document, or tangible object" in 18 U.S.C. § 1519 to mean an item capable of recording or preserving information).· Here, as discussed above, the text, structure, and history of Section l 5 I 2(c)(2) leaves no "grievous ambiguity" about the statute's meaning. Section 1512(c)(2) defines a structurally independent general prohibition on obstruction of official proceedings. 5. Other Obstruction Statutes Might Apply to the Conduct in this Investigation Regardless whether Section 1512(c)(2) covers all corrupt acts that obstruct, influence, or impede pending or contemplated proceedings, other statutes would apply to such conduct in pending proceedings, provided that the remaining statutory elements are satisfied. As discussed above, the omnibus clause in 18 U.S.C. § 1503(a) applies generally to obstruction of pending judicial and grand proceed ings. 1084 See Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 598 (noting that the clause is "far more general in scope" than preceding provisions). Section I 503(a)'s protections extend to witness tampering and to other obstructive conduct that has a nexus to pending proceedings. See Sampson, 898 F.3d at 298-303 & n.6 (collecting cases from eight circuits holding that Section 1503 covers witness-related obstructive conduct, and cabining prior circuit authority). And Section 1505 broadly criminalizes obstructive conduct aimed at pending agency and congressional proceedings. 1085 See, e.g., United States v. Rainey, 757 F.3d 234, 241-247 (5th Cir. 2014). concluded that the statute did not clearly apply to corrupt conduct by the person himself and the "core" conduct to which Section 1505 could constitutionally be applied was one person influencing another person to violate a legal duty. Id. at 379-386. Congress later enacted a provision overturning that result by providing that "[a]s used in [S]ection 1505, the term ' corruptly ' means acting with an improper purpose, personally or by influencing another, including by making a false or misleading statement, or withholding, concealing, altering, or destroying a document or other information." 18 U.S.C. § 1515(b). Other courts have declined to follow Poindexter either by limiting it to Section 1505 and the specific conduct at issue in that case, see Brenson, 104 F.3d at 1 280-1281; reading it as narrowly limited to ce1tain types of conduct, see United States v. Morrison, 98 F.3d 619, 629-630 (D.C. Cir. I996); or by noting that it predated Arthur Andersen' s interpretation of the term "corruptly," see Edwards, 869 F.3d at 501-502. 1084 Section \ 503(a) provides for criminal punishment of: Whoever ... corruptly or by threats or force, or by any threatening letter or communication, influences, obstructs, or impedes, or endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice. 1085 Section 1505 provides for criminal punishment of: U.S. Department of Justice A la-APR.... ur,.,,1, p.,.,,:l,wt // MA... C€l!'lt1tifl Mittet'ial Pt'oteetea lJHBet' Fea R- Crim p 6(e) Finally, 18 U.S.C. § l 512(b)(3) criminalizes tampering with witnesses to prevent the communication of information about a crime to law enforcement. The nexus inquiry articulated in Aguilar-that an individual has "knowledge that his actions are likely to affect the judicial proceeding," 515 U.S. at 599- does not apply to Section 1512(6)(3). See United States v. Byrne, 435 F.3d I 6, 24-25 (1st Cir. 2006). The nexus inquiry turns instead on the actor ' s intent to prevent communications to a federal law enforcement official. See Fowler v. United States, 563 U.S. 668, 673-678 (2011). * * * In sum, in light of the breadth of Section 1512(c)(2) and the other obstruction statutes, an argument that the conduct at issue in this investigation falls outside the scope of the obstruction laws lacks merit. B. Constitutional Defenses to Applying Obstruction-Of-Justice Statutes to Presidential Conduct The President has broad discretion to direct criminal investigations. The Constitution vests the "executive Power" in the President and enjoins him to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." U.S. CONST. ART IT, §§ 1, 3. Those powers and duties form the foundation of prosecutorial discretion. See United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 464 (1996) (Attorney General and United States Attorneys "have this latitude because they are designated by statute as the President's delegates to help him discharge his constitutional responsibility to ' take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed."' ). The President also has authority to appoint officers of the United States and to remove those whom he has appointed. U.S. CONST. ART II,§ 2, cl. 2 (granting authority to the President to appoint all officers with the advice and consent of the Senate, but providing that Congress may vest the appointment of inferior officers in the President alone, the heads of departments, or the courts of law); see also Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 561 U.S. 477, 492-493, 509 (2010) (describing removal authority as flowing from the President's "responsibilit y to take care that the laws be faithfully executed" ). Although the President has broad authority under Article II, that authority coexists with Congress's Article I power to enact laws that protect congressional proceedings, federal investigations , the courts, and grand juries against corrupt efforts to undermine their functions. Usually, those constitutional powers function in harmony, with the President enforcing the criminal laws under Article IT to protect against corrupt obstructive acts. But when the President' s official actions come into conflict with the prohibitions in the obstruction statutes, any constitutional tension is reconciled through sepa ration-of-powers analysis. Whoever corruptly ... influences, obstructs, or impedes or endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede the due and proper administration of the law under which any pending proceeding is being had before any department or agency of the United States, or the due and proper exercise of the power of inquiry under which any inquiry or investigation is being had by either House, or any committee of either House or any joint committee of the Congress. U.S. Department of Justice "UAFRP." lJIA.-lc P.-AFl1,r..t // HA" DAn*AiR °MA*r..-iAI PFA*PP..tPA l fflAP F Perl A. C::,im P Me) The President's counsel has argued that "the President' s exercise of his constitutional authority . . . to terminate an FBI Director and to close investigations ... cannot constitutionally constitute obstruction of just ice." 1086 As noted above, no Department of Justice position or Supreme Court precedent directly resolved this issue. We did not find counsel's contention, however, to accord with our reading of the Supreme Court authority addressing separation-of powers issues. Applying the Court's framework for analysis, we concluded that Congress can validly regulate the President's exercise of official duties to prohibit actions motivated by a corrupt intent to obstruct justice. The limited effect on presidential power that results from that restriction would not impermissibly undermine the President's ability to perform his Article II functions. I. The Requirement of a Clear Statement to Apply Statutes to Presidential Conduct Does Not Limit the Obstruction Statutes Before addressing Article II issues directl y, we consider one threshold statutory construction principle that is unique to the presidency: "The principle that general statutes must be read as not applying to the President if they do not expressly apply where application would arguably limit the President's constitutional role." OLC , Application of 28 USC. § 458 to Presidential Appointments of Federal Judges, 19 Op. O.L.C. 350, 352 (1995). This "clear statement rule," id., has its source in two principles: statutes should be construed to avoid serious constitutional questions, and Congress should not be assumed to have altered the constitutional separation of powers without clear assurance that it intended that result. OLC, The Constitutional Separation of Powers Between the President and Congress, 20 Op. O.L.C. 124, 178 (1996). The Supreme Court has applied that clear-statement rule in several cases. In one leading case, the Court construed the Admini strative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq., not to apply to judicial review of presidential action. Franklin v. Massachusetts, 505 U.S. 788, 800- 801 (1992). The Court explained that it "would require an express statement by Congress before assuming it intended the President's performance of his statutory duties to be reviewed for abuse of discretion." Id. at 801. In another case, the Court interpreted the word "utilized" in the Federal Advisory Comm ittee Act (FACA), 5 U.S.C. App., to apply only to the use of advisory committees established directly or indirectly by the government , thereby excluding the American Bar Association's advice to the Department of Justice about federal judicial candidates. Public Citizen v. United States Department of Justice, 491 U.S. 440, 455, 462-467 (1989). The Court explained that a broader interpretation of the term " utilized" in F ACA would raise serious questions whether the statute " infringed unduly on the President's Article II power to nominate federal judges and violated the doctrine of separation of powers." Id. at 466-467. Another case found that an established canon of statutory construction applied with " special force" to provisions that would impinge on the President's foreign-affairs powers if construed broadly. Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, 509 U.S. 155 , 188 ( 1993) (applying the presumption against extraterritorial application to construe the Refugee Act of 1980 as not governing in an overseas context where it could affect "foreign and military affairs for which the President has unique responsibility"). See Application 1086 6/23/17 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to Special Counsel's Office, at 2 n. I. U.S. Department of Justice 1u ..-p,. m,..,J, P.-Afl11P.t // Mfl, GAntain Mttterittl Prnteeted Uttder Fed. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) 1 of 28 U.S.C. § 458 to Presidential Appointments of Federal Judges , 19 Op. O.L.C. at 353-354 (discussing Franklin, Public Citizen , and Sale). The Department of Justice has relied on this clear-statement principle to interpret certain statutes as not applying to the President at all, similar to the approach taken in Franklin. See, e.g., Memorandum for Richard T. Burress, Office of the President, from Laurence H. Silberman, Deputy Attorney General, Re: Conflict of Interest Problems Arising out of the President's Nomination of Nelson A. Rockefeller to be Vice President under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, at 2, 5 (Aug. 28, 1974) (criminal conflict-of-interest statute, 18 U.S.C. § 208, does not apply to the President). Other OLC opinions interpret statutory text not to apply to certain presidential or executive actions because of constitutional concerns. See Application of 28 U.S.C. § 458 to Presidential Appoin tments of Federal Judges, 19 Op. O.L.C. at 350-357 (consanguinity limitations on court appointments, 28 U.S.C. § 458, found inapplicable to "presidential appointments of judges to the federal judiciary"); Constraints Imposed by 18 U.S.C. § 1913 on Lobbying Efforts, 13 Op. O.L.C. 300, 304-306 (1989) (limitation on the use of appropriated funds for certain lobbying programs found inapplicable to certain communications by the President and executive officials). But OLC has also recognized that this clear-statement rule "does not apply with respect to a statute that raises no separation of powers questions were it to be applied to the President," such as the federal bribery statute, 18 U.S.C. § 201. Application of 28 U.S.C. § 458 to Presidential Appointments of Federal Judges, 19 Op. O.L.C. at 357 n.11. OLC explained that "[a]pplicat ion of § 20 I raises no separation of powers question , let alone a serious one," because [t]he Constitution confers no power in the President to receive bribes." Id. In support of that conclus ion, OLC noted constitutional provisions that forbid increases in the President's compensation while in office, "which is what a bribe would function to do," id. (citing U.S. CONST. ART. II, § 1, cl. 7), and the express constitutional power of "Congress to impeach [and convict] a President for, inter alia, bribery," id. (citing U.S. CONST. ART II,§ 4). Under OLC's analysis, Congress can permissibly criminalize ce1tain obstructive conduct by the President, such as suborning perjury, intimidating witnesses, or fabricating evidence , because those prohibitions raise no separation-of-powers questions. See Application of 28 U.S.C. § 458 to Presidential Appointments of Federal Judges, 19 Op. O.L.C. at 357 n.11. The Constitution does not authorize the President to engage in such conduct, and those actions would transgress the President's duty to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully exec uted. " U.S. CONST. ART IT, §§ 3. In view of those clearly permissible applications of the obstruction statutes to the President, Franklin's holding that the President is entirely excluded from a statute absent a clear statement would not apply in this context. A more limited application of a clear-statement rule to exclude from the obstruction statutes only certain acts by the President- for example, removing prosecutors or ending investigations for corrupt reasons- would be difficult to implement as a matter of statutory interpretation. It is not obvious how a clear-statement rule would apply to an omnibus provision like Section 1512(c)(2) to exclude corruptly motivated obstructive acts only when carried out in the President' s conduct of office. No statutory term could easily bear that specialized meaning. For example, the word "corruptly" has a well-established meaning that does not exclude 170 exercises of official power for corrupt ends. Indeed, an established definition states that "corruptly" mean s action with an 170 U.S. Department of Justice 1 UAPRP>" lHorlc PPAAIIP>t // 4Rv r.ARtRiR MRtP.PiRI PPAtP.P.teA l lRAet' i:sel'i R GFiffl P (,i(e) intent to secure an improper advantage "inconsistent with official duty and the rights of others." BALLENTINE'S LAW DICTIONARY 276 (3d ed. 1969) (emphasis added). And it would be contrary to ordinary rules of statutory construction to adopt an unconventional meaning of a statutory term only when applied to the President. See United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 522 (2008) (plurality opinion of Scalia, J.) (rejecting proposal to "giv[e] the same word, in the same statutory provision, different meanings in different factual contexts"); cf Public Citizen, 491 U.S. at 462- 467 (giving the term "utilized" in the FACA a uniform meaning to avoid constitutional questions). Nor could such an exclusion draw on a separate and established background inter pretive presumption, such as the presumption against extraterritoriality applied in Sale. The principle that courts will construe a statute to avoid serious constitutional questions " is not a license for the judiciary to rewrite language enacted by the legislature." Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52, 59-60 (1997) . "It is one thing to acknowledge and accept ... well defined (or even newly enunciated), generally applicable, background principles of assumed legis lat ive intent. It is quite another to espouse the broad proposition that criminal statutes do not have to be read as broadly as they are written, but are subject to case-by-case exceptions." Brogan v. United States, 522 U.S. 398, 406 (1998). When a proposed construction "would thus function as an extra-textual limit on [a statute' s] compass," thereby preventing the statute "from applying to a host of cases falling within its clear terms," Loughrin, 573 U.S. at 357, it is doubtful that the construction would reflect Congress's int ent. That is particularly so with respect to obstruction statutes, which "have been given a broad and all-inclusive meaning." Rainey, 757 F.3d at 245 (discussing Sections 1503 and 1505) (inte rnal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, since no established principle of interpretation would exclude the presidential conduct we have investigated from statutes such as Sections 1503, 1 505, I 5 12(b), and l 512(c)(2), we proceed to examine the separation-of-powers issues that could be raised as an Article II defense to the application of those statutes. 2. Separation-of-Powers Principles Support the Conclusion that Congress May Validly Prohibit Corrupt Obstructive Acts Carried Out Through the President's Official Powers When Congress imposes a limitation on the exercise of Article II powers, the limitat io n' s validity depends on whether the measure "disrupts the balance between the coordinate branches." Nixon v. Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. 425, 443 (1977). "Even whe n a branch does not arrogate power to itself, ... the separation-of-powers doctrine requires that a branch not impair another in the performance of its constitutional duties." Loving v. United States, 517 U.S. 748, 757 (1996). The "separation of powers does not mean," however, "that the branches 'ought to have no partial agency in, or no controul over the acts of each other."' Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681,703 (1997) (quoting James Madison, The Federalist No. 47, pp. 325-326 (J. Cooke ed. 1961) (emphasis omitted)). In this context, a balancing test applies to assess separation-of-powers issues. Applying that test here, we concluded that Congress can validly make obstruction-of-justice statutes applicable to corruptly motivated official acts of the President without impermissibly undermining his Article II functio ns. 171 U.S. Department of Justice "iatAPA?P nr.,.,1, PrAAll?t // MB:, Gf'll'ltB:il'I MB:teriB:I Pfeteetea UHder Fet:L R. Cf i ffl . P . 6(e) 1 a. The Supreme Court's Separation-of-Powers Balancing Test Applies In This Context A congressionally imposed limitation on presidential action is assessed to determine "the extent to which it prevents the Executive Branch from accomplishing its constitutio nally assigned functions," and, if the "potential for disruption is present[,] ... whether that impact is justified by an overriding need to promote objectives within the constitutional authority of Congress." Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. at 443; see Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731,753- 754 (1982); United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 706-707 (l 974). That balancing test applies to a congressional regulation of presidential power through the obstruction-of- justice laws. 1087 When an Article II power has not been "explicitly assigned by the text of the Constitution to be within the sole province of the President, but rather was thought to be encompassed within the general grant to the President of the 'executive Power,"' the Court has balanced competing constitutional considerations. Public Citizen, 491 U.S. at 484 (Kennedy, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Rehnquist, C.J., and O'Connor, J.). As Justice Kennedy noted in Public Citizen, the Court has applied a balancing test to restrictions on "the President's power to remove Executive officers, a power [that] ... is not conferred by any explicit provision in the text of the Constitution (as is the appointment power), but rather is inferred to be a necessary part of the grant of the ' executive Power."' Id. (citing Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654, 694 (l 988), and Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52, 115-116 (1926)). Consistent with that statement, Morrison sustajned a good-cause limitation on the removal of an inferior officer with defined prosecutorial responsibilities after determining that the limitation did not impermissibly undermine the President's ability to perform his Article II functions. 487 U.S. at 691-693, 695- 696. The Court has also evaluated other general executive-power claims through a balancing test. For example, the Court evaluated the President's claim of an absolute privilege for presidential communications about his official acts by balancing that interest against the Judicial Branch's need for evidence in a criminal case. United States v. Nixon, supra (recognizing a qualified constitutional privilege for presidential communications on official matters). The Court has also upheld a law that provided for archival access to presidential records despite a claim of absolute presidential privilege over the records. Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. at 443-445, 451-455. The analysis in those cases supports applying a balancing test to assess the constitutionality of applying the obstruction-of-justice statutes to presidential exercises of executive power. Only in a few instances has the Court applied a different framework. When the President's power is " both 'exclusive' and 'conclusive' on the issue," Congress is precluded from regulating its exercise. Zivotofsky v. Kerry, I 35 S. Ct. 2076, 2084 (2015). In Zivotofsky, for example, the Court followed "Justice Jackson' s familiar tripartite framework" in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 635-638 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring), and held that the President's 1087 OLC applied such a balancing test in concluding that the President is not subject to criminal prosecution while in office, relying on many of the same precedents discussed in this section. See A Sitting President's Amenabilityto Indictment and Criminal Prosecution, 24 Op. O.L.C. 222, 237-238, 244-245 (2000) (relying on, interalia, United States v. Nixon, Nixon v. Fitzgerald, and Clinton v. Jones, and quoting the legal sta ndard from Administrator of General Services v. Nixon that is applied in the text). OLC recognized that "[t]he balancing analysis" it had initially relied on in finding that a sitting President is immune from prosecution had "been adopted as the appropriate mode of analysis by the Court." Id. at 244. U.S. Department of Justice "UA.-..n11 U!n.-1, p.,,..i,.nt // MR'•' DAn*ftin 4ofefiol Pl'Afeefe.4 Undef Fed R Crim P 6(e) authority to recognize foreign nations is exclusive. Id. at 2083, 2094. See also Public Citizen 491 U.S. at 485-486 (Kennedy, J., concurring in the judgment) (citing the power to grant pardons under U.S. CONST., ART. TT,§ 2, cl. 1, and the Presentment Clauses for legislat ion, U.S. CONST., ART. T, § 7, Cls. 2, 3, as examples of exclusive presidential powers by virtue of constitutional text). But even when a power is exclus ive , "Congress ' powers, and its central role in making laws, give it substantial authority regarding many of the policy determinations that precede and follow" the President's act. Zivotofsky, 135 S. Ct. at 2087. For example, although the President's power to grant pardons is exclusive and not subject to congressional regulation, see United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 128, 147-148 (1872), Congress has the authority to prohibit the corrupt use of"anything of value" to influence the testimony of another person in a judicial, congressional, or agency proceeding, 18 U.S.C. § 201(b)(3)-which would include the offer or promise of a pardon to induce a person to testify falsely or not to testify at all. The offer of a pardon would precede the act of pardoning and thus be within Congress ' s power to regulate even if the pardon itself is not. Just as the Speech or Debate Clause, U.S. CONST. ART. I, § 6, cl. I, absolutely protects legislative acts, but not a legisl ator' s "taking or agreeing to take money for a promise to act in a certain way ... for it is taking the bribe, not performance of the illicit compact, that is a criminal act," United States v. Brewster, 408 U.S. 501, 526 (1972) (emphasis omitted), the promise of a pardon to corruptly influence testimony would not be a constitutionally immunized act. The application of obstruction statutes to such promises therefore would raise no serious separation of-powers issue . b. The Effect of Obstruction-of-Justice Statutes on the President's Capacity to Perform His Article II Responsibilities is Limited Under the Supreme Court's balancing test for analyzing separation-of-powers issues, the first task is to assess the degree to which applying obstruction-of-justice statutes to presidential actions affects the President's ability to carry out his Article II responsibilities. Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. at 443. As discussed above, applying obstruction-of-justice statutes to presidential conduct that does not involve the President's conduct of office-such asinfluencing the testimony of witnesses-is constitutionally unproblematic. The President has no more right than other citizens to impede official proceedings by corruptly influencing witness testimony. The conduct would be equally improper whether effectuated through direct efforts to produce false testimony or suppress the truth, or through the actua l, threatened, or promised use of official powers to achieve the same result. The President's action in curtailing criminal investigations or prosecutions, or discharging law enforcement officials, raises different questions. Each type of action involves the exercise of executive discretion in furtherance of the President's duty to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." U.S. CONST., ART. II, § 3. Congress may not supplant the President's exercise of executive power to supervise prosecutions or to remove officers who occupy law enforcement positions. See Bowsher v. Synar, 478 U.S. 714, 726-727 (1986) ("Congress cannot reserve for itself the power of removal of an officer charged with the execution of the laws except by impeachment. ... [Because t]he structure of the Constitution does not permit Congress to execute the laws, ... [t]his kind of congressional control over the execution of the laws .. ·. is constitutionally impermissible."). Yet the obstruction-of-justice statutes do not aggrandize power in Congress or usurp executive authority. Instead, they impose a discrete limitation on conduct U.S. Department of Justice & u,,-r.. ll',aPlr p.,,, 11r.t // MB:, GFmfB:il'I MB:taeriB:I Pretaeetaed U!'ldeF Fed R Crim P 6(e) only when it is taken with the "corrupt" intent to obstruct justice. The obstruction statutes thus would restrict presidential action only by prohibiting the President from acting to obstruct official proceedings for the improper purpose of protecting his own interests. See Volume IT, Section TII.A.3, supra. The direct effect on the President's freedom of action would correspondingly be a limited one. A preclusion of "corrupt" official action is not a major intrusion on Article II powers. For example, the proper supervision of criminal law does not demand freedom for the President to act with the intention of shield ing himself from criminal punishment, avoiding financial liability, or preventing personal embarrassment. To the contrary, a statute that prohibits official action undertaken for such personal purposes furthers, rather than hinders, the impartial and evenhanded administration of the law. And the Constitution does not mandate that the President have unfettered authority to direct investigations or prosecutions, with no limits whatsoever, in order to carry out his Article II functions. See Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821, 833 (1985) (" Congress may limit an agency's exercise of enforcement power if it wishes, either by setting substantive priorities, or by otherwise circumscribing an agency' s power to discriminate among issues or cases it will pursue."); United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. at 707 ("[t]o read the Art. II powers of the President as providing an absolute privilege [to withhold confidential communications from a criminal trial]. . . would upset the constitutional balance of 'a workable government' and gravely impair the role of the courts under Art. III"). Nor must the President have unfettered authority to remove all Executive Branch officials involved in the execution of the laws. The Constitution establishes that Congress has legislative authority to structure the Executive Branch by authorizing Congress to create executive departments and officer positions and to specify how inferior officers are appointed. E.g., U.S. CONST., ART. I, § 8, cl. 18 (Necessary and Proper Clause); ART. II, § 2, cl. 1 (Opinions Clause); ART. TI, § 2 , cl. 2 (Appointments Clause); see Free Enterprise Fund, 561 U.S. at 499. While the President ' s removal power is an important means of ensuring that officers faithfully execute the law , Congress has a recognized authority to place certain limits on removal. Id. at 493-495. The President's removal powers are at their zenith with respect to principal officers-that is, officers who must be appointed by the President and who report to him directly. See Free Enterprise Fund, 561 U.S. at 493, 500. The President's "exclusive and illimitable power of removal" of those principal officers furthers "the President's ability to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed." Id. at 493, 498 (internal quotation marks omitted); Myers, 272 U.S. at 627. Thus, "there are some 'purely executive' officials who must be removable by the President at will if he is able to accomplish his constitutional role." Morrison, 487 U.S. at 690; Myers, 272 U.S. at 134 (the President's "cabinet officers must do his will," and "[t]he moment that he loses confidence in the intelligence, ability, judgment, or loyalty of any one of them, he must have the power to remove him without delay"); cf Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935) (Congress has the power to create independent agencies headed by principal officers removable only for good cause). In light of those constitutional precedents, it may be that the obstruction statutes could not be constitutionally applied to limit the removal of a cabinet officer such as the Attorney General. See 5 U.S.C. § 101; 28 U.S.C. § 503. In that context, at least absent circumstances showing that the President was clearly attempting to thwart accountability for personal conduct while evading ordinary political checks and balances, even the highly limited U.S. Department of Justice .l\jaj-orAP.,.. WArlc Pl'AA1rnt // M,w f'.AP,tRiR MMe,ial PFt'l ee ed lJRaef Fed R. CFiffl P 6(e) regulation imposed by the obstruction statutes could possibly intrude too deeply on the President's freedom to select and supervise the members of his cabinet. The removal of inferior officers, in contrast, need not necessarily be at will for the President to fulfill his constitutionally assigned role in managing the Executive Branch. "[I]nferior officers are officers whose work is directed and supervised at some level by other officers appointed by the President with the Senate's consent." Free Enterprise Fund, 561 U.S. at 510 (quoting Edmond v. United States, 520 U.S. 651, 663 (1997)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court has long recognized Congress ' s authority to place for-cause limitations on the President's removal of"inferior Officers" whose appointment may be vested in the head of a department. U.S. CONST. ART. II, § 2, cl. 2. See United States v. Perkins, 116 U.S. 483, 485 (1886) ("The constitutional authority in Congress to thus vest the appointment [of inferior officers in the heads of departments] implies authority to limit, restrict, and regulate the removal by such laws as Congress may enact in relation to the officers so appointed" ) (quoting lower court decision); Morrison, 487 U.S. at 689 n. 27 (citing Perkins); accord id. at 723-724 & n.4 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (recognizing that Perkins is " established" law); see also Free Enterprise Fund, 561 U.S. at 493- 495 (citing Perkins and Morrison). The category of inferior officers includes both the FBI Director and the Special Counsel, each of whom reports to the Attorney General. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 509 , 51S(a), 531; 28 C.F.R. Part 600. Their work is thus "directed and supervised" by a presidentially appointed, Senate-confirmed officer. See In re: Grand Jury Investigation, _ F.3d _, 2019 WL 921692 , at *3-*4 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 26, 2019) (holding that the Special Counsel is an " inferior officer" for constitutional purposes). Where the Constitution permits Congress to impose a good-cause limitation on the removal of an Executive Branch officer, the Constitution should equally permit Congress to bar removal for the corrupt purpose of obstructing justice. Limiting th, e range of permissible reasons for removal to exclude a "corrupt" purpose imposes a lesser restraint on the President than requiring an affirmative showing of good cause. It follows that for such inferior officers, Congress may constitutionally restrict the President's removal authority if that authority was exercised for the corrupt purpose of obstructing justice. And even if a particular inferior officer's position might be of such importance to the execution of the laws that the President must have at-will removal authority, the obstruction-of-justice statutes could still be constitutionally applied to forbid removal for a corrupt reason.1088 A narrow and discrete limitation on removal that precluded corrupt action would leave ample room for all other considerations , including disagreement over policy or loss of confidence in the officer's judgment or commitment. A corrupt-purpose prohibition therefore would not undermine the President' s ability to perform his Article II functions. Accordingly, because the separation-of- powers question is "whether the removal restrictions are of such a nature that they impede the President' s ability to perform his constitutional duty," Morrison, 487 U.S. at 691, a restriction on removing an inferior officer for a 088 ' Although the FBT dir e ctor is an inferior officer, he is appointed by the President and removable by him at will, see 28 U.S.C. § 532 note, and it is not clear that Congress could constitutionally provide the FBI director with good-cause tenure protection. See OLC, Constitutionality of Legislation Extending the Termof the FBI Director, 2011 WL 2566125, at *3 (O.L.C. June 20, 2011) ("tenure protection for an officer with the FBI Director's broad investigative, administrative, and policymaking responsibilities would raise a serious constitutional question whether Congress had 'impede[d] the President's ability to perform his constitutional duty' to take care that the law s be faithfully executed") (quoting Morrison, 487 U.S. at 691). U.S. Department of Justice A 1al:f11'1'1P.V WAl'I< Pl'AA11et // Mtr,· Gf'lf!t!tifl M!t1'efittl Pl'oteet-ea UHEler Fee_ R - Crtffl. p_ 6(e) corrupt reason-a reason grounded in achieving personal rather than official ends-does not seriously hinder the President's performance of his duties. The President retains broad latitude to supervise investigations and remove officials, circumscribed in this context only by the requirement that he not act for corrupt personal purposes.1089 c. Congress Has Power to Protect Congressional, Grand Jury, and Judicial Proceedings Against Corrupt Acts from Any Source Where a law imposes a burden on the President ' s performance of Article II functions, separatio n-of-powers analysis considers whether the statutory measure "is justified by an overriding need to promote objectives within the constitutional authority of Congress." Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. at 443. Here, Congress enacted the obstruction- of justice statutes to protect, among other things, the integrity of its own proceed ings , grand jury investigations, and federal criminal trials. Those objectives are within Congress ' s authority and serve strong governmental interests. i. Congress has Article I authority to define generally applicable criminal law and apply it to all persons-including the President. Congress clearly has authority to protect its own legislative functions against corrupt efforts designed to impede legitimate fact-gathering and lawmaking efforts. See Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 187, 206-207 (1957); Chapman v. United States, 5 App. D.C. 122, 130 (1895). Congress also has authority to establish a system of federal courts, which includes the power to protect the judiciary against obstructive acts. See U.S. CONST. ART. I, § 8, els. 9, 18 ("The Congress shall have Power ... To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court" and "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing powers"). The long lineage of the obstruction- of-justice statutes, which can be traced to at least 183I , attests to the necessity for that protection. See An Act Declaratory of the Law Concerning Contempts of Court, 4 Stat. 487- 488 § 2 (1831) (making it a crime if"any person or persons shall corruptly ... endeavor to influence , inti midate, or impede any juror, witness, or officer, in any court of the United States, in the discharge of his duty, or shall, corruptly ... obstruct, or im pede, or endeavor to obstruct or im pede, the due administration of justice therein"). ii. The Article TII courts have an equally strong interest in being protected against obstructive acts, whatever their source. As the Supreme Court explained in United States v. Nixon, a "primary constitutional duty of the Judicial Branch" is "to do justice in criminal prosecutions. " 418 U.S. at 707; accord Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia, 542 U.S. 367, 384 (2004). In Nixon, the Court rejected the President's claim of absolute executive privilege because " the allowance of the privilege to withhold evidence that is demonstrably The obstruction statutes do not disqualify the President from acting in a case simply because 1089 he has a personal interest in it or because his own conduct may be at issue. As the Department of Justice has made clear, a claim of a conflict of interest, standing alone, cannot deprive the President of the ability to fulfill his constitutional function. See, e.g., OLC, Applicat ion of 28 U.S.C. § 458 to Presidential Appointments of Federal Judges, 19 O.L.C. Op. at 356 (citing Memorandum for Richard T. Burress, Office of the President, from LaurenceH. Silberman, Deputy Attorney General, Re: Conflic t of Interest Problems Arising out of the President's Nomination of Nelson A. Rockefeller to be Vice President under the Twenty Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, at 2, 5 (Aug. 28, 19 7 4)). U.S. Department of Justice o f.fA l'AP. · U[ptf Pt'AAHPJ // U,w roAhliR MR*P.l'iRl PPA*P.PJP.A I huleF Pefl R GFiffl P 6(e) relevant in a criminal trial would cut deeply into the guarantee of due process of law and gravely impair the basic function of the courts." 407 U.S. at 712. As Nixon illustrates, the need to safeguard judicial integrity is a compelling constitutional interest. See id. at 709 (noting that the denial of full disclosure of the facts surrounding relevant presidential communications threatens "[t]he very integrity of the judicial system and public confidence in the system"). iii. Finally, the grand jury cannot achieve its constitutional purpose absent protection from corrupt acts. Serious federal criminal charges generally reach the Article III courts based on an indictment issued by a grand jury. Cobbledick v. United States, 309 U.S. 323, 327 (1940) ("The Constitution itself makes the grand jury a part of the judicial process."). And the grand jury' s function is enshrined in the Fifth Amendment. U.S.CONST. AMEND. V . (" [n]o person shall be held to answer" for a serious crime "unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury"). "[T]he whole theory of [the grand jury' s] function is that it belongs to no branch of the institutional government, serving as a kind of buffer or referee between the Government and the people," United States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 47 (1992), "pledged to indict no one because of prejudice and to free no one because of special favor." Costello v. United States, 350 U.S. 359, 362 (1956) . If the grand jury were not protected against corrupt interference from all persons, its function as an independent charging body would be thwarted. And an impartial grand jury investigation to determine whether probable cause exists to indict is vital to the criminal justice process. * * * The final step in the constitutional balancing process is to assess whether the separation of-powers doctrine permits Congress to take action within its constitutional authority notwithstanding the potential impact on Article II functions. See Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. at 443; see also Morrison, 487 U.S. at 691-693, 695-696; United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. at 711-712. In the case of the obstruction-of-justice statutes, our assessment of the weighing of interests leads us to conclude that Congress has the authority to impose the limited restrictions contained in those statutes on the President' s official conduct to protect the integrity of important functions of other branches of government. A general ban on corrupt action does not unduly intrude on the President ' s responsibility to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." U.S. CONST. ART IT, §§ 3. 1090 To the contrary, the concept of "faithful execution" connotes the use of power in the interest of the public, not in the office holder's personal interests. See 1 Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language 763 (1755) ("faithfully" def. 3: "[w]ith strict adherence to duty and allegiance"). And immunizing the President from the generally applicable criminal prohibition against corrupt obstruction of official proceedings would seriously impair Congress's power to enact laws "to promote objectives within [its] constitutional authority," Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. at 425- i.e. , protecting the integrity of its own proceedings and the proceedings of Article TTI courts and grand juries. 1090 As noted above, the President' s selection and removal of principal executive officers may have a unique constitutional status. U.S. Department of Justice A UAl'RP" Ul,-wlr P rA FIIIP.t // M11:. Gf'lf!fail'I Mafet'ial Pt'efeel'ea UHder F ed. R . Crim p 6(e) Accordingly, based on the analysis above, we were not persuaded by the argument that the President has blanket constitutional immunity to engage in acts that would corruptly obstruct justice through the exercise of otherwise-valid Article TI powers. 1091 3. Ascertaining Whether the President Violated the Obstruction Statutes Would Not Chill his Performance of his Article II Duties Applying the obstruction statutes to the President's official conduct would involve determining as a factual matter whether he engaged in an obstructive act, whether the act had a nexus to official proceedings, and whether he was motivated by corrupt intent. But applying those standards to the President' s official conduct should not hinder his ability to perform his Article II duties. Cf Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. at 752-753 & n.32 (taking into account chilling effect on the President in adopting a constitutional rule of presidential immunity from private civil damages action based on official duties). Several safeguards would prevent a chilling effect: the existence of settled legal standards, the presumption of regularity in prosecutorial actions, and the existence of evidentia ry limitations on probing the President's motives. And historical experience confirms that no impermissible chill should exist. a. As an initial matter, the term "corru ptly" sets a demanding standard. It requires a concrete showing that a person acted with an intent to obtain an " imp roper advantage for [him]self or someone else, inconsistent with official duty and the rights of others." BALLENTINE'S LAW DICTIONARY 276 (3d ed. 1969) ; see United States v. Pasha, 797 F.3d 1122, 1132 (D.C. Cir.2015); Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 616 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). That standard parallels the President's constitutional obligation to ensure the faithful execution of the laws. And virtually everything that the President does in the routine conduct of office will have a clear governmental purpose and will not be contrary to his official duty. Accordingly, the President has no reason to be chilled in those actions because, in virtually all instances , there will be no credible basis for suspecting a corrupt personal motive. That point is illustrated by examples of conduct that would and would not satisfy the stringent corrupt-motive standard. Direct or indirect action by the President to end a criminal investigat ion into his own or his family members' conduct to protect against personal embarrassment or lega l liability would constitute a core example of corruptly motivated conduct. So too would action to halt an enforcement proceeding that directly and adversely affected the President's financial inter ests for the purpose of protecting those interests. In those examples, 1091 A possible remedy through impeachment for abuses of power would not substitute for potential criminal liability after a President leaves office. Impeachment would remove a President from office, but would not address the underlying culpability of the conduct or serve the usual purposes of the criminal law. Indeed, the Impeachment Judgm ent Clause recognizes that criminal law plays an independent role in addressing an official's conduct, distinct from the political remedy of impeachment. See U.S. CONST. ART. l, § 3, cl. 7. Impeachment is also a drastic and rarely invoked remedy, and Congress is not restricted to relying only on impeachment, rather than making criminal law applicable to a former President, as OLC has recognized. A Sitting President's Amenability to Indictment and Criminal Prosecution, 24 Op. O.L.C. at 255 ("Recognizing an immunity from prosecution for a sitting President would not preclude such prosecution once the President's term is over or he is otherwise removed from office by resignation or impeachment."). U.S. Department of Justice ,. ttRl'RP>J nr,.,,.1, Prnl'l, I Pt// M!i, GFlfltB:ifl MB:teriB:I Prof:eetea UHaer F ea _ R- Crim p_ 6(e) official power is being used for the purpose of protecting the President's personal interests. In contrast, the President's actions to serve political or policy interests would not qualify as corrupt. The President's role as head of the government necessarily requires him to take into account political factors in making policy decisions that affect law-enforcement actions and proceedings. For instance, the President' s decision to curtail a law-enforcement investigation to avoid international friction would not implicate the obstruction-of-justice statutes. The criminal law does not seek to regulate the consideration of such political or policy factors in the conduct of government. And when legitimate interests animate the Preside nt' s conduct, those interests will almost invariably be readily identifiable based on objective factors. Because the President ' s conduct in those instances will obviously fall outside the zone of obstruction law, no chilling concern should arise. b. There is also no reason to believe that investigation s, let alone prosecutions, would occur except in highly unusual circumstances when a credible factual basis exists to believe that obstruction occurred. Prosecutoria l action enjoys a presumption of regularity: absent "c lear evidence to the contrary, courts presume that [prosecutors] have properly discharged their official duties." Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 464 (quoting United States v. Chemical Foundation, Inc., 272 U.S. I, 14-15 (1926)). The presumption of prosecutorial regularity would provide even greater protection to the President than exists in routine cases given the prominence and sensitivity of any matter involving the President and the likelihood that such matters will be subject to thorough and careful review at the most senior levels of the Department of Justice. Under OLC's opinion that a sitting President is entitled to immunity from indictment, only a successor Administration would be able to prosecute a former President. But that consideration does not suggest that a President would have any basis for fearing abusive investigations or prosecutions after leav ing office . There are "obvious political checks" against initiating a baseless investigation or prosecution of a former President. See Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. at 448 (considering political checks in separation-of-powers analysis). And the Attorney General holds "the power to conduct the criminal litigation of the United States Government," United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. at 694 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 516), which provides a strong institutional safeguard against politicized investigations or prosecutions. 1092 1092 Similar inst itutional safeguard s protect Department of Justice officers and line prosecutors against unfounded inve stigati ons into prosecutorial acts. Prosecutors are generally barred from participating in matters implicatin g their personal interests, see 28 C.F.R. § 45.2, and are instructed not to be influenced by their "own professional or personal circumstance,s" Justice Manual § 9-27.260, so prosecutors would not frequently be in a position to take action that could be perceived as corrupt and personally motivated. And if such cases arise, criminal investigation would be conducted by responsible officials at the Department of Justice, who can be presumed to refrain from pursuing an investigation absent a credible factual basis. Those facts distinguish the criminal context from the common-law rule of prosecutorial immunity, which protects against the threat of suit by "a defendant [who] often will transform his resentment at being prosecuted into the ascription of improper and malicious actions." Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409,425 (1976). As the Supreme Court has noted, the existence of civil immunity does not justify criminal immunity. See O'Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 503 (1974) ("Whatever may be the case with respectto civil liability generally, ... we have never held that the performance of the duties of judicial, legislative, or executive officers, requires or contemplates the immunization of otherwise criminal deprivation of constitutional rights.") (citations omitted). U.S. Department of Justice 4 uo_,,,.. Ul,wl, Pt>A"111Pt // Mfl:•, GFlAfB-iA Mafefial P,oteetecl lJAclef Fecl R- Crim P 6(e) These considerations distinguish the Supreme Court's holding in Nixon v. Fitzgerald that, in part because inquiries into the President's motives would be "highly intrusive," the President is absolutely immune from private civil damages actions based on his official conduct. 457 U.S. at 756-757. As Fitzgerald recognized, "there is a lesser public interest in actions for civil damages than, for example, in criminal prosecutions." Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. at 754 n.37; see Cheney, 542 U.S. at 384. And private actions are not subject to the institutional protections of an action under the supervision of the Attorney General and subject to a presumption of regular ity . Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 464. c. In the rare cases in which a substantial and credible basis justifies conducting an investigation of the President, the process of examining his motivations to determine whether he acted for a corrupt purpose need not have a chilling effect. Ascertaining the President's motivations would turn on any explanation he provided to justify his actions, the advice he received, the circumstances surrounding the actions, and the regularity or irregularity of the process he employed to make decisions. But grand juries and courts would not have automatic access to confidential presidential communications on those matters; rather, they could be presented in official proceedings only on a showing of sufficient need. Nixon, 418 U.S. at 712; In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 754, 756-757 (D.C. Cir. 1997); see also Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. at 448-449 (former President can invoke presidential communications privilege, although successor's failure to support the claim "detracts from [its] weight"). In any event, probing the President's intent in a criminal matter is unquestionably constitutional in at least one context: the offense of bribery turns on the corrupt intent to receive a thing of value in return for being influenced in official action. 18 U.S.C. § 20l(b)(2). There can be no serious argument against the President's potential criminal liability for bribery offenses, notwithstanding the need to ascertain his purpose and intent. See U.S.CONST. ART. I, § 3; ART. IT, § 4; see also Application of 28 US. C. § 458 to Presidential Appointments of Federal Judges, 19 Op. O.L.C. at 357 n.11 ("Application of§ 20 I [to the President] raises no separation of powers issue, let alone a serious one."). d. Finally, history provides no reason to believe that any asserted chilling effect justifies exempting the President from the obstruction laws. As a historical matter, Presidents have very seldom been the subjects of grand jury investigations. And it is rarer still for circumstances to raise even the possibility of a corrupt personal motive for arguably obstructive action through the President's use of official power. Accordingly, the President's conduct of office should not be chilled based on hypothetical concerns about the possible application of a corrupt-motive standard in this context. * * * In sum, contrary to the position taken by the President' s counsel, we concluded that, in light of the Supreme Court precedent governing separation-of-powers issues , we had a valid basis for investigating the conduct at issue in this report. In our view, the application of the obstruction statutes would not impermissibly burden the President's performance of his Article II function to supervise prosecutorial conduct or to remove inferior law-enforcement officers. 180 And the protection of the criminal justice system from corrupt acts by any person-including the President-accords with the fundamental principle of our government that "[n]o [person] in this 180 U.S. Department of Justice 4 t=f-APFIP. U'Arlf PrAl'l11P.t // 4RY C'ARtRiR MAtP.PiRI PrAtP.t tefl l lflfiel' i:sefl R GFi1t1 P Me) country is so high that he is above the law. " United States v. Lee, I 06 U.S. 196, 220 (1882); see also Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. at 697; United States v. Nixon, supra. 181 U.S. Department of Justice r'I Uo_,,,.. nr.,,,1, p.,.,,4.,,,,t II MRv CAl'lt:Hil'I MBtel'ial Pfflteeted lJF1der Fed R Crim. P 6(e) IV. CONCLUSION Because we determined not to make a traditional prosecutorial judgment, we did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President ' s conduct. The evidence we obtained about the President's actions and intent presents difficult issues that would need to be resolved if we were making a traditional prosecutorial judgment. At the same time, if we had confidence after a thorough investigation of the facts that the President clearly did not commit obstruction of justice, we would so state. Based on the facts and the applicable legal standards, we are unable to reach that judgment. Accordingly, while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him. U.S. Department of Justice A**orRP.,.. Worl, PrnA11P.* // MR,.. C'.oR*RiR MR*P.riRI Prn*P.P.*P.A I TRA P.F J;:p.f'I R C'.riffl P Md Appendix A U.S. Department of Justice AttAt't"IP.',' lJiAt'I< Pt'AAIIP.t // 4w,· r,AFltRiA MRtP.riRI PrntP.P.tP.A l JAAP.P YP.A R rrim P Me) U.S. Department of Justice ,\ jal:PJrRP.'e' \llArk PrAcl11e.t // Mtt'l CmttttiH Mtt1:et1ittl Pt1otee1:eti U1 tier Fee. R. Cl'itfl. P. 6(e) -iE\.·, . \!ilJ,l (©ffice of tqe:!E)eputtJ J\ttortteJJ ®enera-1 uel1i11sfn1t, .' Work Prnduet // Hw • r'.AA*niA MnteriAI Protected Under Fed R Criffl P 6(e) Conway, Kellyanne Counselor to President Trump and manager of the Trump Campaign. Corallo, Mark Spokesman for President Trump's personal legal team (June 2017 - July 2017). Corsi, Jerome Costello, Robert Attorney who represented he had a close relationship with Rudolph Giuliani, the President's personal counsel. Credico, Randolph (Randy) Davis, Richard Partner with Pegasus Sustainable Century Merchant Bank, business (Rick) Jr. partner of Paul Manafort, and co-founder of the Davis Manafort lobbying firm. Dearborn, Rick Former White House deputy chief of staff for policy who previously served as chief of staff to Senator Jeff Sessions. Dempsey, Michael Office of Director of National Intelligence official who recalled discussions with Dan Coats after Coats' s meeting with President Trump on March 22, 2017. Denman, Diana Delegate to 2016 Republican National Convention who proposed a platform plank amendment that included armed support for Ukraine. Deripaska, Oleg Russian businessman with ties to Vladimir Putin who hired Paul Manafort for consulting work between 2005 and 2009. Dhillon, Uttam Attorney in the White House Counsel's Office (Jan. 2017- June 2018). Dmitriev, Kirill Head of the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDlF); met with Erik Prince in the Seychelles in January 2017 and, separately, drafted a U.S. Russia reconciliation plan with Rick Gerson. Donaldson, Annie Chief of staff to White House Counsel Donald McGahn (Jan.2017 - Dec. 2018). Dvorkovich, Arkady Deputy prime mi nis ter of the Russian Federation and chairman of the board of directors of the New Economic School in Moscow. He met with Carter Page twice in 2016. Dvoskin, Evgeney Executive of Genbank in Crimea and associate of Felix Sater. Eisenberg, John Attorney in the White House Counsel's Office and legal counsel for the National Security Council. Erchova, Lana Ex-wife of Dmitry Klokov who emailed Ivanka Trump to introduce (a/k/a Lana Klo kov to the Trump Campaign in the fall of 2015. Alexander) U.S. Department of Justice Attrn·fleY Wmk Pl'eEluet // Ma"· Got1taifl Material ProteeteEI Unser FeEI. R Crim P. 6(e) Fabrizio, Anthony Partner at the research and consulting firm Fabrizio, Lee & Associates. (Tony) He was a pollster for the Trump Campaign and worked with Paul Manafort on Ukraine-related polling after the election. Fishbein, Jason Attorney who performed worked for Julian Assange and also sent WikiLeaks a password for an unlaunched website PutinTrump.org on September 20, 2016. Flynn, Michael G. Son of Michael T. Flynn, National Security Advisor (Jan. 20, 2017-Feb. (a/k/a Michael 13 , 2017). Flynn Jr.) Flynn, Michael T. National Security Advisor (Jan. 20, 2017 - Feb. 13, 2017), Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (July 2012-Aug.7, 2014), and Trump Campaign advisor. He pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI about communications with Ambassador Sergey Kislyak in December 2016. Foresman, Robert Investment banker who sought meetings with the Trump Campaign in (Bob) spring 2016 to discuss Russian foreign policy, and after the election met with Michael Flynn. Futerfas, Alan Outside counsel for the Trump Organization and subsequently personal counsel for Donald Trump Jr. Garten, Alan General counsel of the Trump Organization. Gates, Richard Deputy campaign manager for Trump Campaign, Trump Inaugural (Rick) III Committee deputy chairman, and longtime employee of Paul Manafort. He pleaded guilty to conspiring to defraud the United States and violate U.S. laws, as well as making false statements to the FBI. Gerson, Richard New York hedge fund manager and associate of Jared Kushner. During the (Rick) transition period, he worked with Kirill Dmitriev on a proposal for reconciliation between the United States and Russia. Gistaro, Edward Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Intelligence Integration. Glassner, Michael Political director of the Trump Campaign who helped introduce George Papadopoulos to others in the Trump Campaign. Goldstone, Robert Publicist for Emin Agalarov who contacted Donald Trump Jr. to arrange the June 9, 2016 meeting at Trump Tower between Natalia Veselnitskaya and Trump Campaign officials. Gordon, Jeffrey National security advisor to the Trump Campaign involved in changes to (J.D.) the Republican party platform and who communicated with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak at the Republican National Convention. Gorkov, Sergey Chairman of Vnesheconombank (VEB), a Russian state-owned bank, who met with Jared Kushner during the transition period. Graff, Rhona Senior vice-president and executive assistant to Donald J. Trump at the Trump Organization. U.S. Department of Justice Atleme1,· Wet•lc Predttet // Mav Cefl:taifl: Material Preteeted Ufl:der Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e) Hawker, Jonathan Heilbrunn, Jacob Hicks, Hope Holt, Lester Hunt, Jody Ivanov, Igor Ivanov, Sergei Kasowitz, Marc Katsyv, Denis Katsyv, Peter Kaveladze, Irakli (Ike) Kaverzina, Irina Kelly, John Khalilzad, Zalmay Kilimnik, Konstantin Kislyak, Sergey Klimentov, Denis on May 11, 2017. Chief of staff to Attorney General Jeff Sessions (Feb. Harm to Ongoing 2017 - Oct. 2017). Matter President of the Russian International Affairs Council and former Russian foreign minister. Ivan Timofeev told George Papadopoulos Public relations that Ivano advised on arranging a "Moscow visit" for the Trump consultant at FTI Campaign. Consulting; Special representative of Vladimir Putin, former Russ ian deputy prime worked with minister, and former FSB deputy director. In January 2016, Michael Davis Manafort Cohen emailed the Kremlin requesting to speak to Ivanov. Internati o nal President Trump's personal counsel (May 2017 - July 20 I7). LLC on public relations Son of Peter Katsyv; owner of Russian company Prevezon Holdings campaign in Ltd. and associate ofNatalia Veselnitskaya. Ukraine. Russ ian businessman and father of Denis Katsyv. Editor of the Harm to Ongoing Matter National Interest, the periodical that Vice president at Crocus Group and Aras Agalarov's deputy in the United officially hosted States. He participated in the June 9, 2016 meeting at Trump Tower candidate Trump's between Nata lia Veselnit sk aya and Trump Campaign officials. April 2016 foreign policy speech. Employee of the Internet Research Agency, which engaged in an "active measures" soc ial media campaign to interfere in the 2016 U.S. White House presidential election. communications White House chief of staff (July 2017 - Jan.2019). director (Aug. 2017 - Mar. U.S. special representative to Afghanistan and former U.S. 2018) and press ambassador. He met with Senator Jeff Sessions during foreign policy secretary for the dinners put together through the Center for the National Interest. Trump Campaign. Russian-Ukrainian polit ical consultant and long-t ime emp loyee of Paul Manafort assessed by the FBI to have ties to Russian intelligence. NBC News anchor Former Russian ambassador to the United States and current Russian who interviewed senator from Mordovia. President Trump Employee of the New Economic School who informed high- ranking Russian government officials of Carter Page' s July 2016 visit to Moscow. U.S. Department of Justice Att:erney Werle Predttet ,'/ May Cm taiR Material Preteet:ed URder Fed. R. Criffi. P. 6(e) Klimentov, Dmitri Brother of Denis Klimentov who contacted Kremlin press secretary Dmitri Peskov about Ca1ter Page's July 2016 visit to Moscow. Klokov, Dmitry Executive for PJSC Federal Grid Company of Unified Energy System and former aide to Russia's minister of energy. He communicated with Michael Cohen about a possible meeting between Vladimir Putin and candidate Trump. Kobyakov, Anton Advisor to Vladimir Putin and member of the Roscongress Foundation who invited candidate Trump to the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. Krickovic, Andrej Professor at the Higher School of Economics who recommended that Carter Page give a July 2016 commencement address in Moscow. Krylova, Internet Research Agency employee who worked on "active measures" Aleksandra social media campaign to interfere in the 2016 U.S. presidential election; traveled to the United States under false pretenses in 2014. Kushner, Jared President Trump's son-in-law and senior advisor to the President. Kuznetsov, Sergey Russian government official at the Russian Embassy to the United States who transmitted Vladimir Putin's congratulations to President-Elect Trump for his electoral victory on November 9, 2016. Landrum, Pete Advisor to Senator Jeff Sessions who attended the September 2016 meeting between Sessions and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak. Lavrov, Sergey Russian minister of foreign affairs and former permanent representative of Russia to the United Nations. Ledeen, Barbara Senate staffer and associate of Michael Flynn who sought to obtain Hillary Clinton emails during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign period. Ledeen, Michael Member of the Presidential Transition Team who advised on foreign policy and national security matters. Ledgett, Richard Deputy director of the Nationa l Security Agency (Jan. 2014 - Apr. 2017); present when President Trump called Michael Rogers on March 26, 2017. Lewandowski, Campaign manager for the Trump Campaign (Jan. 2015 -June 2016). Corey Luff, Sandra Legislative director for Senator Jeff Sessions; attended a September 20 I 6 meeting between Sessions and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak. Lyovochkin, Serhiy Member of Ukrainian parliament and member of Ukrainian political party, Opposition Bloc Party. Magnitsky, Sergei Russian tax specialist who alleged Russian government corruption and died in Rus s ian police custody in 2009. His death prompted passage of U.S. Department of Justice Attorney Work Prodt1et // MEW CoRtaifl Material ProtOOteel Ufleler Feel. R. Crin'!. P. Me) the Magnitsky Act, which imposed financial and travel sanctions on Russian officials. Malloch, Chief executive officer of Global Fiduciary Governance and the Theodore (Ted) Roosevelt Group. He was a London-based associate of Jerome Corsi. Manafort, Paul Jr. Trump campaign member (March 2016 - Aug. 2016) and chairman and chief strategist (May 2016 - Aug. 2016). Mashburn, John Trump administration official and former policy director to the Trump Campaign. McCabe, Andrew Acting director of the FBI (May 2017 - Aug. 2017); deputy director of the FBI (Feb. 2016 - Jan.2018). McCord, Mary Acting Assistant Attorney General (Oct. 2016 - May 2017). McFarland, Deputy White House National Security Advisor (Jan. 2017 - May Kathleen (K.T.) McGahn, Donald 2017). White House Counsel (Jan. 2017 - Oct. 2018). (Don) Medvedev, Dmitry Prime Minister of Russia. Melnik, Yuriy Spokesperson for the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C., who connected with George Papadopoulos on social media. Mifsud, Joseph Maltese national and former London-based professor who, immediately after returning from Moscow in April 2016, told George Papadopoulos that the Russians had "dirt" in the form of thousands of Clinton emails. Miller, Matt Trump Campaign staff member who was present at the meeting of the National Security and Defense Platform Subcommittee in July 2016. Miller, Stephen Senior advisor to the President. Millian, Sergei Founder of the Russian American Chamber of Commerce who met with George Papadopoulos during the campaign. Mnuchin, Steven Secretary of the Treasury. Harm to Ongoing Matter Muller-Maguhn, Member of hacke r association Chaos Computer Club and associate of Andrew Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks. Nader, George Advisor to the United Arab Emirates's Crown Prince who arranged a meeting between Kirill Dmitriev and Erik Prince during the transition period. Netyksho, Viktor Russian milit ar y officer in command of a unit involved in Russian hack and-release operations to interfere in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. U.S. Department of Justice A tt ArAP lUm,I, Prnr:lnr>t // 11,,4n,., f'AAtniA 11,,4ntP.rinl P rn tP P.tP.A T TAAP.f J;i:P.ial R f' ri1'l'I P la(p) 1• Oganov, Georgiy Advisor to Oleg Deripaska and a board member of investment company Basic Element. He met with Paul Manafort in Spain in early 2017. Oknyansky, Henry Florida-based Russian individual who claimed to have derogatory (a/k/a Henry information pertaining to Hillary Clinton. He met with Roger Stone in Greenberg) May 2016. Page, Carter Foreign policy advisor to the Trump Campaig n who advocated pro Russian views and made July2016 and December 2016 visits to Moscow. Papadopoulos, Foreign policy advisor to the Trump Campaign who received information George from Joseph Mifsud that Russians had "dirt" in the form of thousands of Clinton ema ils. He pleaded guilt y to lying to the FBI about his contact with Mifsud. Parscale, Bradley Digital media director for the 2016 Trump Campaign. Patten, William Lobbyist and business partner of Konstantin Kilimnik. (Sam) Jr. Peskov, Dmitry Deputy chief of staff of and press secretary for the Russian presidential adm inist ratio n. Phares, Walid Foreign policy advisor to the Trump Campaign and co-secretary general of the Transat lantic Parliamentary Group on Counterterrorism (TAG). Pinedo, Richard U.S. person who pleaded guilty to a single-count information of identity fraud. Podesta, John Jr. Clinton campaign chairman whose ema il account was hacked by the GRU. WikiLeaks released his stolen emails during the 2016 campaign . Podobnyy, Victor Russian inte lligence officer who interacted with Carter Page while operating inside the United States; later charged in 2015 with conspiring to act as an unregistered agent of Russia. Poliakova, Elena Personal assistant to Dmitry Peskov who responded to Michael Cohen's outreach about the Trump Tower Moscow project in January 2016. Polonskaya, Olga Russ ian national int roduced to George Papadopoulos by Joseph Mifsud as an individual with connections to Vladimir Putin. Pompeo, Michael U.S. Secretary of State; director of the Central Intelligence Agency (Jan. 2017 - Apr. 2018). Porter, Robert White House staff secretary (Jan. 2017 - Feb. 2018). Priebus, Reince White House chief of staff (Jan. 2017 - July 2017); chair of the Republic an Nationa l Comm ittee (Jan.2011 - Jan. 2017). Prigozhin, Yevgeniy Head of Russian companies Concord-Cater ing and Concord Management and Consulting; supported and financed the Internet Research Agency, which engaged in an "active measures" social media campa ign to interfere in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. U.S. Department of Justice AttArl'le',' \VArlc PrnA11f\t // 4n, .. D.AAtniA M nt P.rinl PFAtP.AtP.A T IRAP.r ¥P.A R DFi1 P MP.'\ Prikhodko, Sergei First deputy head of the Russian Governme nt Office and former Russian deputy prime minister. In January 2016, he invited candidate Trump to the St. Petersburg Intern ational Economic Forum. Prince, Erik Businessman and Trump Campaign suppm1er who met with Presidential Transition Team officia ls after the election and traveled to the Seychelles to meet with Kirill Dmitriev in January 2017. Raffel, Josh White House co mmuni cat ions advisor (Apr. 2017 - Feb. 2018). Rasin, Alexei Ukrainian associate of Henry Oknyansky who claimed to possess derogatory information regarding Hillary Clin to n. Rogers, Michael Director of the National Security Agency (Apr. 2014 - May 2018). Rosenstein, Rod Deputy Attorney General (Apr. 2017 - present); Acting Attorney General for the Russian election interference investigation (May 2017 - Nov. 2018). Rozov, Andrei Chairman of LC. Expert Investment Company, a Russia n real-estate development corporation that signed a letter of intent for the Trump Tower Moscow project in 2015. Rtskhiladze, Giorgi Executive of the Silk Road Transatlantic Alliance, LLC who communicate d with Cohen about a Trump Tower Moscow proposal. Ruddy, Chief e xec utive of Newsmax Media and associate of President Trump. Christopher FBI chiefof staff (May 2015 - Feb. 2018). Rybicki, James Translator who worked with Natalia Veselnitskaya and attended a June 9, Samochornov, 2016 meeting at Trump Towe r between Veselnitskaya and Trump Anatoli Campaign officials. White House press secretary (July 2017 - present). Sanders, Sarah Huckabee Real-estate advisor who worked with Michael Cohen to pursue a Trump Sater, Felix Tower Moscow project. Exec uti ve with the Center for the National Interest who worked on out Saunders, Paul lines and logistic s of candidate Trump's April 2016 foreign policy speech. Executive chairman of Rosneft , a Russ ian-stated owned oil company. J. Attorney General (Feb. 2017 - Nov. 2018); U.S. Senator (Jan. 1997 - Feb. 2017); head of the Trump Campaign's foreign policy advisory team. Sechin, Igor Russian Minister of Defense. Sessions, Jefferson III (Jeff) President and chief executive officer of the Center for the Nationa l Intere st. Shoygu, Sergey Simes, Dimitri U.S. Department of Justice Af1ArllfW \l/mlr PFAAIIP.t // j),,4A,, CARtAiR 4Atl'WiAI PrntPPtPA T IRAP.F :i;,:PA U c ..iR'I P Mn) Smith, Peter Investment banker active in Republican politics who sought to obtain Hillary Clinton emails during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign period. Spicer, Sean White House press secretary and co mmuni cation s director (Jan. 2017 - Jul y 2017). Stone, Roger U.S. Secretary of State (Feb. 2017 - Mar. 2018). Director of programs at the Russian Inte rnationa l Affairs Council and Tillerson, Rex program director of the Valdai Disc ussion Club who communica ted in Timofeev, Ivan 2016 with George Papadopoulos, attempting to arrange a meeting between the Russian governmen t and the Trump Campaign. President Trump's son; trustee and executive vice president of the Trum p Organiz ation; helped arrange and attended the June 9, 2016 meeting at Trump, Donald Jr, Trump Tower between Natalia Veselnitskaya and Trump Campai gn offic ial s. President Trump 's son; trustee and executive vice pr esident of the Trump Organization. Trump, Eric President Trump's daughter; advisor to the President and former executi ve vice president of the Trump Organizatio n. Trump, lvanka Aide to Vladimir Putin and former Russ ia n ambassador to the United States; identified to the Presidentia l T rans iti o n Team as the proposed Ushakov, Yuri channel to the Russian government. Viktorovich Chief of staff to Russian president Vladimir Putin. Former attorney at Skadden, Arps, Slate , Meagher & Flom, LLP; worked Vaino, Anton with Paul Manafort and Rick Gates. Van der Zwaan , Executive assist ant to Jared Kush ner. Alexander Internet Research Agenc y employee who engaged in an " act ive Vargas, Catherine measures " soc ial media campaign to interfere in the 2016 U.S. Vasilchenko, Gleb presidential election. Russian attorney who advoca ted for the repeal of the Magnitsky Act and was the princi pal speaker at the June 9, 2016 meeting at Trump Tower Veselnitskaya, with Trump Campaign officials. Natalia Rector of the New Economic Sc hool (NES) in Moscow who invi te d Carter Page to speak at NES commencement in July 2016. Weber, Shlomo Former president of Ukraine who had worked with Paul Manafort. Yanukovych, Viktor U.S. Department of Justice Atlorne,., Werle Procl11et // M,w GoAtAiA MAtP.riAl PrntP.P.tP.fl l JAfl@.r µP.fl R. D.riR'I P fo) Yates, Sally Acting Attorney General (Jan. 20, 2017 - Jan. 30, 2017); Deputy Attorney General (Jan. 10, 2015 - Jan. 30, 2017). Yatsenko, Sergey Deputy chief financial officer of Gazprom, a Russian state-owned energy company, and associate of Carter Page. Zakharova, Maria Director of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affair' s Information and Press Department who received notification of Carter Page's speech in July 2016 from Denis Klim entov. Zayed al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and deputy supreme commander of the Mohammed bin United Arab Emirates (UAE) armed forces. Entities and Organizations Alfa-Bank Russia ' s largest commercial bank, which is headed by Petr Aven. Center for the U.S.- based think tank with expertise in and connections to Russ ia. National Interest CNI's publication, the National Interest, hosted candidate Trump's (CNI) foreign policy speech in April 2016. Umbrella term for Concord Management and Consulting, LLC and Concord Concord Catering, which are Russian companies controlled by Yevgeniy Prigozhin. A Russian real-estate and property development company that, in Crocus Group or 2013, hosted the Miss Universe Pageant, and from 2013 through 2014, Crocus International worked with the Trump Organization on a Trump Moscow project. Fictitious online persona operated by the GRU that released stolen DCLeaks documents during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign period. Political committee working to elect Democrats to the House of Democratic Representatives; hacked by the GRU in April 2016. Congressional Campaign Committee Formal governin g body for the Democratic Party; hacked by the GRU Democratic National in April 20 16 . Committee Lower House of the natio nal legislature of the Russian Federation. Duma Russ ia n oil and gas company majo rity- o wned by the Russ ian Gazprom government. Investment and management firm founded by Carter Page. Global Energy Capital, LLC Event hosted in partnership with the U.S. Department of State and the Glo bal Partners in Republican National Convent ion. In 2016 , Jeff Sessions and J.D. Diplomacy Gordon delivered speeches at the event and interacted with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kis lyak. U.S. Department of Justice Atlemey Werk Prnduet // Mtt•v Cef!tttifl Mttterial Preteeted URder Fed. R. Crim. P. Me) Fictitious online persona operated by the GRU that released stolen Guccifer 2.0 documents during the 2016 U.S. presidential campa ign period. Russian real-estate and development corporation that signed a letter of I.C. Expert Investment intent with a Trump Organization subsidiary to develop a Trump Company Moscow property. Russian entity based in Saint Petersburg and funded by Concord that Internet Research engaged in an "active measures" social media campaign to interfere in Agency (IRA) the 2016 U.S. presidential e le ct io n. Business established by an associate of and at the direction of Peter KLS Research LLC Smith to further Smith ' s search for Hillary Clinton emails. Official residence of the president of the Russian Federation; it is used Kremlin colloquially to refer to the office of the president or the Russian government. Company that includes Petr Aven and Richard Burt as board members. LetterOne During a board meeting in December 2016, Aven asked for Burt's help to make contact with the Presidential Transition Team. University in Rome, Italy, where George Papadopoulos was Link Campus introduced to Joseph Mifsud. University International law advisory organization in London that employed London Centre of Joseph Mifsud and George Papadopoulos. International Law Practice (LCILP) Russian Federation's military intelligence agency. Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU) Moscow-based school that invited Carter Page to speak at its July New Economic School 2016 commencement ceremony. in Moscow (NES) Ukrainian political party that incorporated members of the defunct Opposition Bloc Party of Regions. Ukrainian political party of former President Yanukovych. It was Party of Regions generally understood to align with Russian policies. Company registered in the Cayman Islands by Paul Manafort and his Pericles Emerging business partner Rick Davis. Oleg Deripaska invested in the fund. Market Partners LLP Russian company that was a defendant in a U.S. civil action alleging Prevezon Holdings the laundering of proceeds from fraud exposed by Sergei Magnitsky. Ltd. Russian entity that organized the St. Petersburg International Econom ic Forum. Roscongress Russ ian state-owned oil and energy company. Foundation Sovereign wealth fund established by the Russian Government in 2011 Rosneft and headed by Kirill Dmitriev. Russian Direct Investment Fund U.S. Department of Justice Attorney Werk Prndttet // Miw CeAtaiA Maklrial Pl'eteeted Under Fed. R. CriFR. P. 6(e) Russia-based nonprofit established by Russian government decree. It Russian International is associated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and its members Affairs Council include Ivan Timofeev, Dmitry Peskov, and Petr Aven. Privately held investment company that entered into a licensing Silk Road Group agreement to build a Trump-branded hotel in Georgia. Annual event held in Russia and attended by prominent Russian St. Petersburg politicians and businessmen. International Economic Forum Russian energy company. Tatneft European group that sponsored a summit between European Transatlantic Parliament lawmakers and U.S. persons. George Papadopoulos, Sam Parliamentary Group Clovis, and Walid Phares attended the TAG summit in July 2016. on Counterterrorism GRU military cyber unit dedicated to targeting military, political, Unit 26165 (GRU) governmental, and non-governmental organizations outside of Russia. It engaged in computer intrusions of U.S. persons and organizations, as well as the subsequent release of the stolen data, in order to interfere in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. GRU military unit with mult iple departments that engaged in cyber Unit 74455 (GRU) operations. It engaged in computer intrusions of U.S. persons and organizations, as well as the subsequent release of the stolen data, in order to interfere in the 2016 U.S. president ial election. Group that holds a conference attended by Russian government Valdai Discussion Club officials, including President Putin. Organization founded by Julian Assange that posts information online, WikiLeaks including data stolen from private, corporate, and U.S. Government entities. Released data stolen by the GRU during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. U.S. Department of Justice /'rttorne'I'' 'Nork Prod1:1et // MEI'\" Ce!'ltaiA Material Proteeted UAder Fed. R. Criffi. P. Me) Index of Acronyms Center for the National Interest CNI Democ ratic Congress iona l Campaign Committee DCCC Democratic National Committee DNC Federal Bureau oflnvestigation FBI Russian Federal Securi ty Service FSB Glo bal E nergy Ca pital, LLC GEC Russian Federation' s Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff GRU U.S. House of Represent atives Permanent Select Comm ittee on Intelligence HPSCI Hillary Rodham Clin ton HRC Internet Research Agency IRA London Centre of International Law Practice LCILP North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO New Economic Schoo l NES Nationa l Security Agency NSA Office of the Director of Natio nal Intellige nce ODNI President ial T ransition Team PTT Russ ian Direct Investme nt Fund RDIF Russian Internationa l Affairs Cou ncil RIAC State boards of elections SBOE Spec ia l Counsel's Office sco U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee SJC U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intell igence SSCI Transatlantic Parliamentary Group on Counterterror ism TAG Vnesheconombank VEB U.S. Department of Justice Al-tcAFA,e.. Wo,lc Proauet // MR .. r'AAfRiA MAterial P1•oteeted HAdeF Fee. R. CFiffl. P. 6(e) 1 AppendixC U.S. Department of Justice AttAFfH'!... \Vrn•l( PFAA11et // 4w I f'Al'ltRil'I MRte:FiRI PFAteetefl I tflAef Pea_ R._ CFiffl. p 6(e) U.S. Department of Justice A1'tAFflP.,.. 1)/Ark PrAA11P.t //} 4w • C'nf!tRifl } 4RtP.riRl Pt'AtP.P.tP.A l lflAeF Feel R Griffi P R(e) APPENDIXC INTRODUCTORY NOTE The President provided written responses through his personal counsel to questions submitted to him by the Special Counse l' s Office. We first explain the process that led to the subm ission of written questions and then attach the President' s responses. Beginning in Dec e mber 2017, this Office sought for more than a year to interview the President on topics relevant to both Russian-election interference and obstructio n-of-justice . We advised counsel that the President was a "subject" of the investigation under the definition of the Justice Manual- " a person whose conduct is within the scope of the grand jury' s investigation. " Justice Manual § 9-11.151 (2018). We also advised counsel that "[a]n interview with the President is vital to our investigation" and that this Office had " carefully considered the constitutional and other arguments raised by . . . co unsel, and they d[id] not provide us with reason to forgo seeking an interview." 1 We additionally stated that "it is in the interest of the Pres idency and the public for an interview to take place" and offered "numerous accommodations to aid the President' s preparation and avoid surprise." 2 After extensive discussions with the Department of Justice about the Special Counsel's objective of securing the President's testimony, these accommodations included the submissions of written questions to the President on certain Russia-related topics.3 We received the President's written responses in late November 2018. 4 In December 2018, we informed counsel of the insufficiency of those responses in several respects.5 We noted, among other things, that the President stated on more than 30 occasions that he "does not ' recall' or ' remember' or have an ' independent recollection"' of information called for by the questions. 6 Other answers were "incomplete or imprecise." 7 The written responses, we informed counsel, "demonstrate the inadequacy of the written format, as we have had no opportunity to ask follow up questions that would ensure complete answers and potentially refresh your client's recollection or clarify the extent or nature of his lack of recollection." 8 We again requested an in-person interview, limited to certain to pics, advising the President ' s counsel that "[t]his is the President ' s 1 5/16/18 Letter, Special Counsel to the President 's Personal Counsel, at 1. 2 5/16/18 Letter, Special Counsels's Office to the Presiden t' s Personal Counsel, at I; see 7/30/18 Letter, Special Counsel's Office to the President's Personal Counsel, at I (describing accommodations). 3 9/17/18 Letter, Special Counsel's Office to the President' s Personal Counsel, at I (submitting written questions). 4 11/20/18 Letter, Presiden t' s Personal Counsel to the Speci al Counsel ' s Office (transmitting written responses of Donald J. Trump). 5 12/3/18 Letter, Special Counsel's Office to the President's Personal Counsel, at 3. 6 12/3/18 Letter, Special Counsel's Office to the President' s Personal Co unsel, at 3. 7 12/3/18 Letter, Special Counse l's Office to the President' s Personal Co unsel, at 3; see (noting, "for example," that the President "did not answer whether he had at any time directed or suggested that discussions about the Trump Moscow Project should cease ... but he has since made public comments about that topic"). 8 12/3/18 Letter, Special Counsel's Office to the President's Personal Counsel, at 3. C-1 U.S. Department of Justice ti f.laAl'AP!..,. \VArk PrAl'l11ct // J>.4w,· f'ARtRiR MRtPriRl Pt1AtP.P.tP.A l TRA P.f PP.A R Gri P Me) opportunity to voluntarily provide us with information for us to evaluate in the context of all of the evidence we have gathered."9 The President declined.10 Recognizing that the President would not be interviewed voluntarily, we considered whether to issue a subpoena for his testimony. We viewed the written answers to be inadequate. But at that point, our investigation had made significant progress and had produced substantial evidence for our report. We thus weighed the costs of potentially lengthy constitutional litigation, with resulting delay in finishing our investigat io n, against the anticipated benefits for our investigation and report. As explained in Volume II, Section H.B., we determined that the substantial quantity of information we had obtained from other sources allowed us to draw relevant factual conclusions on intent and credib ility, which are often inferred from circumstantial evidence and assessed without direct testimony from the subject of the investigation. * * * 9 12/3/18 Letter, Special Counsel to the President's Personal Counsel. 10 12/12/18 Letter, President's Personal Counsel to the Special Counsel's Office, at 2. U.S. Department of Justice AttorAe...• Worlc Protfod // Ma•t GAAtaiA MataeFial Pretaeeteti UAtier Feti. R. CFim P 6(e) WRITTEN QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED UNDER OATH BY PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP I. June 9, 2016 Meeting at Trump Tower a. When did you first learn that Donald Trump, Jr., Paul Manafort, or Jared Kushner was considering participating in a meeting in June 2016 concerning potentially negative information about Hillary Clinton? Describe who you learned the information from and the substance of the discussion. b. Attached to this document as Exhibit A is a series of emails from June 2016 between, among others, Donald Trump, Jr. and Rob Goldstone. In addition to the emails reflected in Exhibit A, Donald Trump, Jr. had other communications with Rob Goldstone and Emin Agalarov between June 3, 2016, and June 9, 2016. i. Did Mr. Trump, Jr. or anyone else tell you about or show you any of these communications? If yes, describe who discussed the communications with you, when, and the substance of the discussion(s). ii. When did you first see or learn about all or any part of the emails reflected in Exhibit A? iii. When did you first learn that the proposed meeting involved or was described as being part of Russia and its government's support for your candidacy? iv. Did you suggest to or direct anyone not to discuss or release publicly all or any portion of the emails reflected in Exhibit A? If yes, describe who you communicated with, when, the substance of the communication(s), and why you took that action. c. On June 9, 2016, Donald Trump, Jr., Paul Manafort, and Jared Kushner attended a meeting at Trump Tower with several individuals, including a Russian lawyer, Natalia Veselnitskaya (the 11Jun e 9 meeting"). i. Other than as set forth in your answers to I.a and l.b, what, if anything, were you told about the possibility of this meeting taking place, or the scheduling of such a meeting? Describe who you discussed this with, when, and what you were informed about the meeting. ii. When did you learn that some of the individuals attending the June 9 meeting were Russian or had any affiliation with any part of the Russian government? Describe who you learned this information from and the substance of the discussion(s). iii. What were you told about what was discussed at the June 9 meeting? Describe each conversation in which you were told about what was discussed at the meeting, who the conversation was with, when it occurred, and the substance of the statements they made about the meeting. C-3 U.S. Department of Justice AtfnFRfW 'Jlnrlr Prnrl1111t // 4 A, Pnfl*RiR 4R*P.FiRI PrntP.f 'lt fl!A I lflclfl!r J;:fl!A R r.FiR'l P Me) l iv. . Were you told that the June 9 meeting was about, in whole or in part, adoption and/or the Magnitsky Act? If yes, describe who you had that discussion with, when, and the substance of the discussion. d. For the period June 6, 2016 through June 9, 2016, for what portion of each day were you in Trump Tower? i. Did you speak or meet with Donald Trump, Jr., Paul Mana fo rt , or Jared Kushner on June 9, 2016? If yes, did any portion of any of those conversations or meetings include any reference to any aspect of the June 9 meeting? If yes, describe who you spoke with and the substance of the conversation. e. Did you communicate directly or indirectly with any member or representative of the Agalarov family after June 3, 2016? If yes, describe who you spoke with, when, and the substance of the communication. f. Did you learn of any communications between Donald Trump, Jr., Paul M ana for t, or Jared Kushner and any member or representative of the Agalarov family, Natalia Veselnitskaya, Rob Goldstone, or any Russian official or contact that took place after June 9, 2016 and concerned the June 9 meeting or efforts by Russia to assist the campaign? If yes, describe who you learned this information from, when, and the substance of what you learned. g. On June 7, 2016, you gave a speech in which you said, in part, "I am going to give a major speech on probably Monday of next week and we're going to be discussing all of the things that have taken place with the Clintons." i. Why did you make that statement? ii. What information did you plan to share with respect to the Clintons? iii. What did you believe the source(s) of that information would be? iv. Did you expect any of the information to have come from the June 9 meeting? v. Did anyone help draft the speech that you were referring to? If so, who? vi. Why did you ultimately not give the speech you referenced on June 7, 2016? h. Did any person or entity inform you during the campaign that Vladimir Putin or the Russian government supported your candidacy or opposed the candidacy of Hillary Clinton? If yes, describe th e source( s) of the information, when you were info rmed, and the content of such discussion(s). i. Did any person or entity inform you during the campaign that any foreign government or foreign leader, other than Ru ssia or Vladimir Putin, had provided, wished to provide, or off ered to provide tangible support to your campaign, including by way of offering to provide negative information on Hillary Clinton? If C-4 U.S. Department of Justice A jaj:Q-('III lHArlr PPAAlll"t // Mw,· f'.AAtAiA MA:taeFiA:I PFAfeefea lJt1aeF FeEi. R. Crim- p_ 6(e) yes, describe the source{s) of the information, when you were informed, and the content of such discussion(s). II. Russian Hacking/ Russian Efforts Using Social Media / Wikileaks a. On June 14, 2016, it was publicly reported that computer hackers had penetrated the computer network of the Democratic National Committee {DNC) and that Russian intelligence was behind the unauthorized access, or hack. Prior to June 14, 2016, were you provided any information about any potential or actual hacking of the computer systems or email accounts of the DNC, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), the Clinton Campaign, Hillary Clinton, or individuals associated with the Clinton campaign? If yes, describe who provided this information, when, and the substance of the information. b. On July 22, 2016, Wikileaks released nearly 20,000 emails sent or received by Democratic party officials. i. Prior to the July 22, 2016 release, were you aware from any source that Wikileaks, Guccifer 2.0, DCLeaks, or Russians had or potentially had possession of or planned to release emails or information that could help your campaign or hurt the Clinton campaign? If yes, describe who you discussed this issue with, when, and the substance of the discussion(s). ii. After the release of emails by Wikileaks on July 22, 2016, were you told that Wikileaks possessed or might possess additional information that could be released during the campaign? If yes, describe who provided this information, when, and what you were told. c. Are you aware of any communications during the campaign, directly or indirectly, between Roger Stone, Donald Trump, Jr., Paul Manafort, or Rick Gates and {a) Wikileaks, {b) Julian Assange, (c) other representatives of Wikileaks, {d) Guccifer 2.0, (e) representatives of Guccifer 2.0, or {f) representatives of DCLeaks? If yes, describe who provided you with this information, when you learned of the communications, and what you know about those communications. d. On July 27, 2016, you stated at a press conference: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing. I think you will probably be rewarded mightily by our press." i. Why did you make that request of Russia, as opposed to any other country, entity, or individual? ii. In advance of making that statement, what discussions, if any, did you have with anyone else about the substance of the statement? iii. Were you told at any time before or after you made that statement that Russia was attempting to infiltrate or hack computer systems or email accounts of Hillary Clinton or her campaign? If yes, describe who provided this information, when, and what you were told. C-5 U.S. Department of Justice A ttAl'fl@... lJJ:Al"lc P1"AA11P.t // M t11,· Gm teiA Meferi1tl Prol:eel:ed UHflCf' Fed. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) e. On October 7, 2016, emails hacked from the account of John Podesta were released by WikiLeaks. · i. Where were you on October 7, 2016? ii. Were you told at any time in advance of, or on the day of, the October 7 release that Wikileaks possessed or might possess emails related to John Podesta? If yes, describe who told you this, when, and what you were told. iii. Are you aware of anyone associated with you or your campaign, including Roger Stone, reaching out to Wikileaks, either directly or through an intermediary, on or about October 7, 2016? If yes, identify the person and describe the substance of the conversations or contacts. f. Were you told of anyone associated with you or your campaign, including Roger Stone, having any discussions, directly or indirectly, with Wikileaks, Guccifer 2.0, or DCLeaks regarding the content or timing of release of hacked emails? If yes, describe who had such contacts, how you became aware of the contacts, when you became aware of the contacts, and the substance of the contacts. g. From June 1, 2016 through the end of the campaign, how frequently did you communicate with Roger Stone? Describe the nature of your communication(s) with Mr. Sto ne. i. During that time period, what efforts did Mr. Stone tell you he was making to assist your campaign, and what requests, if any, did you make of Mr. Stone? ii. Did Mr. Stone ever discuss Wikileaks with you or, as far as you were aware, with anyone else associated with the campaign? If yes, describe what you were told, from whom, and when. iii. Did Mr. Stone at any time inform you about contacts he had with Wikileaks or any intermediary of Wikileaks, or about forthcoming releases of information? If yes, describe what Stone told you and when. h. Did you have any discussions prior to January 20, 2017, regarding a potential pardon or other action to benefit Julian Assange? If yes, describe who you had the discussion(s) with, when, and the content of the discussion(s). i. Were you aware of any efforts by foreign individuals or companies, including those in Russia, to assist your campaign through the use of social media postings or the organization of rallies? If yes, identify who you discussed such assistance with, when, and the content of the discussion(s). C-6 U.S. Department of Justice 6(e1 A Work PrAAIIP.t / / M li'a' Gm, ftiR Me: et'ie:I Pt'B ee ea URaet' Fea. R.CFiHl:_ p **Al'l'll""' Ill. The Trump Organization Moscow Project a. In October 2015, a "Letter of Intent," a copy of which is attached as Exhibit B, was signed for a proposed Trump Organization project in Moscow (the "Trump Moscow project"). i. When were you first informed of discussions about the Trump Moscow project? By whom? What were you told about the project? ii. Did you sign the letter of intent? b. In a statement provided to Congress, attached as Exhibit C, Michael Cohen stated: "To the best of my knowledge, Mr. Trump was never in contact with anyone about this proposal other than me on three occasions, including signing a non -binding letter of intent in 2015." Describe all discussions you had with Mr. Cohen, or anyone else associated with the Trump Organization, about the Trump Moscow project, including who you spoke with, when, and the substance of the discussion(s). c. Did you learn of any communications between Michael Cohen or Felix Sater and any Russian government officials, including officials in the office of Dmitry Peskov, regarding the Trump Moscow project? If so, identify who provided this information to you, when, and the substance of what you learned. d. Did you have any discussions between June 2015 and June 2016 regarding a potential trip to Russia by you and/or Michael Cohen for reasons related to the Trump Moscow project? If yes, describe who you spoke wit h, when, and the substance of the discussion(s). e. Did you at any tim e direct or suggest that discussions about the Trump Moscow project should cease, or were you informed at any time that the project had been abandoned? If yes, describe who you spoke with, when, the substance of the discussion(s), and why that decision was made. f. Did you have any discussions regarding what information would be provided publicly or in response to investigative inquiries about potential or actual investments or business deals the Trump Organization had in Russia, including the Trump Moscow project? If yes, describe who you spoke with, when, and the substance of the discussion(s). g. Aside from the Trump Moscow project, did you or the Trump Organization have any other prospective or actual business intere st s, investments, or arrangements with Russia or any Ru ssian interest or Russian ind ividual during the campaign? If yes, describe the business inte rests, investments, or arrangement s. U.S. Department of Justice A#Al'f'IP.'"' \llArlc PFAfl11P.t // MRv rAAtRiA f).4RtP.riRI PrAtP.P.tP.fl I !Atfa r J;,:P.fl R . rFiFA p MP) IV. Contacts with Russia and Russia-Related Issues During the Campaign a. Prior to mid-August 2016, did you become aware that Paul Manafort had ties to the Ukrainian government? If yes, describe who you learned this information from, when, and the substance of what you were told. Did Mr. Manafort's connections to the Ukrainian or Russian governments play any role in your decision to have him join your campaign? If yes, describe that role. b. Were you aware that Paul Manafort offered briefings on the progress of you r campaign to Oleg Deripaska? If yes, describe who you learned this information from, when, the substance of what you were told, what you understood the purpose was of sharing such information with Mr. Deripaska, and how you responded to learning this information . c. Were you aware of whether Paul Manafort or anyone else associated with your campaign sent or directed others to send internal Trump campaign information to any person located in Ukraine or Russia or associated with the Ukrainian or Russian governments? If yes, identify who provided you with this information, when, the substance of the discussion(s), what you understood the purpose was of sharing the internal campaign information, and how you responded to learning this information. d. Did Paul Manafort communicate to you, directly or indirectly, any posit ions Ukraine or Russia would want the U.S. to support? If yes, describe when he communicated those positions to you and the substance of those communications. e. During the campaign, were you told about efforts by Russian officials to meet with you or senior members of your campaign? If yes, describe who you had conversations with on this topic, when, and what you were told . f. What role, if any, did you have in changing the Republican Party platform regarding arming Ukraine during the Republican National Convention? Prior to the convention, what information did you have about this platform provision? After the platform provision was changed, who told you about the change, when did they tell you, what were you told about why it was changed, and who was involved? g. On July 27, 2016, in response to a question about whether you would recognize Crimea as Russian territory and lift sanctions on Russia, you said: "We'll be looking at that . Yeah, we'll be looking." Did you intend to communicate by that statement or at any other time during the campaign a willingness to lift sanctions and/or recognize Russia's annexation of Crimea if you were elected? U.S. Department of Justice 1 fal:PPl'lPJJ n,Al'I< PtoAAIIPt // MR\I Gol'ltltil'I MatefiHI Pt'ol'eel'ea lJHaer Pea_ R_ Criffl._ p_ 6(e) i. What consideration did you give to lifting sanctions and/or recognizing Russia's annexation of Crimea if you were elected? Describe who you spoke with about this topic, when, the substance of the discussion{s). V. Contacts with Russia and Russia-Related Issues During the Transition a. Were you asked to attend the World Chess Championship gala on November 10, 2016? If yes, who asked you to attend, when were you asked, and what were you told about about why your presence was requested? i. Did you attend any part of the event? If yes, describe any interactions you had with any Russians or representatives of the Russian government at the event. b. Following the Obama Administration's imposition of sanctions on Russia iri December 2016 {"Russia sanctions"), did you discuss with Lieutenant General {LTG) Michael Flynn, K.T. McFarland, Steve Bannon, Reince Priebus, Jared Kushner, Erik Prince, or anyone else associated with the transition what should be communicated to the Russian government regarding the sanctions? If yes, describe who you spoke with about this issue, when, and the substance of the discussion{s). c. On December 29 and December 31, 2016, LTG Flynn had conversations with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about the Russia sanctions and Russia's response to the Russia sanctions. i. Did you direct or suggest that LTG Flynn have discussions with anyone from the Russian government about the Russia sanctions? ii. Were you told in advance of LTG Flynn's December 29, 2016 conversation that he was going to be speaking with Ambassador Kislyak? If yes, describe who told you this information, when, and what you were told. If no, when and from whom did you learn of LTG Flynn's December 29, 2016 conversation with Ambassador Kislyak? iii. When did you learn of LTG Flynn and Ambassador Kislyak's call on December 31, 2016? Who told youand what were you told? iv. When did you learn that sanctions were discussed in the December 29 and December 31, 2016 calls between LTG Flynn and Ambassador Kislyak? Who told you and what were you told? d. At any time between December 31, 2016, and January 20, 2017, did anyone tell you or suggest to you that Russia's decision not to impose reciprocal sanctions was attributable in any way to LTG Flynn's communications with Ambassador Kislyak? If yes, identify who provided you with this information, when, and the substance of what you were told. C-9 U.S. Department of Justice A14-Al'RCV WArk Pt=oa,-iet // MRV f'nRtRiR MRtet=iRl Pt=Ateetefl lJRBCt' Fee. R. Criffl P. 6(e) e. On January 12, 2017, the Washington Post published a column that stated that LTG Flynn phoned Ambassador Kislyak several times on December 29, 2016. After learning of the column, did you direct or suggest to anyone that LTG Flynn should deny that he discussed sanctions with Ambassador Kislyak? If yes, who did you make this suggestion or direction to, when, what did you say, and why did you take this step? i. After learning of the column, did you have any conversations with LTG Flynn about his conversations with Ambassador Kislyak in December 2016? If yes, describe when those discussions occurred and the content of the discussions. f. Were you told about a meeting between Jared Kushner and Sergei Gorkov that took place in December 2016? i. If yes, describe who you spoke with, when, the substance of the discussion(s}, and what you understood was the purpose of the meeting. g. Were you told about a meeting or meetings between Erik Prince and KiriII Dmitriev or any other representative from the Russian government that took place in January 2017? i. If yes, describe who you spoke with, when, the substance of the discussion(s}, and what you understood was the purpose of the meeting(s). h. Prior to January 20, 2017, did you talk to Steve Bannon, Jared Kushner, or any other individual associated with the transition regarding establishing an unofficial line of communication with Russia ? If yes, describe who you spoke with, when, the substance of the discussion(s), and what you understood was the purpose of such an unofficial line of communication. U.S. Department of Justice o f.taArAn' WArlc Prnf'l11P.t // Mfl'I" ContB.in Mflte1•ifll Proteeted Under Fed. R. Ct1ittt. P. 6(e) RESPONSES OF PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP I. June 9. 2016 Meeting at Trump Tower a. . When did you first learn that Donald Trump, Jr., Paul Manafort, or Jared Kushner was considering participating in a meeting in June 2016 concerning potentially negative information about Hillary Clinton? Describe who you learned the information from and the substance of the discussion. b. Attached to this document as Exhibit A is a series of emails from June 2016 between, among others, Donald Trump, Jr. and Rob Goldstone. In addition to the emails reflected in. Exhibit A, Donald Trump, Jr. had other communications with Rob Goldstone and £min Agalarov between )une 3, 2016 , and June 9, 2016. i. Did Mr. Trump, Jr. or anyone else tell you about or show you any of these communications? If yes, describe who discussed the communications with you, when, and the substance of the discussion(s), 11. When did you first see or learn about all or any part of the emails reflected in Exhibit A? iii. When did you first learn that the proposed meeting involved cir was described as being part of Russia and its government's support for your candidacy? iv. Did you suggest to or direct anyone not to discuss or release publicly all or any portion of the emails reflected in Exhibit A? If yes, describe who you communicated with, when, the substance of the communicatio n(s), and why you took that action. c. On June 9, 2016, Donald T rump, Jr., Paul Manafort, and Jared Kushner attended a meeting at Trump Tower with several individuals, including a Russian lawyer, Natalia Yeselnitskaya (the "June 9 meeting"). 1. Other than as set fotth in your answers to I.a and l.b, what, if anything , were you told about the possibility of this meeting taking place , or the scheduling of such a meeting? Describe who you discussed this with, when, and what you were informed about the meeting. ii. When did you learn that some of the individuals attending the June 9 meeting were Russian or had any affiliation with any part of the Russian government? Describe who you learned this information from and the substance of the discussion(s). 6 U.S. Department of Justice AftfWAl'W '.Vork Prmhtet // l\.4w,· PoAhiiA MRteriRI Protaeetel'I I )Ader Y:ed R Criffi P 6(e) iii. What were you told about what was discussed at the June 9 meeting? Describe each conversation in which you were told about whal was discussed at lhe meeting, who the conversation was with, when it occurred, and the substance of the statements lhey made about the meeting. iv. Were you told that the June 9 meeting was about, in whole or in part, adoption and/or the Magnitsky Act? If yes, describe who you had that discussion with, when, and the substance of the discussion. d. For the period June 6, 2016 through June 9, 2016 , for what portion of each day were you in Trump Tower? i. Did you speak or meet with Donald Trump , Jr., Paul Manafort, or Jared Kushner on June 9, 2016? If yes, did any portion of any of those conversations or meetings include any reference to any aspect of the June 9 meeting? If yes, describe who you spoke with and the substance of the conversation. e. Did you communicate directly or indirectly with any member or representative of the Agalarov family after June 3, 2016 ? If yes, describe who you spoke with, when, and the substance of the communication. f. Did you learn of any communications between Donald T rump, Jr., Paul Mana forl, or Jared Kushner and any member or representative of the Agalarov family, Natalia Veseln itskaya, Rob Goldstone, or any Russ ian official or contact that took place after June 9, 20 l6 and concerned the June 9 meeting or efforts by Russia to assist the campaign ? If yes. describe who you learned this information from , when, and the substance of what you learned. g. On June 7, 2016, you gave a speech in which you said, in part, '·[ am going to give a major speech on probably Monday of next week and we're going to be discussing all of the things that have taken place with the Clin tons.'' i. Why did you make that statement ? ii. What information did you plan to share with respect to the Cl intons? iii. What did you believe the source(s) of that information would be? iv. Did you expect any of the information to have come from the June 9 meeting? v. Did anyone help draft the speech that you were referring to? If so, who? vi. Why did you ultimately not give the speech you referenced on June 7, 2016? h. Did any person or entity inform you during the campaign that Vladimir Putin or the Russian 7 C-12 U.S. Department of Justice AttAFl'IP.'c' WArk PrAAllflt // M 1n ,1 r'Al'lfRil'I MRffll'iRI Preiteetea l1t1aer Fea R Crim P 6(e) government supported your candidacy or opposed the candidacy of Hillary Clinton? If yes, describe the source(s) of the in formation. when you were informed, and the content of such discussion(s ). 1. Did any person or entity inform you during the campaign that any foreign government or foreign lea der, other than Russia or Vladimir Putin, had provided, wished to provide, or offered to provide tangible support to your campaign, including by way of offering to provide negative information on Hillary Clinton? If yes, describe the source(s) of the in formation, when you were in formed, and the content of such discussion(s). Response to Question l, Parts (a) through (c) I have no recollection of learning at the time that Donald Trump, Jr., Paul Mana fort, or Jared Kushner was considering participating in a meeting in June 2016 concerning potentially negative information about Hillary Clinton. Nor do I recall learning during the campaign that the June 9, 2016 meeting had taken place, that the referenced emails existed. or that Donald J. Trump, Jr., had other communications with Emin Agalarov or Robert Goldstone between June 3, 2016 and June 9, 2016. Response to Question I, Part {d) I have no independent recollection of what portion of these four days in June of2016 I spent in Trump Tower. This was one of man y busy months during a fast-paced campaign, as the primary season was ending and we were preparing for the general election campaign. I am now aware that my Campaign's calendar indic ates that I was in New York City from June 6 - 9, 2016. Calendars kept in my Trump Tower office reflect that I had various calls and meetings scheduled for each of these days. While those calls and meetings ma y or may not actually have taken place, they do indicate that I was in Trump Tower durin g a portion of each of these working days, and I have no reason to doubt that I was. When I was in New York City, I stayed at my Trump Tower apartment. My Trump Organization desk calendar also reflects that I was outside Trump Tower during portions of these days. The June 7, 2016 calendar indicates I was scheduled to leave Trump Tower in the early evening for Westchester where I gave remarks after winning the California, New Jersey, New Mexico, Montana , and South Dakota Republican primarie s held that day. The June 8, 2016 calendar indicates a scheduled departure in late afternoon to attend a ceremony at my son's school. The June 9, 2016 calendar indicates I was scheduled to attend midday meetings and a fundraising luncheon at the Four Seasons Hotel. At this point, I do not remember on what dates these events occurred, but I do not currently have a reason to doubt that they took place as scheduled on my calendar. Widely available media reports, including tele visio n footage, also shed light on my act1v1t1es during these days. For example, I am aware that my June 7, 2016 victory remarks at the Trump 8 C-13 U.S. Department ofJustice o Fto l' l'IP 11 lJlArl< PrAfhtPJ // MA•,1 rm tHifl Ma1'el'iB:I Pre1'eeted Uftder Fed. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) National Golf Club in Briarcliff Manor, New York, were recorded and published by the media. 1 remember winning those primaries and generally recall delivering remarks that evening. At this point in time, I do not remember whether I spoke or met with Donald Trump, Jr., Paul Manafort, or Jared Kushner on June 9, 2016. My desk calendar indicates I was scheduled to meet with Paul Manafort on the morning of June 9, but I do not recall if that meeting took place. It was more than two years ago, at a time when I had many calls and interactions daily. · Response to Question I, Part (e) I have no independent recollection of any communications I had with the Agalarov family or anyone r understood to be a representative of the Agalarov family after June 3, 2016 and before the end of the campaign. While preparing to respond to these questions, I have become aware of written communications with the Agalarovs during the campaign that were sent, received, and largely authored by my staff and which I understand have already been produced to you. In general, the documents include congratulatory letters on my campaign victories, emails about a painting Emin and Aras Agalarov arranged to have delivered to Trump Tower as a birthday present, and emails regarding delivery of a book written by Aras Agalarov. The documents reflect that the deliveries were screened by the Secret Service. Response to Question I, Part (t) I do not recall being aware during the campaign of communications between Donald Trump , Jr., Paul Manafort, or Jared Kushner and any member or representative of the Agalarov family, Robert Goldstone, Natalia Yeselnitskaya (whose name I was not familiar with), or anyone I understood to be a Russian official. Response to Question I, Part (g) In remarks I delivered the night I won the California, New Jersey, New Mexico , Montana, and South Dakota Republican primaries, I said, " I am going to give a major speech on probably Monday of next week and we're going to be discussing all of the things that have taken place with the Clintons." In general, l expected to give a speech referencing the publicly available , negative information about the Clin tons, including , for example, Mrs. Clinton's failed policies, the Clin tons' use of the State Department to further their interests and the interests of the Clinton Foundation , Mrs. Clinton's improper use of a private server for State Department business , the destruction of 33,000 emails on that server, and Mrs. Clinton's temperamental unsuitability for the office of President. In the course of preparing to respond to your questions, I have become aware that the Campaign documents already produced to you reflect the drafting, evolution, and sources of information for the speech I expected to give " probably" on the Monday following my June 7, 2016 comments. These documents generally show that the text of the speech was initially drafted by Campaign staff 9 C-14 U.S. Department of Justice AttArFtew '.\'ml£ Pt>Afluct // MB:,,. Gm taiH Material Proteeted UHder Fed. R. Cri1fl. P. 6(e) with input from various outside advisors and was based on publicly available material, including , in particular , information from the book CUnton Cash by Peter Schwei zer. The Pulse Nightclub terrorist attack took place in the early morning hours of Sunday, June 1 2, 2016. In light of that tragedy , I gave a speech directed more specifically to national security and terrorism than to the Clintons. That speech was delivered at the Saint Anselm College Institute of Politics in Manchester, New Hampshire , and, as reported, opened with the following: This was going to be a speech on Hillary Clinton and how bad a President, especially in these times of Radical Islamic Terrorism, she would be. Even her former Secret Service Agent, who has seen her under pressure and in times of stress, has stated that she lacks the temperament and integrity to be president. There will be plenty of oppo1tunity to discuss these important issues at a later time , and I will deliver that speech soon. But today there is only one thing to discuss: the growing threat of terrorism inside of our borders. I continued to speak about Mrs. Clinton 's failings throughout the campaign , using the information prepared for inclusion in the speech to which I referred on June 7, 2016. Response to Question I, Part (h) I have no recollection of being told during the campaign that Vladimir Putin or the Russian government "suppott ed" my candidacy or "opposed" the candidacy of Hillary Clinton. However, I was aware of some reports indicating that President Putin had made complimentary statements about me. Response to Question I, Part (i) I have no recollection of being told during the campaign that any foreign government or foreign leader had provided, wished to provide, or offered to provide tangible support to my campaign. II. Russian Hacking / Russian Efforts Using Social Media / WikiLeaks a. On June 14, 2016, it was publicly reported that computer hackers had penetrated the computer network of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and that Russian intelligence was behind the unauthorized access, or hack. Prior to June 14, 2016, were you provided any information about any potential or actual hacking of the computer systems or email accounts of the DNC, the Democratic Congress ional Campaign Committee (DCCC), the Clinton Campai gn, Hillary Clinton, or individuals associated with the Clinton campaign? If yes, describe who provided this information, when, and the substance of the information. 10 C-15 U.S. Department of Justice AMArAe\· \l/fJrk Proa1:1et // Ma"" Ce11taifl Material Proteetea UHaer Fea. R. Crim. P. 6(e) b. On July 22, 2016 , WikiLeaks released nearly 20,000emails sent or received by Democratic party officials. i. Prior to the July 22, 2016 release, were you aware from any source that WikiLeaks , Guccifer 2.0, DCLeaks, or Russians had or potentially had possession of or planned to release emails or information that could help your campaign or hurt the Clinton campaign? If yes, describe who you discussed this issue with, when, and the substance of the discussion(s). 11. After the release of emails by WikiLeaks on July 22, 2016, were you told that WikiLeaks possessed or might possess additional information that could be released during the campaign? If yes, describe who provided this information, when, and what you were told. c. Are you aware of any communications during the campaign, directly or indirectly, between Roger Stone, Donald Trump , Jr., Paul Manafort, or Rick Gates and (a) Wik iLeaks, (b) Julian Assange, (c) other representatives of WikiLeaks , (d) Guccifer 2.0, (e) representatives of Guccifer 2.0, or (f) representatives of DCLeaks? If yes, describe who provided you with this information, when you learned of the communications, and what you know about those communications. d. On July 27, 2016, you stated at a press conference: " Russia , if you' re listening, I hope you' re able to find the 30,000emails that are missing. I think you will probably be rewarded mightily by our press." 1. Why did you make that request of Russia , as opposed to any other country, entity, or individual? 11. In advance of making that statement, what disc ussions , if any, did you have with anyone else about the substance of the statement? 111. Were you told at any time before or after you made that statement that Russia was attempting to infiltrate or hack computer systems or email accounts of Hillary Clinton or her campaign? If yes, describe who provided this information, when , and what you were told. e. On October 7, 2016 , emails hacked from the account of John Podesta were released by WikiLeaks. 1. Where were you on October 7, 20I 6? ii. Were you told at any time in advance of, or on the day of, the October 7 release that WikiLeaks possessed or might possess emails related to John Podesta ? If yes, describe who told you this, when, and what you were told. 11 C-16 U.S. Department of Justice "Ftnl'RP" mmlc PPnFl11P.t // Mw,· f'.nAh1iA Mt1teriel Pt•o ee ed UF1der Fed. R. Criffl. P. 6(e) iii. Are you aware of anyone associated with you or your campaign, including Roger Stone, reaching out to WikiLeaks, either directly or through an intermediary, on or about October 7, 2016? If yes, identify the person and describe the substance of the conversations or contacts. f. Were you told of anyone associated with you or your campaign, including Roger Stone, having any discussions, directly or indirectly , with WikiLeaks , Guccifer 2.0, or DCLeaks regarding the content or timing of release of hacked emails? If yes, describe who had such contacts, how you became aware of the contacts, when you became aware of the contacts, and the substance of the contacts. g. From June 1, 2016 through the end of the campaign, how frequently did you communicate with Roger Stone? Describe the nature of your communication(s) with Mr. Stone. 1. During that time period, what efforts did Mr. Stone tell you he was making to assist your campaign, and what requests. if any, did you make of Mr. Stone? 11. Did Mr. Stone ever discuss WikiLeaks with you or, as far as you were aware, with anyone else associated with the campaign? If yes, describe what you were told, from whom. and when. 111. Did Mr. Stone at anytime inform you about contacts he had with WikiLeaks or any intermediary of WikiLeaks. or about forthcoming releases of information? If yes, describe what Stone told you and when. h. Did you have any discussions prior to January 20, 2017, regarding a potential pardon or other action to benefit Julian Assange? If yes, describe who you had the discussion(s) with, when, and the content of the discussion(s). 1. Were you aware of any efforts by foreign individuals or companies , including those in Russ ia , to assist your campaign through the useof social media postings or the organization of rallies? If yes, identify who you discussed such assistance with, when, and the content of the discussion(s). Response to Question II, Part (a) I do not remember the date on which it was publicly reported that the DNC had been hacked , but my best recollection is that I learned of the hacking at or shortly after the time it became the subject of media reporting. I do not recall being provided any information during the campaign about the hacking of any of the named entities or individuals before it became the subject of media reporting. 12 C-17 U.S. Department of Justice AttArl'lP..'. WAl'k Pt•ot-!Het // 4w. PnAtAil'l MAtP.FiAI Prnteetee { J F1ee f Fed R Crim p 6(e) Response to Question U, Part (b) I recall that in the months leading up to the election there was considerable media reporting about the possibl e hacking and relea se of campaign-related information and there was a lot of talk about this matter. At the time, I was generally aware of these media reports and may have discu sse d these is s ues with my campaign staff or others, but at this point in time - more tha n two years late r - I have no recollection of any particular conversation , when it occurred , or who the participants were. Response to Question II, Part (c) I do not recall being aware during the campaign of any communications between the individuals named in Question II (c) and anyone I understood to be a representative of WikiLeaks or any of the other individuals or entities referred to in the question. Response to Question II, Part (d) I made the statement quot ed in Question II (d) in jest and sarcastica lly, as was apparent to any objective observer. The context of the statemen t is evident in the full reading or viewing of the July 27, 2016 press conference, and I refer you to the publicly available transcript and video of that press conference. I do not recall having any discussion about the substance of the statement in advance of the press conference. I do not recall being told during the campaign of any efforts by Russia to infiltrate or hack the computer systems or email accounts of Hilla ry Clinton or her campaign prior to them becoming the subject of media repo11ing and I have no recollection of any particular conversation in that regard. Response to Question II, Part (e) I was in Trump Tower in New York City on October 7, 2016. I have no recollection of being told that WikiLeak s possessed or might possess emails related to John Podesta before the release of Mr. Podesta's emails was reported by the media. Likewise, I have no recollection of being told that Roger Stone. anyone acting as an intermediary for Roger Stone, or anyone associated with my campaign had communicated with WikiLeaks on October 7, 2016. Response to Question II, Part (0 I do not recall being told during the campaign that Roger Stone or anyone associated with my campaign had discussions with any of the entities named in the question regarding the content or timing of release of hacked emails. Response to Question ll, Part (g) I spoke by telephone with Roger Stone from time to time during the campaign. I have no recollection of the specifics of any conversations I had with Mr. Stone between June I.2016 and 13 U.S. Department of Justice AttA1•nP.v WArlc Pt'ofl11et // Ms,•,' CoHtB:iH Mttterittl Prateeted UHdeF Fed. R. Cri1'l'I. P. 6(e) November 8, 2016. I do not recall discussing WikiLeaks with him, nor do I recall being aware of Mr. Stone having discussed Wik iLeaks with individuals associated with my campaign, although I was aware that WikiLeaks was the subject of media reporting and campaign-related discussion at the time. Response to Question II, Part (h) I do not recall having had any discussion during the campaign regarding a pardon or action to benefit Julian Assange. Response to Question II, Part (i) I do not recall being aware during the campaign of specific effo11s by foreign individuals or companies to assist my campaign through the use of social media postings or the organization of rallies. III. The Trump Organization Moscow Project a. In October 2015 , a " Letter of Intent ," a copy of which is attached as Exhibit B, was signed for a proposed Trump Organization project in Moscow (the " Trump Moscow project"). i. When were you first informed of discussions about the Trump Moscow project? By whom? What were you told about the project? ii. Did you sign the letter of intent? b. In a statement provided to Congress, attached as Exhibit C, Michael Cohen stated: "To the best of my knowle dge, Mr. Trump was never in contact with anyone about this proposal other than me on three occasions , including signing a non-binding letter of intent in 2015." Describe all disc ussion s you had with Mr. Cohen, or anyone else associated with the Trump Organization, about the Trump Moscow project, including who you spoke with, when, and the substance of the discuss io n(s) . c. Did you learn of any communications between Michael Cohen or Felix Sater and any Russian government officials, including officials in the office of Dmitry Peskov, regarding the Trump Moscow project? If so, identify who provided this info1mation to you, when, and the subs tanceof what you learned. d. Did you have any discussions between June 2015 and June 2016 regarding a potential trip to Russia by you and/or Michael Cohen for reasons related to the Trump Moscow project? If yes, describe who you spoke with, when, and the substance of the discus sion(s) . e. Did you at any time direct or suggest that discussions about the Trump Moscow project 14 U.S. Depa11rnent of Justice A1'tAmfW Wtwlc PrAAtJCt // MA'd rofl*AiA MA*m•iAI PrAff\P,ff\A ( lAAOl' Fee. R. Crim. P. 6(0) should cease, or were you informed at any time that the project had been abandoned? If yes, describe who you spoke with, when , the substance of the discussio n(s), and why that decision was made. f. Did you have any discussions regarding what information would be provided publicl y or in response to investigative inquiries about potential or actual investments or business deals the Trump Organization had in Russia, including the Trump Moscow project? If yes, describe who you spoke with, when, and the substance of the discussion(s). g. Aside from the Trump Moscow project, did you or the Trump Organization have any other prospective or actual business interests, in vestments, or arrangements with Russia or any Russian intere st or Russian individual during the campaign? If yes, describe the business inte rests, investmen ts, or arrangements. Response to Question III, Parts (a) through (g) Sometime in 20 15, Michael Cohen suggested to me the possibility of a Trump Organization project in Moscow. As I recall, Mr. Cohen described this as a proposed project of a general type we have done in the past in a variety of locations. I signed the non-binding Letter of Intent attached to your questions as Exhibit B which required no equity or expenditure on our end and was consistent with our ongoing efforts to expand into signi ficant markets around the world. I had few conversations with Mr. Cohen on this subject. As I recall, they were brief, and they were not memorable. I was not enthused about the proposal, and 1 do not recall any discussion of travel to Russia in connection with it. I do not remember discussing it with anyone else at the Trump Organiz ation , although it is possible. I do not recall being aware at the time of any communications between Mr. Cohen or Felix Sater and any Russian government official regarding the Letter of Intent. In the course of preparing to respond to your questions, I have become aware that Mr. Cohen sent an email regarding the Letter of Intent to " Mr. Peskov" at a general, public email account, which should show there was no meaningful relationship with people in power in Russ ia. I understand those documents already have been provided to you. I vaguely remember press inquiries and media reporting during the campaign about whether the Trump Organization had business dealings in Russia. I may have spoken with campaign staff or Trump Organization employees regarding responses to requests for information , but 1 have no current recollection of any particular conversation, with whom L may have spoken, when, or the substance of any conversation. As I recall, neither I nor the Trump Organization had any projects or proposed projects in Russia during the campaign other than the Letter of Intent. IV. Contacts with Russia and Russia-Related Issues During the Campaign a. Prior to mid-August 2016, did you become aware that Paul Manafort had ties to the Ukrainian government? If yes, describe who you learned this information from, when, and the substance of what you were told. Did Mr. Manafort's connections to the Ukrainian or 15 C-20 U.S. Department of Justice AHAl'AC-.· \l/At'k PFAatrnt // MA... r.AFl*AiA MAfCl'iRI PrAteeteEI lJttaer FeEI. R. Critfl. P. 6(e) Russian governments play any role in your decision to have him join your campaign? If yes, describe that role. b. Were you aware that Paul Manafort offered briefings on the progress of your campaign to Oleg Deripaska? lf yes, describe who you learned this information from, when, the substance of what you were told, what you understood the purpose was of sharing such information with Mr. Deripaska, and how you responded to learning this information. c. Were you aware of whether Paul Manafort or anyone else associated with your campaign sent or directed others to send internal Trump campaign information to any person located in Ukraine or Russia or associated with the Ukrainian or Russian governments? If yes, identify who provided you with this information, when, the substance of the discussion(s) , what you understood the purpose was of sharing the internal campaign information, and how you responded to learning this information. d. Did Paul Manafort communicate to you, directly or indirectly. any positions Ukraine or Russia would want the U.S. to support? If yes, describe when he communicated those positions to you and the substance of those communications. e. During the campaign, were you told about efforts by Russian officials to meet with you or senior members of your campaign? If yes, describe who you had conversations with on this topic, when, and what you were told. f. What role, if any, did you have in changing the Republican Party platform regarding arming Ukraine during the Republican National Convention? Prior to the convention, what information did you have about this platform provision? After the platform provision was changed, who told you about the change, when did they tell you, what were you told about why it was changed, and who was involved? g. On July 27, 2016, in response to a question about whether you would recognize Crimea as Russian territory and lift sanctions on Russia , you said: " We' ll be looking at that. Yeah, we'll be looking. " Did you intend to communicate by that statement or at any other time during the campaign a willingness to lift sanctions and/or recognize Russia ' s annexation of Crimea if you were elec ted? 1. What consideration did you give to lifting sanctions and/or recogniz ing Russia's annexation of Crimea if you were elected? Describe who you spoke with about this topic, when, the substance of the disc ussion(s ). Response to Question IV, Parts (a) through (d) Mr. Manafort was hired primarily because of his delegate work for prior presidential candidates , including Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Bob Dole. I knew that Mr. Manafort had done international consulting work and, at some time before Mr. Manafort left the 16 C-21 U.S. Department of Justice Al=fAl'Ae:,· WArk Pl'Afiuet // Mav Gt')HtaiH Materie:I Prnteetecl Uftclet• Fecl. R. Crim. P. 6(e) campaign, I learned that he was somehow involved with individuals concerning Uk raine, but I do not remember the specifics of what I knew at the time . l had no knowledge of Mr. Manafort offering briefings on the progress of my campaign to an individual named Oleg Deripaska, nor do I remember being aware of Mr. Manafort or anyone else associated with my campaign sending or directing others to send internal Trump Campaign information to anyone I knew to be in Ukraine or Russia at the time or to anyone I understood to be a Ukrainian or Russian government employee or official. I do not remember Mr. Manafort communicating to me any particular positions Ukraine or Russia would want the United States to support. Response to Question IV, Part (e) I do not recall being told during the campaign of efforts by Russian officials to meet with me or with senior members of my campaign. In the process of preparing to respond to these questions, I became aware that on March 17, 2016, my assistant at the Trump Organization, Rhona Graff, received an email from a Sergei Prikhodko , who identified himself as Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, Foundation Roscongress, inviting me to participate in the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum to be held in June 2016. The documents show that Ms. Graff prepared for my signature a brief response declining the invitation. I understand these documents already have been produced to you. Response to Question IV, Part (t) I have no recollection of the details of what, when, or from what source I first learned about the change to the platform amendment regarding arming Ukraine, but I generally recall learning of the iss ue as pa1t of media reporting. I do not recall being involved in changing the language to the amendment. Response to Question IV, Part (g) My statement did not communicate any position. V. Contacts with Russia and Russia-Related Issues During the Transition a. Were you asked to attend the World Chess Championship gala oo November JO , 2016? If yes, who asked you to attend, when were you asked, and what were you told about about [sic] why your presence was requested? i. Did you attend any part of the event? If yes, describe any interactions you had with any Russia ns or representatives of the Russian government at the event. 17 C-22 U.S. Department of Justice A tt Ar fle '>1 '.1/erk ProEittet // Ms...,· Cm ts.iR Mttterittl Pt'eteeteEi UREier FeEi. R. Ct'im. P. 6(e1 Response to Question V, Part (a) I do not remember having been asked to attend the World Chess Champions hip gala, and I did not attend the event. During the course of preparing to respond to these questions, I have become aware of documents indicating that in March of 2016, the president of the World Chess Federation invited the Trump Organization to host, at Trump Tower, the 2016 World Chess Championship Match to be held in New York in November 2016. r have also become aware that in Novembe r 2016, there were press inquiries to my staff regarding whether I had plans to attend the tournament , which was not being held at Trump Tower. I understand these documents have already been provided to you. Executed on NOfl&M,lf.rc,J,.0, 2018 President of the United States 18 C-23 U.S. Department of Justice AttAfflfW WArlc PfABMet // Mfn,· GAAf'aiA Material Preteetea UflaeF Fee. R. CFiffl. P. 6(e) U.S. Department of Justice .r\j:j;Af'l'w.., WA¥1c PFAattet // M!!:1t' GAnbtin Materio:1 Preteetecl Uf!cler Fecl R Criffl P 6(e) AppendixD U.S. Department of Justice A f;lcAf'f'II-'' WAtolf Pl'AAIICt // MR-••· GAAtfl:iA Me:teftfl:I PFoteetea UHE:lef Fee R Crim P 6(e) U.S. Department of Justice AtforAP.Y WArlf PrAAtwt // HA,. C'AA*AiA MA*P.riAl PrA*mi*eA lJAAer J.:el'I R Crim P 6(e) APPENDIXD SPECIAL COUNSEL'S OFFICE T RANSFERRED, REFERRED, AND COMPLETED CASES This appendix identifies matters transferred or referred by the Special Counsel' s Office, as well as cases prosecuted by the Office that are now completed. A. Transfers The Special Counsel's Office has concluded its investigation into links and coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the Trump Campaign. Certain matters assigned to the Office by the Acting Attorney General have not fully concluded as of the date of this report. After consultation with the Office of the Deputy Attorney General, the Office has transferred responsibility for those matters to other components of the Department of Justice and the FBI. Those transfers include: 1. United States v. Bijan Rafiekian and Kami! Ekim Alptekin US. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Virginia (Awaiting trial) The Acting Attorney General authorized the Special Counsel to investigate, among other things, possible criminal conduct by Michael Flynn in acting as an unregistered agent for the Government of Turkey. See August 2, 2017 Memorandum from Rod J. Rosenstein to Robert S. Mueller, III. The Acting Attorney General later confirmed the Special Counsel's authority to investigate Rafiekian and Alptekin because they "may have been jointly involved" with Flynn in FARA-related crimes. See October 20, 2017 Memorandum from Associate Deputy Attorney General Scott Schools to Deputy Attorney General Rod J. Rosenstein. On December 1, 2017, Flynn pleaded guilty to an Information charging him with making false statements to the FBI about his contacts with the Russian ambassador to the United States. As part of that plea, Flynn agreed to a Statement of the Offense in which he acknow ledged that the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) document s he filed on March 7, 2017 "contained materially false statements and omissions." Flynn' s plea occurred before the Special Counsel had made a final decision on whether to charge Rafiekian or Alptekin. On March 27, 2018, after consultation with the Office of the Deputy Attorney General, the Special Co unsel ' s Office referred the investigation of Rafiekian and Alptekin to the National Security Division (NSD) for any action it deemed appropriate. The Special Co unsel 's Office determined the referral was appropriate because the investigation of Flynn had been completed , and that investigation had provided the rationale for the Office' s investigation of Rafiekian and Alptekin. At NSD' s request, the Eastern District of Virginia continued the investigation of Rafiekian and Alptekin. 2. United States v. Michael Flynn US. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia (Awaiting sentencing) 0-1 U.S. Department of Justice ftiA Meteriel PFeteetea U11ael' Fee. R. Crim p 6(e) A1'1'flrt'!e'1, \lh rk PFeauet // Mw.· rf'IA 3. United States v. Richard Gates U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia (Awaiting sentencing) 4. United States v. Internet Research Agency, et al. (Russian Social Media Campaign) U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia National Security Division (Post-indictment, pre-arrest & pre-trial 1 ) 5. United States v. Konstantin Kilimnik U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia (Post-indictment, pre-arrest) 6. United States v. Paul Manafort U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Virginia (Post-conviction) 7. United States v. Viktor Netyksho, et al . (Russian Hacking Operations) U.S. Attorney's Office for the Western District of Pennsylvania National Security Division (Post-indictme nt, pre-arrest) 8. United States v. William Samuel Patten U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia (Awaiting sentencing) The Acting Attorney General authorized the Special Counsel to investigate aspects of Patten's conduct that related to another matter that was under investigation by the Office. The investigation uncovered evidence of a crime; the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia handled the prosecution of Patten. 9. Harm to Ongoing Matter (Investigation ongoing) The Acting Attorney General authorized the Special Counsel to investigate , among other things, crime or crimes arising out of payments Paul Manafort received from the Ukrainian government before and during the tenure of President Viktor Yanukovych. See August 2, 2017 Memorandum from Rod J. Rosenstein to Robert S. Mueller, Ill. The Acting Attorney General 1 One defendant, Concord Management & Consulting LLC, appeared through counsel and is in pre trial litigation. D-2 U.S. Department of Justice AttnrAP.'r '.lhwlf PrAfluet // HA>< DRAfAiA MAfP.riAI PFAfeP.tefl lJAAef Fee R Crim P 6(e) later confirmed the Special Counsel's authorit On October 27, 2017, Paul Manafort and Richard Gates were charged in the District of Columbia with various crimes (including FARA) in connection with work they performed for Russia-backed political entities in Ukraine. On February 22, 2018, Manafort and Gates were charged in the Eastern District of Virginia with various other crimes in connection with the payments they received for work performed for Russia-backed political entities in Ukraine. During the course of its • , the Special Counsel's Office developed substantial evidence with respect to individuals and entities that we·r = 2 13··• :::w- 1- 0-u :.o.a;,. et! r. On February 23, 2018, Gates pleaded guilty in the District of Columbia to a multi object conspiracy and to making false statements; the remaining charges against Gates were dismissed.3 Thereafter, in consultation with the Office of the Deputy Attorney General, the 1if•rn• Special Counsel's Office closed the Harm to Ongoing Matter and referred them for further investigation as it deemed appropriate. The Office based its decision to close those matters on its mandate, the indictmen.tsof Manafort, Gates's plea, and its determination as to how best to allocate its resources, among other reasons; -At Harm to Ongoing Matter , . d• the investigation of those closed matters. 10. United States v. Roger Stone U S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia (Awaiting trial) 1 I. Harm to Ongoing Matter (Investigation ongoing) B. Referrals During the course of the investigation, the Office periodically identified evidence of potential criminal activity _t hat was outside the scope of the Special Counsel's jurisdiction established by the Acting Attorney General. After consultation with the Office of the Deputy Attorney General, the Office referred that evidence to appropriate law enforcement authorities, principally other components of the Department of Justice and the FBI. Those referrals, listed 3Manafort was ultimately convicted at trial in the Eastern District of Virginia and pleaded guilty in the District of Columbia. See Vol. I, Section IV.A.8. The trial and plea happened after the transfer decision described here. U.S. Department of Justice AJal;AFRP.... WAPlr PFofluet // 4w· PAR*AiR 4R*PFiAI PPotP.P.tefl l lAflep Fed R Criffl P G